Fttx Concepts And Applications

by Keiser, Gerd

• ISBN13: 9780471704201
• ISBN10: 0471704202
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-01-30
• Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press

Summary

This book presents fundamental passive optical network (PON) concepts, providing you with the tools needed to understand, design, and build these new access networks. The logical sequence of topics begins with the underlying principles and components of optical fiber communication technologies used in access networks. Next, the book progresses from descriptions of PON and fiber-to-the-X (FTTX) alternatives to their application to fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP) networks and, lastly, to essential measurement and testing procedures for network installation and maintenance.An Instructor's Manual presenting detailed solutions to all the problems in the book is available from the Wiley editorial department.

Author Biography

Gerd Keiser is founder and president of PhotonicsComm Solutions, Inc., a firm specializing in consulting and education for the optical communications industry. (Visit www.PhotonicsComm.com.) He had extensive experience at Honeywell, GTE, and General Dynamics in optical networking technology for telecom-muni-cations applications, has served as Adjunct Professor of Electrical Engineering at Northeastern University and Tufts University, and is a Fellow of the IEEE. The author of McGraw-Hill’s Optical Fiber Communications and Local Area Networks, he is also an Associate Editor of the technical journal Optical Fiber Technology. His popular books have been translated into Chinese, Japanese, and Italian.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Chapter 1 Access Technologies	1	(18)
1.1 General Network Concepts	2	(7)
1.1.1 Network Architecture Concepts	2	(1)
1.1.2 Types of Networks	3	(1)
1.1.3 Network Terminology	4	(2)
1.1.4 First-Mile Concept	6	(1)
1.1.5 Network Market Opportunities	7	(1)
1.1.6 Terminology for Premises	8	(1)
1.2 Comparison of Access Technologies	9	(4)
1.2.1 Hybrid Fiber—Coax	9	(1)
1.2.2 Digital Subscriber Line	10	(2)
1.2.3 WiMAX	12	(1)
1.3 Passive Optical Networks	13	(3)
1.3.1 Basic PON Architectures	13	(1)
1.3.2 What Is FTTx?	14	(2)
1.4 Point-to-Point Links	16	(1)
1.5 Summary	17	(1)
Further Reading	17	(2)
Chapter 2 Optical Communications Essentials	19	(26)
2.1 Definitions of Units and Terms	19	(7)
2.1.1 Metric Prefixes	19	(1)
2.1.2 Electromagnetic Spectral Bands	20	(1)
2.1.3 Optical Spectral Band	21	(1)
2.1.4 Digital Multiplexing Hierarchy	22	(1)
2.1.5 Decibel Units	23	(3)
2.1.6 Refractive Index	26	(1)
2.2 Elements of an Optical Link	26	(2)
2.3 Optical Fibers	28	(5)
2.3.1 Fiber Structures	28	(3)
2.3.2 Rays and Modes	31	(2)
2.4 Optical Fiber Attenuation	33	(2)
2.5 Fiber Information Capacity	35	(3)
2.5.1 Modal Dispersion	35	(1)
2.5.2 Chromatic Dispersion	36	(1)
