Fundamentals of Biological Wastewater Treatment

by Wiesmann, Udo; Choi, In Su; Dombrowski, Eva-Maria

• ISBN13: 9783527312191
• ISBN10: 3527312196
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-12-15
• Publisher: Wiley-VCH

Summary

This concise introduction to the fundamentals of biological treatment of wastewater describes how to model and integrate biological steps into industrial processes.The book first covers the chemical, physical and biological basics, including wastewater characteristics, microbial metabolism, determining stoichiometric equations for catabolism and anabolism, measurements of mass transfer and respiration rates and the aerobic treatment of wastewater loaded with dissolved organics. It the moves on to deal with such applications and technologies as nitrogen and phosphorus removal, membrane technology, the assessment and selection of aeration systems, simple models for biofilm reactors and the modeling of activated sludge processes. A final section looks at the processing of water and the treatment of wastewater integrated into the production process.Essential reading for chemists, engineers, microbiologists, environmental officers, agencies and consultants, in both academia and industry.

Author Biography

Udo Wiesmann was Professor of Chemical Engineering at the Technical University of Berlin (Germany) from 1971 - 2003. He changed his field of work from of the topic of Fuel Technology (1961-1968) to Reaction Engineering (1968 - 1972) and then to Environmental Engineering (1972-2005). His research centered on Biological Wastewater Treatment. His special interest was in kinetic studies of bacteria growth and substrate removal from wastewater and reaction engineering investigations. He has published some 130 scientific papers and presented lectures in six different fields of environmental engineering. Professor Wiesmann was speaker of the German Cooperative Research Program SFB 196 "Biological Treatment of Industrial Wastewater" during 1991-1996 and served in work groups on environmental technology and committees of technical and scientific journals on several associations.

In Su Choi has been a research assistant at the Institute of Chemical Engineering of the Technical University of Berlin (Germany) since 2000. He obtained his B.S. degree in Environmental Engineering from the University of Seoul (Korea) and his Dipl.-Ing. degree from the Technical University of Berlin. He first studied the mass transfer controlled ozonation of highly concentrated azo dyes and was employed in a Korean-German project to investigate the advantages of solid carriers for bacteria in bioreactors for nitrification. In 2005 he completed his Dr.-Ing. degree on the topic of Aerobic Degradation of Surfactant and Nitrification in a Membrane Bioreactor with CO2 and O2 Gas Analysis at the Technical University of Berlin. His research is currently focused on water and wastewater treatment by both chemical and biological means.

