Fundamental Statistics for Behavioral Sciences

by McCall, Robert B.

• ISBN13: 9780534577803
• ISBN10: 0534577806
• Additional ISBN(s): 9780534611323
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-08-03
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
• More Book Details

Summary

This eighth edition of McCall's well-respected book continues to present concepts in a way that students can easily understand. The new edition has been updated throughout and now includes recommendations by the APA Task Force on Statistical Inference. As in previous editions, McCall helps students see the many real applications of statistics to research in the behavioral sciences. Taking a traditional approach to teaching the basic statistical concepts and methods used in behavioral research. McCall emphasizes building an understanding of the logic of statistics rather than stressing the mechanics. In this exciting revision, McCall continues to keep the data for the computational problems simple, so your students can focus on the rationale and outcome of techniques rather on the calculations themselves. Using clear discussion, a wide variety of end-of-chapter exercises, and examples drawn from actual studies, McCall helps students learn how to choose appropriate statistical methods and correctly interpret the results. Also retained in this edition are the author's step-by-step explanations for each proof and his clear definitions of symbols--the essential vocabulary of statistics--that have been so successful in helping students master the material.

Author Biography

Robert B. McCall is Professor of Psychology and CoDirector of the University of Pittsburgh Office of Child Development. He is the author of 24 editions of textbooks and guides and several hundred books, chapters, and articles for scholarly audiences and the general public. As a methodologist, he has published numerous articles and handbook chapters on statistics and longitudinal design, and he has been on the permanent editorial boards of a dozen journals and book series, including Psychological Methods. As a developmental psychologist, Dr. McCall is a specialist in infant attention and cognition as predictors of later IQ and in developmental changes in general mental performance. He was honored with the 1994 American Psychological Association Distinguished Contribution to Public Service for communicating psychology to the general public through the media and for inaugerating the University of Pittsburgh Office of Child Development, which promotes and conducts interdisciplinary university-community educational, research, human service demonstration, and policy projects.

Table of Contents

PART ONE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS	1	(188)
The Study of Statistics	3	(25)
Why Study Statistics?	4	(2)
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics	6	(3)
Measurement	9	(8)
Summation Sign	17	(7)
Summary	24	(4)
Frequency Distributions and Graphing	28	(25)
Types of Frequency Distributions	29	(5)
Constructing Frequency Distributions with Class Intervals	34	(6)
Graphs of Frequency Distributions	40	(6)
How Distributions Differ	46	(4)
Summary	50	(3)
Characteristics of Distributions	53	(25)
Indicators of Central Tendency	55	(8)
Indicators of Variability	63	(6)
Populations and Samples	69	(3)
A Note on Calculators and Computers	72	(2)
Summary	74	(4)
Elements of Exploratory Data Analysis	78	(22)
Stem-and-Leaf Displays	79	(9)
Resistant Indicators	88	(9)
Summary	97	(3)
Indicators of Relative Standing	100	(33)
Percentiles	101	(6)
Changing the Properties of Scales	107	(6)
Standard Scores and the Normal Distribution	113	(16)
Summary	129	(4)
Regression	133	(29)
Linear Relationships	134	(8)
Regression Constants and the Regression Line	142	(10)
Standard Error of Estimate	152	(6)
Summary	158	(4)
Correlation	162	(27)
The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient	163	(7)
Properties of the Correlation Coefficient	170	(6)
Sampling Factors That Change the Correlation Coefficient	176	(7)
Causality and Correlation	183	(1)
Summary	184	(5)
PART TWO INFERENTIAL STATISTICS	189	(108)
Sampling, Sampling Distributions, and Probability	191	(23)
Methods of Sampling	192	(3)
Sampling Distributions and Sampling Error	195	(9)
Probability and Its Application to Hypothesis Testing	204	(3)
Estimation	207	(3)
Summary	210	(4)
Introduction to Hypothesis Testing: Terminology and Theory	214	(26)
Statistical Terminology	215	(16)
Hypothesis Testing When σx Is Estimated by sx	231	(6)
Summary	237	(3)
Elementary Techniques of Hypothesis Testing	240	(29)
Inferences about the Difference between Means	241	(12)
Inferences about Correlation Coefficients	253	(7)
A Comparison of the Difference between Means and Correlation	260	(3)
Statistics in the Journals	263	(1)
Summary	264	(5)
Beyond Hypothesis Testing: Effect Size and Interval Estimation	269	(28)
Beyond Hypothesis Testing	270	(3)
Indices of Size	273	(4)
Interval Estimation	277	(14)
Summary	291	(6)
PART THREE SPECIAL TOPICS	297	(164)
Introduction to Research Design	299	(23)
Scientific Questions	301	(6)
Operationalizing	307	(6)
Data Collection and Data Analysis	313	(1)
Conclusions and Interpretations	314	(1)
The Research Report	314	(2)
Ethical Considerations	316	(4)
Summary	320	(2)
Topics in Probability	322	(29)
Set Theory	323	(5)
Simple Classical Probability	328	(5)
Probability of Complex Events	333	(7)
Methods of Counting	340	(7)
Summary	347	(4)
Simple Analysis of Variance	351	(38)
Logic of the Analysis of Variance	353	(14)
Computational Procedures	367	(8)
Comparisons between Specific Means	375	(6)
Size of Relationship	381	(5)
Summary	386	(3)
Two-Factor Analysis of Variance	389	(35)
Two-Factor Classification	390	(4)
Logic of Two-Factor Analysis of Variance	394	(17)
Computational Procedures	411	(9)
Summary	420	(4)
Nonparametric Techniques	424	(37)
Parametric and Nonparametric Tests	425	(3)
Tests on Independent Samples	428	(18)
Tests on Correlated Samples	446	(4)
Rank-Order Correlation	450	(4)
Summary	454	(7)
Appendix 1 Math Review	461	(8)
Appendix 2 Tables	469	(21)
Appendix 3 Symbols	490	(3)
Appendix 4 Terms	493	(9)
Appendix 5 Answers	502	(21)
Index	523