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The Functional Consequences of Biodiversity

by Kinzig, Ann P.; Pacala, Stephen W.; Tilman, David

ISBN13: 9780691088228
ISBN10: 0691088225
eBook ISBN(s): 9781400847303
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 2002-01-28
Publisher: Princeton Univ Pr

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Summary

Does biodiversity influence how ecosystems function? Might diversity loss affect the ability of ecosystems to deliver services of benefit to humankind? Ecosystems provide food, fuel, fiber, and drinkable water, regulate local and regional climate, and recycle needed nutrients, among other things. An ecosyste's ability to sustain functioning may depend on the number of species residing in the ecosystem--its biological diversity--but this has been a controversial hypothesis. There are many unanswered questions about how and why changes in biodiversity could alter ecosystem functioning. This volume, written by top researchers, synthesizes empirical studies on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning and extends that knowledge using a novel and coordinated set of models and theoretical approaches. These experimental and theoretical analyses demonstrate that functioning usually increases with biodiversity, but also reveals when and under what circumstances other relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning might occur. It also accounts for apparent changes in diversity-functioning relationships that emerge over time in disturbed ecosystems, thereby addressing a major controversy in the field. The volume concludes with a blueprint for moving beyond small-scale studies to regional ones--a move of enormous significance for policy and conservation but one that will entail tackling some of the most fundamental challenges in ecology. In addition to the editors, the contributors are Juan Armesto, Claudia Neuhauser, Andy Hector, Clarence Lehman, Peter Kareiva, Sharon Lawler, Peter Chesson, Teri Balser, Mary K. Firestone, Robert Holt, Michel Loreau, Johannes Knops, David Wedin, Peter Reich, Shahid Naeem, Bernhard Schmid, Jasmin Joshi, and Felix Schlauml;pfer.

Preface

xiii

List of Contributors

xix

List of Figures

xxi

List of Tables

xxv

Opening Remarks

(8)

Ann P. Kinzig

PART 1 Empirical Progress

Biodiversity, Composition, and Ecosystem Processes: Theory and Concepts

(33)

David Tilman

Clarence Lehman

Introduction

(2)

Definitions of Diversity

(4)

Problems Related to Experiments and Observations

(1)

Diversity, Productivity, and Resource Dynamics

(14)

Sampling Effect Models

(7)

Niche Differentiation Models

(6)

Diversity and Stability

(10)

Measures of Stability

(1)

Components of Temporal Stability

(4)

Diversity and Temporal Stability in Multispecies Models

(5)

Summary

(2)

Acknowledgments

(1)

Experimental and Observational Studies of Diversity, Productivity, and Stability

(29)

David Tilman

Johannes Knops

David Wedin

Peter Reich

Diversity and Stability

(6)

Diversity, Productivity, and Nutrient Dynamics

(4)

New Results from the Cedar Creek Biodiversity Experiment

(14)

Methods

(1)

Soil Nitrate

(1)

Community Cover and Biomass

(6)

Species Number and Composition

(3)

Weedy Invasion and Fungal Pathogens

(2)

Patterns in Native Grassland

(2)

Summary and Synthesis

(3)

Acknowledgments

(1)

Biodiversity and the Functioning of Grassland Ecosystems: Multi-Site Comparisons

(25)

Andy Hector

Introduction

(1)

The Biodepth Project

(17)

Multiple Influences on Productivity

(1)

Differences between Locations

(1)

Species Richness versus Functional Groups

(4)

Richness versus Composition

(2)

Effects of Nitrogen Fixers

(1)

The Sampling Effect and Biodiversity Mechanisms

(2)

Testing the Sampling Effect

(5)

Summary of the Biodepth Results

(1)

Comparisons with Related Studies

(5)

Relationships within and between Sites

(1)

Summary

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

Autotrophic-Heterotrophic Interactions and Their Impacts on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning

(24)

Shahid Naeem

Introduction

(2)

Fundamentals

(3)

Classes of Trophically Defined Functional Groups

(2)

The Producer--Decomposer Codependency (PDC)

100

(1)

Fundamental Trophic Structure

101

(1)

Heterotrophic Diversity and Ecosystem Functioning

101

(11)

Decomposers and Producers Affect Each Other via Carbon Exchange

102

(1)

Consumers Affect the Biomass of Producers and Decomposers

103

(1)

Trophic Structure Influences Rates of Material Cycling

104

(1)

Heterotrophic Diversity Affects levels and Stability of Ecosystem Processes

105

(4)

Heterotrophs Modulate Producer Diversity Effects

109

(2)

Summary of Empirical Findings

111

(1)

Implications for Autotroph-Only Models

112

(2)

Decomposers

113

(1)

Trophic Levels

113

(1)

Material Pools

113

(1)

Discussion

114

(6)

Empirical Evidence for Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning Relationships

120

(31)