Eva-Maria Dombrowski is Professor for Biochemical and Chemical Engineering at the Technische Fachhochschule Berlin (TFH, University of Applied Science), Germany. She studied Chemical Engineering at the Technical University of Berlin and obtained her PhD researching the sedimentation of activated sludge. She spent eight years as a staff scientist at the State Environmental Agency in Berlin in the field of treatment of inorganic compounds of exhaust gas and the water emission situation before being named professor for Biochemical and Chemical Engineering in 1996.
Professor Dombrowski's research is focused on the biological treatment of wastewater and solid waste. Since 2001 she has been chairman of the Hypatia Program, a post-graduate-program for women at the TFH Berlin.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
List of Symbols and Abbreviations	xvii
Historical Development of Wastewater Collection and Treatment	1	(24)
Water Supply and Wastewater Management in Antiquity	1	(3)
Water Supply and Wastewater Management in the Medieval Age	4	(3)
First Studies in Microbiology	7	(4)
Wastewater Management by Direct Discharge into Soil and Bodies of Water -- The First Studies	11	(1)
Mineralization of Organics in Rivers, Soils or by Experiment -- A Chemical or Biological Process?	12	(2)
Early Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes	14	(2)
The Cholera Epidemics -- Were They Caused by Bacteria Living in the Soil or Water?	16	(1)
Early Experiments with the Activated Sludge Process	16	(2)
Taking Samples and Measuring Pollutants	18	(1)
Early Regulations for the Control of Wastewater Discharge	19	(6)
References	20	(5)
Wastewater Characterization and Regulations	25	(18)
Volumetric Wastewater Production and Daily Changes	25	(2)
Pollutants	27	(7)
Survey	27	(1)
Dissolved Substances	28	(1)
Organic Substances	28	(2)
Inorganic Substances	30	(2)
Colloids	32	(1)
Oil-In-Water Emulsions	32	(1)
Solid-In-Water Colloids	33	(1)
Suspended Solids	34	(1)
Methods for Measuring Dissolved Organic Substances as Total Parameters	34	(4)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand	34	(2)
Chemical Oxygen Demand	36	(1)
Total and Dissolved Organic Carbon	37	(1)
Legislation	38	(5)
Preface	38	(1)
German Legislation	38	(1)
Legislation Concerning Discharge into Public Sewers	38	(1)
Legislation Concerning Discharge into Waters	39	(2)
EU Guidelines	41	(1)
References	42	(1)
Microbial Metabolism	43	(26)
Some Remarks on the Composition and Morphology of Bacteria (Eubacteria)	43	(2)
Proteins and Nucleic Acids	45	(14)
Proteins	45	(1)
Amino Acids	45	(1)
Structure of Proteins	46	(1)
Proteins for Special Purposes	47	(1)
Enzymes	47	(3)
Nucleic Acids	50	(1)
Desoxyribonucleic Acid	50	(4)
Ribonucleic Acid	54	(3)
DNA Replication	57	(1)
Mutations	58	(1)
Catabolism and Anabolism	59	(10)
ADP and ATP	59	(1)
Transport of Protons	59	(1)
Catabolism of Using Glucose	60	(1)
Aerobic Conversion by Prokaryotic Cells	60	(5)
Anaerobic Conversion by Prokaryotic Cells	65	(1)
Anabolism	66	(1)
References	67	(2)
Determination of Stoichiometric Equations for Catabolism and Anabolism	69	(14)
Introduction	69	(1)
Aerobic Degradation of Organic Substances	70	(6)
Degradation of Hydrocarbons Without Bacterial Decay	70	(1)
Mineralization of 2,4-Dinitrophenol	71	(3)
Degradation of Hydrocarbons with Bacterial Decay	74	(2)
Measurement of O2 Consumption Rate ro,s and CO2 Production Rate rco,s	76	(7)
Problems	78	(3)
References	81	(2)
Gas/Liquid Oxygen Transfer and Stripping	83	(36)
Transport by Diffusion	83	(3)
Mass Transfer Coefficients	86	(4)
Definition of Specific Mass Transfer Coefficients	86	(1)
Two Film Theory	87	(3)
Measurement of Specific Overall Mass Transfer Coefficients KLa	90	(5)
Absorption of Oxygen During Aeration	90	(1)
Steady State Method	90	(1)
Non-steady State Method	91	(1)
Dynamic Method in Wastewater Mixed with Activated Sludge	92	(1)
Desorption of Volatile Components During Aeration	93	(2)
Oxygen Transfer Rate, Energy Consumption and Efficiency in Large-scale Plants	95	(13)
Surface Aeration	95	(1)
Oxygen Transfer Rate	95	(1)
Power Consumption and Efficiency	96	(2)
Deep Tank Aeration	98	(1)
Preliminary Remarks	98	(1)
The Simple Plug Flow Model	99	(2)
Proposed Model of the American Society of Civil Engineers	101	(2)
Further Models	103	(1)
Oxygen Transfer Rate	103	(3)