2.5.3 Polarization Mode Dispersion	37	(1)
2.6 Nonlinear Effects in Fibers	38	(2)
2.6.1 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering	38	(1)
2.6.2 Stimulated Raman Scattering	39	(1)
2.7 Optical Fiber Standards	40	(1)
2.8 Summary	41	(1)
Problems	42	(2)
Further Reading	44	(1)
Chapter 3 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing	45	(16)
3.1 Operational Principles of WDM	46	(3)
3.1.1 WDM Operating Regions	47	(1)
3.1.2 Generic WDM Link	48	(1)
3.2 Standard WDM Spectral Grids	49	(3)
3.2.1 Dense WDM	50	(1)
3.2.2 Coarse WDM	50	(1)
3.2.3 PON Spectral Regions	51	(1)
3.3 Optical Couplers	52	(3)
3.3.1 Basic 2 X 2 Coupler	52	(1)
3.3.2 Coupler Performance	53	(1)
3.3.3 Tap Coupler	54	(1)
3.4 Bidirectional WDM Links	55	(1)
3.5 Summary	56	(1)
Problems	57	(2)
Further Reading	59	(2)
Chapter 4 PON Transceivers	61	(18)
4.1 Optical Sources for PONs	62	(3)
4.1.1 Source Characteristics	62	(1)
4.1.2 DFB and FP Lasers	63	(1)
4.1.3 Modulation Speed	64	(1)
4.1.4 Optical Transmitter Packages	65	(1)
4.2 Optical Receivers	65	(5)
4.2.1 Photodetector Types	66	(1)
4.2.2 Quantum Efficiency	67	(1)
4.2.3 Responsivity	67	(1)
4.2.4 Speed of Detector Response	68	(1)
4.2.5 Receiver Bandwidth	69	(1)
4.2.6 Photodetector Noise	69	(1)
4.3 Receiver BER and OSNR	70	(1)
4.4 Burst-Mode Receiver Concept	71	(2)
4.5 Burst-Mode ONT Transmission	73	(1)
4.6 PON Transceiver Packages	74	(1)
4.7 Summary	75	(1)
Problems	76	(1)
Further Reading	77	(2)
Chapter 5 Passive Optical Components	79	(22)
5.1 WDM Couplers for PONs	80	(7)
5.1.1 Thin-Film Filters	81	(5)
5.1.2 Transmission Diffraction Gratings	86	(1)
5.2 Optical Power Splitter	87	(3)
5.2.1 Splitting Loss	88	(1)
5.2.2 Optical Splitter Structure	88	(2)
5.3 Optical Cables for PONs	90	(3)
5.3.1 Cable Structures	90	(2)
5.3.2 Fiber and Jacket Color Coding	92	(1)
5.4 Fiber Interconnections	93	(5)
5.4.1 Optical Connectors	93	(2)
5.4.2 Connector Losses	95	(2)
5.4.3 Optical Splices	97	(1)
5.5 Summary	98	(1)
Problems	99	(1)
Further Reading	100	(1)
Chapter 6 Passive Optical Networks	101	(18)
6.1 Fundamental PON Architecture	102	(2)
6.2 Active PON Modules	104	(2)
6.2.1 Optical Line Terminal	104	(1)
6.2.2 Optical Network Terminal	105	(1)
6.2.3 Optical Network Unit	105	(1)
6.3 Traffic Flows	106	(2)
6.4 Passive Component Applications	108	(3)
6.4.1 Optical Cables for PONs	108	(1)
6.4.2 Optical Power Splitters	108	(2)
6.4.3 Splitter Enclosures	110	(1)
6.4.4 Wavelength Couplers	110	(1)
6.5 PON Alternatives	111	(2)
6.5.1 BPON Basics	112	(1)
6.5.2 EPON and EFM	112	(1)
6.5.3 GPON Basics	113	(1)
6.6 Optics Path Attenuation Ranges	113	(1)
6.7 Standards Development	114	(1)
6.7.1 ITU-T	114	(1)
6.7.2 FSAN	114	(1)
6.7.3 IEEE	115	(1)
6.8 Summary	115	(1)
Problems	116	(1)
Further Reading	117	(2)
Chapter 7 BPON Characteristics	119	(20)
7.1 BPON Architecture	119	(3)
7.1.1 Traffic Flow Schemes	120	(1)
7.1.2 OLT Capabilities	121	(1)
7.2 ATM Basics	122	(4)