Bernhard Schmid

Jasmin Joshi

Felix Schlapfer

Introduction

120

(3)

Plant Diversity Effects on Ecosystem Functioning

123

(17)

General Patterns under Uniform Conditions

124

(12)

General Patterns under Variable Conditions

136

(4)

Biodiversity Effects among Trophic Levels

140

(1)

Review of Empirical Studies

140

(1)

Importance of Biological Interactions

140

(1)

Designing Empirical Studies to Measure Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning Relationships

141

(9)

Relevance of Existing Studies

141

(7)

Suggestions for Future Studies

148

(2)

Acknowledgments

150

(1)

The Transition from Sampling to Complementarity

151

(18)

Stephen Pacala

David Tilman

Conclusions

165

(4)

PART 2 Theoretical Extensions

Introduction to Theory and the Common Ecosystem Model

169

(6)

Stephen Pacala

Ann P. Kinzig

The Common Ecosystem Model

171

(3)

Summary of the Basic Model

174

(1)

Successional Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning

175

(38)

Ann P. Kinzig

Stephen Pacala

Introduction

175

(4)

The Successional Niche in a Simple Mechanistic Ecosystem Model

179

(14)

Case Studies

183

(2)

Results

185

(8)

Competition-Colonization in a Simple Mechanistic Ecosystem Model

193

(19)

Local versus Global Performance

195

(2)

Cases Considered

197

(5)

Results

202

(10)

Conclusions

212

(1)

Environmental Niches and Ecosystem Functioning

213

(33)

Peter Chesson

Stephen Pacala

Claudia Neuhauser

Introduction

213

(2)

Environmental Niches

215

(8)

Temporal Niches

216

(6)

Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Niches

222

(1)

Ecosystem Functioning

223

(14)

Ecosystem Functioning with Spatial Niches

224

(2)

Ecosystem Functioning with Temporal Niches: Lottery Models

226

(2)

Ecosystem Functioning with Temporal Niches: a Mediterranean Ecosystem

228

(9)

Discussion

237

(7)

Acknowledgments

244

(1)

Appendix

245

(1)

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: The Role of Trophic Interactions and the Importance of System Openness

246

(19)

Robert D. Holt

Michel Loreau

Introduction

246

(1)

The Sampling Effect Model and Community Assembly

247

(1)

Importance of Trophic Complexity and System Openness

248

(2)

Toward an Ecosystem Model with Trophic Interactions

250

(6)

Ecosystem Closed at Top, Open at Bottom

252

(4)

Ecosystem Closed at Bottom, Open at Top

256

(1)

Discussion

256

(3)

Conclusions

259

(3)

Acknowledgments

262

(3)

PART 3 Applications and Future Directions

Linking Soil Microbial Communities and Ecosystem Functioning

265

(29)

Teri C. Balser

Ann P. Kinzig

Mary K. Firestone

Introduction

265

(1)

Challenges in Linking Microbial Communities and Ecosystem Functioning

266

(5)

Application of Macroscale Diversity Theory to Microorganisms

267

(1)

Microbial Ecology Contribution to the Study of Ecosystem Functioning

268

(1)

Ecosystem Science and Microbial Ecology

269

(2)

Linking Microbial Community Composition and Ecosystem Functioning: A Review of Concepts and Models

271

(7)

Broad versus Narrow Processes

271

(1)

Application of Physiological Ecology

272

(4)

Microbial Strategies: Physiological Constraints and Trade-Offs

276

(2)

Timeline of Microbial Response: Conceptual Model of Microbial Role in Ecosystem Functioning

278

(7)

Microbial Response: Four Phases

278

(4)

Microbial Community Response to Modulator versus Resource Change

282

(2)

Relevance to the Timescale of Global Changes

284

(1)

Conclusions and Future Research Needs

285

(2)

Acknowledgments

287

(1)

Appendix

Linking Microbial Community Composition and Ecosystem Functioning: Incorporating Microbial Dynamics in the Common Ecosystem Model

287

(7)

How Relevant to Conservation Are Studies Linking Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning?

294

(20)

Sharon P. Lawler

Juan J. Armesto

Peter Kareiva

Introduction

294

(1)

Conservation Philosophies and Ecological Science

295

(3)

Studies of Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning Relationships: Origins and Recent Critiques

298

(3)

Four Unresolved Issues

301

(7)

Relating Biodiversity Theory and Experiments to Losses in Biodiversity Caused by Humans

308

(5)

Where Should Biodiversity Research Move in the Future If It Is to Best Address Conservation Problems?

310

(2)

Do Conservationists Need the Results of Biodiversity Experiments to Justify Their Work?

312

(1)

Acknowledgments

313

(1)

Looking Back and Peering Forward

314

(17)

Ann P. Kinzig

Stephen Pacala

David Tilman

References

331

(28)

Index

359

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The Functional Consequences of Biodiversity

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Rewards Program