Fundamentals of Biostatistics (with CD-ROM)

by Rosner, Bernard

• ISBN13: 9780534418205
• ISBN10: 0534418201
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-02-24
• Publisher: Duxbury Press

Summary

FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOSTATISTICS (WITH CD-ROM) leads you through the methods, techniques, and computations necessary for success in the medical field. Every new concept is developed systematically through completely worked out examples from current medical research problems.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
General Overview	1	(5)
Descriptive Statistics	6	(37)
Introduction	6	(2)
Measures of Location	8	(7)
Some Properties of the Arithmetic Mean	15	(2)
Measures of Spread	17	(4)
Some Properties of the Variance and Standard Deviation	21	(2)
The Coefficient of Variation	23	(2)
Grouped Data	25	(3)
Graphic Methods	28	(5)
Case Study 1: Effects of Lead Exposure on Neurological and Psychological Function in Children	33	(1)
Case Study 2: Effects of Tobacco Use on Bone-Mineral Density in Middle-Aged Women	34	(1)
Obtaining Descriptive Statistics on the Computer	35	(1)
Summary	35	(8)
Problems	37	(6)
Probability	43	(38)
Introduction	43	(1)
Definition of Probability	44	(2)
Some Useful Probabilistic Notation	46	(2)
The Multiplication Law of Probability	48	(2)
The Addition Law of Probability	50	(2)
Conditional Probability	52	(5)
Bayes' Rule and Screening Tests	57	(6)
Bayesian Inference	63	(1)
ROC Curves	64	(2)
Prevalence and Incidence	66	(1)
Summary	67	(14)
Problems	68	(13)
Discrete Probability Distributions	81	(41)
Introduction	81	(1)
Random Variables	82	(1)
The Probability-Mass Function for a Discrete Random Variable	83	(2)
The Expected Value of a Discrete Random Variable	85	(2)
The Variance of a Discrete Random Variable	87	(1)
The Cumulative-Distribution Function of a Discrete Random Variable	88	(2)
Permutations and Combinations	90	(4)
The Binomial Distribution	94	(6)
Expected Value and Variance of the Binomial Distribution	100	(1)
The Poisson Distribution	101	(5)
Computation of Poisson Probabilities	106	(1)
Expected Value and Variance of the Poisson Distribution	107	(1)
Poisson Approximation to the Binomial Distribution	108	(4)
Summary	112	(10)
Problems	112	(10)
Continuous Probability Distributions	122	(44)
Introduction	122	(1)
General Concepts	122	(3)
The Normal Distribution	125	(4)
Properties of the Standard Normal Distribution	129	(6)
Conversion from an N(μ,σ2) Distribution to an N(0,1) Distribution	135	(5)
Linear Combinations of Random Variables	140	(5)
Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution	145	(5)
Normal Approximation to the Poisson Distribution	150	(3)
Summary	153	(13)
Problems	154	(12)
Estimation	166	(60)
Introduction	166	(1)
The Relationship Between Population and Sample	167	(2)
Random-Number Tables	169	(4)
Randomized Clinical Trials	173	(4)
Estimation of the Mean of a Distribution	177	(18)
Case Study: Effects of Tobacco Use on Bone-Mineral Density in Middle-Aged Women	195	(1)
Estimation of the Variance of a Distribution	195	(6)
Estimation for the Binomial Distribution	201	(9)
Estimation for the Poisson Distribution	210	(4)
One-Sided Confidence Intervals	214	(2)
Summary	216	(10)
Problems	217	(9)
Hypothesis Testing: One-Sample Inference	226	(70)
Introduction	226	(1)
General Concepts	227	(3)
One-Sample Test for the Mean of a Normal Distribution: One-Sided Alternatives	230	(8)
One-Sample Test for the Mean of a Normal Distribution: Two-Sided Alternatives	238	(7)
The Power of a Test	245	(8)
Sample-Size Determination	253	(6)
The Relationship Between Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals	259	(3)
Bayesian Inference	262	(5)
One-Sample Χ2 Test for the Variance of a Normal Distribution	267	(3)
One-Sample Test for a Binomial Proportion	270	(7)
One-Sample Inference for the Poisson Distribution	277	(5)
Case Study: Effects of Tobacco Use on Bone-Mineral Density in Middle-Aged Women	282	(1)