7.2.1 Use of ATM Cells	122	(1)
7.2.2 ATM Service Categories	123	(3)
7.2.3 Service Level Agreements	126	(1)
7.3 BPON Operational Characteristics	126	(3)
7.3.1 Voice and Data Traffic Flows	127	(1)
7.3.2 Protection of Grants	128	(1)
7.3.3 Video Traffic	129	(1)
7.4 Traffic Control	129	(3)
7.4.1 Fixed Bandwidth Allocation	130	(1)
7.4.2 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation	130	(2)
7.5 Standards Details	132	(2)
7.5.1 Recommendation G.983.1	132	(1)
7.5.2 Recommendation G.983.2	132	(1)
7.5.3 Recommendation G.983.3	133	(1)
7.5.4 Recommendation G.983.4	133	(1)
7.5.5 Recommendation G.983.5	133	(1)
7.5.6 Recommendation G.983.6	133	(1)
7.5.7 Recommendation G.983.7	134	(1)
7.5.8 Recommendation G.983.8	134	(1)
7.6 Summary	134	(1)
Problems	135	(2)
Further Reading	137	(2)
Chapter 8 Ethernet in the First Mile	139	(16)
8.1 EFM Options	140	(1)
8.2 EPON Architecture	141	(4)
8.2.1 OLT and ONT/ONU Functions	142	(1)
8.2.2 EPON Traffic Flows	142	(3)
8.2.3 Power Levels Received	145	(1)
8.3 MPCP Functions	145	(3)
8.3.1 Discovery Process	145	(1)
8.3.2 Bandwidth Assignment	146	(1)
8.3.3 Transmission Timing	147	(1)
8.4 Point-to-Point Ethernet	148	(1)
8.4.1 P2P Ethernet Over Fiber	148	(1)
8.4.2 P2P Ethernet Over Copper	149	(1)
8.5 Main EPON and P2P EFM Standards	149	(1)
8.6 Summary	150	(1)
Problems	150	(3)
Further Reading	153	(2)
Chapter 9 GPON Characteristics	155	(16)
9.1 GPON Architecture	155	(4)
9.1.1 GSR Specification	156	(1)
9.1.2 GPON Protection Switching	157	(1)
9.1.3 Information Security in a GPON	158	(1)
9.2 GPON Recommendation G.984.2	159	(3)
9.2.1 Optical Performances	159	(1)
9.2.2 Timing and Optical Power Control	160	(1)
9.2.3 Forward Error Correction	161	(1)
9.3 GPON Transmission Convergence Layer	162	(4)
9.3.1 Downstream GPON Frame Format	162	(2)
9.3.2 Upstream GPON Frame Format	164	(1)
9.3.3 GEM Segment	165	(1)
9.4 ONT Management and Control	166	(1)
9.5 Summary	166	(1)
Problems	167	(2)
Further Reading	169	(2)
Chapter 10 FTTP Concepts and Applications	171	(18)
10.1 Implementation Scenarios	171	(4)
10.1.1 Application Alternatives	171	(2)
10.1.2 Installation Types	173	(2)
10.2 Network Architectures	175	(4)
10.2.1 Optical Splitter Locations	175	(2)
10.2.2 Network Design Variations	177	(2)
10.3 Local Powering Options	179	(2)
10.3.1 Indoor Power Supply	179	(1)
10.3.2 Outdoor Power Supply	180	(1)
10.3.3 Network Powering	181	(1)
10.4 Service Applications	181	(3)
10.4.1 Bandwidth Requirements	182	(1)
10.4.2 Video Service Issues	182	(2)
10.5 Expanded WDM PON	184	(1)
10.6 Summary	185	(1)
Problems	186	(1)
Further Reading	187	(2)
Chapter 11 FTTP Network Design	189	(20)
11.1 Design Criteria	189	(4)
11.1.1 System Requirements	190	(1)
11.1.2 System Margin	191	(1)
11.1.3 Power Penalties	191	(2)
11.2 Link Power Budget	193	(6)
11.2.1 Power-Budgeting Process	194	(2)
11.2.2 FTTP 1310-nm Power Budget	196	(2)
11.2.3 FTTP 1490-nm Power Budget	198	(1)
11.3 Photonic Design Automation Tools	199	(1)