Power Consumption and Efficiency	106	(1)
Monitoring of Deep Tanks	106	(2)
Dimensional Analysis and Transfer of Models	108	(11)
Introduction	108	(1)
Power Consumption of a Stirred, Non-aerated Tank -- A Simple Example	109	(3)
Description of Oxygen Transfer, Power Consumption and Efficiency by Surface Aerators Using Dimensionless Numbers	112	(1)
Application of Dimensionless Numbers for Surface Aeration	113	(2)
Problem	115	(2)
References	117	(2)
Aerobic Wastewater Treatment in Activated Sludge Systems	119	(32)
Introduction	119	(1)
Kinetic and Reaction Engineering Models With and Without Oxygen Limitation	119	(19)
Batch Reactors	119	(1)
With High Initial Concentration of Bacteria	119	(3)
With Low Initial Concentration of Bacteria	122	(1)
Chemostat	122	(3)
Completely Mixed Activated Sludge Reactor	125	(1)
Preliminary Remarks	125	(1)
Mean Retention Time, Recycle Ratio and Thickening Ratio as Process Parameters	126	(2)
Sludge Age as Parameter	128	(2)
Plug Flow Reactor	130	(2)
Completely Mixed Tank Cascades With Sludge Recycle	132	(2)
Flow Reactor With Axial Dispersion	134	(2)
Stoichiometric and Kinetic Coefficients	136	(1)
Comparison of Reactors	137	(1)
Retention Time Distribution in Activated Sludge Reactors	138	(6)
Retention Time Distribution	138	(2)
Completely Mixed Tank	140	(1)
Completely Mixed Tank Cascade	140	(1)
Tube Flow Reactor With Axial Dispersion	141	(1)
Comparison Between Tank Cascades and Tube Flow Reactors	142	(2)
Technical Scale Activated Sludge Systems for Carbon Removal	144	(7)
Problems	146	(3)
References	149	(2)
Aerobic Treatment with Biofilm Systems	151	(18)
Biofilms	151	(1)
Biofilm Reactors for Wastewater Treatment	152	(6)
Trickling Filters	152	(2)
Submerged and Aerated Fixed Bed Reactors	154	(2)
Rotating Disc Reactors	156	(2)
Mechanisms for Oxygen Mass Transfer in Biofilm Systems	158	(1)
Models for Oxygen Mass Transfer Rates in Biofilm Systems	159	(10)
Assumptions	159	(1)
Mass Transfer Gas/Liquid is Rate-limiting	159	(1)
Mass Transfer Liquid/Solid is Rate-limiting	160	(1)
Biological Reaction is Rate-limiting	160	(1)
Diffusion and Reaction Inside the Biofilm	160	(3)
Influence of Diffusion and Reaction Inside the Biofilm and of Mass Transfer Liquid/Solid	163	(1)
Influence of Mass Transfer Rates at Gas Bubble and Biofilm Surfaces	164	(1)
Problems	164	(2)
References	166	(3)
Anaerobic Degradation of Organics	169	(26)
Catabolic Reactions -- Cooperation of Different Groups of Bacteria	169	(7)
Survey	169	(1)
Anaerobic Bacteria	169	(1)
Acidogenic Bacteria	169	(2)
Acetogenic Bacteria	171	(1)
Methanogenic Bacteria	171	(2)
Regulation of Acetogenics by Methanogenics	173	(2)
Sulfate and Nitrate Reduction	175	(1)
Kinetics -- Models and Coefficients	176	(6)
Preface	176	(1)
Hydrolysis and Formation of Lower Fatty Acids by Acidogenic Bacteria	176	(1)
Transformation of Lower Fatty Acids by Acetogenic Bacteria	177	(2)
Transformation of Acetate and Hydrogen into Methane	179	(1)
Conclusions	180	(2)
Catabolism and Anabolism	182	(2)
High-rate Processes	184	(11)
Introduction	184	(1)
Contact Processes	185	(2)
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket	187	(1)
Anaerobic Fixed Bed Reactor	188	(2)
Anaerobic Rotating Disc Reactor	190	(1)
Anaerobic Expanded and Fluidized Bed Reactors	191	(1)
Problem	192	(1)
References	193	(2)
Biodegradation of Special Organic Compounds	195	(28)
Introduction	195	(1)
Chlorinated Compounds	196	(8)
Chlorinated n-Alkanes, Particularly Dichloromethane and 1,2-Dichloroethane	196	(1)
Properties, Use, Environmental Problems and Kinetics	196	(2)
Treatment of Wastewater Containing DCM or DCA	198	(2)
Chlorobenzene	200	(1)
Properties, Use and Environmental Problems	200	(1)
Principles of Biological Degradation	200	(2)
Treatment of Wastewater Containing Chlorobenzenes	202	(1)
Chlorophenols	203	(1)
Nitroaromatics	204	(2)
Properties, Use, Environmental Problems and Kinetics	204	(2)
Treatment of Wastewater Containing 4-NP or 2,4-DNT	206	(1)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Mineral Oils	206	(5)
Properties, Use and Environmental Problems	206	(1)
Mineral Oils	207	(2)
Biodegradation of PAHs	209	(1)
PAHs Dissolved in Water	209	(2)
PAHs Dissolved in n-Dodecane Standard Emulsion	211	(1)
Azo Reactive Dyes	211	(6)
Properties, Use and Environmental Problems	211	(2)
Production of Azo Dyes in the Chemical Industry -- Biodegradability of Naphthalene Sulfonic Acids	213	(2)
Biodegradation of Azo Dyes	215	(1)
Direct Aerobic Degradation	215	(1)
Anaerobic Reduction of Azo Dyes	215	(1)
Aerobic Degradation of Metabolites	216	(1)
Treatment of Wastewater Containing the Azo Dye Reactive Black 5	216	(1)
Final Remarks	217	(6)
References	218	(5)
Biological Nutrient Removal	223	(44)
Introduction	223	(4)
Biological Nitrogen Removal	227	(17)
The Nitrogen Cycle and the Technical Removal Process	227	(1)
Nitrification	228	(1)
Nitrifying Bacteria and Stoichiometry	228	(3)
Stoichiometry and Kinetics of Nitrification	231	(4)
Parameters Influencing Nitrification	235	(2)
Denitrification	237	(1)
Denitrifying Bacteria and Stoichiometry	237	(2)
Stoichiometry and Kinetics of Denitrification	239	(1)
Parameters Influencing Denitrification	240	(2)
Nitrite Accumulation During Nitrification	242	(1)
New Microbial Processes for Nitrogen Removal	243	(1)
Biological Phosphorus Removal	244	(6)
Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal	244	(1)
Kinetic Model for Biological Phosphorus Removal	245	(1)
Preliminary Remarks	245	(1)
Anaerobic Zone	246	(1)
Aerobic Zone	247	(1)
Results of a Batch Experiment	248	(1)
Parameters Affecting Biological Phosphorus Removal	249	(1)
Biological Nutrient Removal Processes	250	(7)
Preliminary Remarks	250	(1)
Nitrogen Removal Processes	250	(2)
Chemical and Biological Phosphorus Removal	252	(1)
Processes for Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal	253	(1)
Different Levels of Performance	253	(2)
WWTP Waßmannsdorf	255	(2)
Membrane Bioreactors (MBR)	257	(1)
Phosphorus and Nitrogen Recycle	257	(10)
Recycling of Phosphorus	257	(1)
Recycling of Nitrogen	258	(1)
Problems	259	(3)
References	262	(5)
Modelling of the Activated Sludge Process	267	(24)
Why We Need Mathematical Models	267	(1)
Models Describing Carbon and Nitrogen Removal	268	(3)
Carbon Removal	268	(1)
Carbon Removal and Bacterial Decay	269	(1)
Carbon Removal and Nitrification Without Bacterial Decay	270	(1)
Models for Optimizing the Activated Sludge Process	271	(20)
Preface	271	(1)
Modelling the Influence of Aeration on Carbon Removal	272	(3)
Activated Sludge Model 1 (ASM 1)	275	(8)
Application of ASM 1	283	(2)
More Complicated Models and Conclusions	285	(1)
Problems	286	(2)
References	288	(3)
Membrane Technology in Biological Wastewater Treatment	291	(40)
Introduction	291	(2)
Mass Transport Mechanism	293	(8)
Membrane Characteristics and Definitions	293	(3)
Mass Transport Through Non-porous Membranes	296	(4)
Mass Transport Through Porous Membranes	300	(1)
Mass Transfer Resistance Mechanisms	301	(7)
Preface	301	(1)
Mass Transfer Resistances	302	(1)
Concentration Polarization Model	303	(3)
Solution--diffusion Model and Concentration Polarization	306	(2)
The Pore Model and Concentration Polarization	308	(1)
Performance and Module Design	308	(10)
Membrane Materials	308	(1)
Design and Configuration of Membrane Modules	309	(1)
Preliminary Remarks	309	(4)
Dead-end Configuration	313	(1)
Submerged Configuration	314	(1)
Cross-flow Configuration	314	(1)
Membrane Fouling and Cleaning Management	315	(1)
Types of Fouling Processes	315	(1)
Membrane Cleaning Strategies	316	(2)
Membrane Bioreactors	318	(13)
Final Treatment (Behind the Secondary Clarifier)	318	(1)
Membrane Bioreactors in Aerobic Wastewater Treatment	319	(4)
Membrane Bioreactors and Nutrient Removal	323	(1)
Problems	324	(3)
References	327	(4)
Production Integrated Water Management and Decentralized Effluent Treatment	331	(24)
Introduction	331	(2)
Production Integrated Water Management in the Chemical Industry	333	(13)
Sustainable Development and Process Optimization	333	(1)
Primary Points of View	333	(1)
Material Flow Management	334	(2)
Production of Naphthalenedisufonic Acid	336	(2)
Methodology of Process Improvement	338	(1)
Minimization of Fresh Water Use	339	(1)
Description of the Problem	339	(1)
The Concentration/Mass Flow Rate Diagram and the Graphical Solution	340	(4)
The Network Design Method	344	(2)
Decentralized Effluent Treatment	346	(9)
Minimization of Treated Wastewater	346	(1)
Description of the Problem	346	(1)
Representation of Treatment Processes in a Concentration/Mass Flow Rate Diagram	347	(2)
The Lowest Wastewater Flow Rate to Treat	349	(1)
Processes for Decentralized Effluent Treatment	349	(1)
Problems	350	(4)
References	354	(1)
Subject Index	355