11.3.1 Modeling Tool Characteristics	199	(1)
11.3.2 FTTP Network Modeling Tool	200	(1)
11.4 Link Capacity Estimates	200	(3)
11.4.1 Basic Formulation	200	(1)
11.4.2 Basic Rise Times	201	(1)
11.4.3 FTTP Link Rise Time	202	(1)
11.5 Network Protection Schemes	203	(1)
11.6 Summary	204	(1)
Problems	205	(2)
Further Reading	207	(2)
Chapter 12 FTTP Network Implementations	209	(24)
12.1 Central Office Configuration	209	(6)
12.1.1 Service Inputs to the FTTP Network	210	(1)
12.1.2 Cable Layout and Interfaces	211	(1)
12.1.3 WDM Coupler Placement	212	(2)
12.1.4 Patch Cords and Intrafacility Cables	214	(1)
12.2 Feeder Cables	215	(2)
12.2.1 Feeder Cable Structures	215	(1)
12.2.2 OSP Distribution Cabinet	216	(1)
12.3 Distribution Section	217	(2)
12.4 Installation of PON Cables	219	(11)
12.4.1 Direct-Burial Installations	220	(3)
12.4.2 Horizontal Drilling	223	(1)
12.4.3 Pulling Cable into Ducts	224	(1)
12.4.4 Cable Jetting Installation	225	(3)
12.4.5 Aerial Installation	228	(1)
12.4.6 Cable Warning and Identification Markers	228	(2)
12.5 Summary	230	(1)
Problems	231	(1)
Further Reading	232	(1)
Chapter 13 Network Installation Testing	233	(26)
13.1 International Measurement Standards	235	(1)
13.2 Basic Test Instruments	236	(1)
13.3 Optical Power Measurements	237	(3)
13.3.1 Definition of Optical Power	237	(1)
13.3.2 Optical Power Meter	238	(1)
13.3.3 Power Meter Applications	239	(1)
13.4 Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer	240	(3)
13.4.1 OTDR Trace	240	(2)
13.4.2 OTDR Dead Zone	242	(1)
13.4.3 Fiber Fault Location	243	(1)
13.5 Optical Return Loss	243	(1)
13.6 Visual Fault Locator	244	(1)
13.7 Optical-Loss Test Set	245	(1)
13.8 Multifunction Test Instrument	245	(1)
13.9 Device Conformance Testing	246	(1)
13.10 FTTP Network Testing	247	(5)
13.10.1 Checking Individual Link Losses	248	(1)
13.10.2 Optical-Loss Budget Check	249	(1)
13.10.3 End-to-End Link Characterization	249	(2)
13.10.4 ORL Measurements	251	(1)
13.10.5 OLT and Video Output Checks	251	(1)
13.10.6 ONT Output Check	252	(1)
13.11 FTTP Network Troubleshooting	252	(3)
13.11.1 Resolutions of Network Problems	253	(2)
13.11.2 Troubleshooting Guidelines	255	(1)
13.12 Summary	255	(1)
Problems	256	(2)
References and Further Reading	258	(1)
Chapter 14 Network Management Functions	259	(10)
14.1 Basic Network Management	260	(1)
14.2 Management Functions	261	(4)
14.2.1 Performance Management	262	(1)
14.2.2 Configuration Management	262	(1)
14.2.3 Accounting Management	263	(1)
14.2.4 Fault Management	263	(1)
14.2.5 Security Management	264	(1)
14.3 OAM&P in FTTP Networks	265	(1)
14.4 Summary	266	(1)
Problems	267	(1)
Further Reading	268	(1)
Appendix A Units, Physical Constants, and Conversion Factors	269	(2)
Appendix B Acronyms	271	(6)
Appendix C Video Transmission	277	(2)
Appendix D Communication Signals	279	(4)
Appendix E Telcordia Generic Requirements for PON Applications	283	(2)
Index	285