Summary	283	(13)
Problems	285	(11)
Hypothesis Testing: Two-Sample Inference	296	(63)
Introduction	296	(2)
The Paired t Test	298	(5)
Interval Estimation for the Comparison of Means from Two Paired Samples	303	(1)
Two-Sample t Test for Independent Samples with Equal Variances	304	(4)
Interval Estimation for the Comparison of Means from Two Independent Samples (Equal Variance Case)	308	(2)
Testing for the Equality of Two Variances	310	(7)
Two-Sample t Test for Independent Samples with Unequal Variances	317	(6)
Case Study: Effects of Lead Exposure on Neurological and Psychological Function in Children	323	(2)
The Treatment of Outliers	325	(6)
Estimation of Sample Size and Power for Comparing Two Means	331	(3)
Sample-Size Estimation for Longitudinal Studies	334	(3)
Summary	337	(22)
Problems	339	(20)
Nonparametric Methods	359	(26)
Introduction	359	(2)
The Sign Test	361	(5)
The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test	366	(6)
The Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test	372	(5)
Case Study: Effects of Lead Exposure on Neurological and Psychological Function in Children	377	(2)
Summary	379	(6)
Problems	379	(6)
Hypothesis Testing: Categorical Data	385	(79)
Introduction	385	(1)
Two-Sample Test for Binomial Proportions	386	(16)
Fisher's Exact Test	402	(6)
Two-Sample Test for Binomial Proportions for Matched-Pair Data (McNemar's Test)	408	(8)
Estimation of Sample Size and Power for Comparing Two Binomial Proportions	416	(10)
R x C Contingency Tables	426	(12)
Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test	438	(3)
The Kappa Statistic	441	(4)
Summary	445	(19)
Problems	446	(18)
Regression and Correlation Methods	464	(93)
Introduction	464	(1)
General Concepts	465	(3)
Fitting Regression Lines---The Method of Least Squares	468	(5)
Inferences About Parameters from Regression Lines	473	(10)
Interval Estimation for Linear Regression	483	(4)
Assessing the Goodness of Fit of Regression Lines	487	(5)
The Correlation Coefficient	492	(4)
Statistical Inference for Correlation Coefficients	496	(14)
Multiple Regression	510	(21)
Case Study: Effects of Lead Exposure on Neurological and Psychological Function in Children	531	(7)
Partial and Multiple Correlation	538	(2)
Rank Correlation	540	(6)
Summary	546	(11)
Problems	546	(11)
Multisample Inference	557	(73)
Introduction to the One-Way Analysis of Variance	557	(1)
One-Way Analysis of Variance--Fixed-Effects Model	558	(1)
Hypothesis Testing in One-Way Anova---Fixed-Effects Model	559	(5)
Comparisons of Specific Groups in One-Way ANOVA	564	(18)
Case Study: Effects of Lead Exposure on Neurological and Psychological Function in Children	582	(9)
Two-Way Analysis of Variance	591	(9)
The Kruskal-Wallis Test	600	(6)
One-Way Anova---The Random-Effects Model	606	(7)
The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient	613	(5)
Summary	618	(12)
Problems	619	(11)
Design and Analysis Techniques for Epidemiologic Studies	630	(114)
Introduction	630	(1)
Study Design	631	(3)
Measures of Effect for Categorical Data	634	(10)
Confounding and Standardization	644	(7)
Methods of Inference for Stratified Categorical Data---The Mantel-Haenszel Test	651	(14)
Power and Sample-Size Estimation for Stratified Categorical Data	665	(3)
Multiple Logistic Regression	668	(22)
Meta-Analysis	690	(5)
Equivalence Studies	695	(4)
The Cross-Over Design	699	(9)
Clustered Binary Data	708	(8)
Measurement-Error Methods	716	(9)
Missing Data	725	(6)
Summary	731	(13)
Problems	733	(11)
Hypothesis Testing: Person-Time Data	744	(73)
Measure of Effect for Person-Time Data	744	(2)
One-Sample Inference for Incidence-Rate Data	746	(4)
Two-Sample Inference for Incidence-Rate Data	750	(8)
Power and Sample-Size Estimation for Person-Time Data	758	(5)
Inference for Stratified Person-Time Data	763	(9)
Power and Sample-Size Estimation for Stratified Person-Time Data	772	(5)
Testing for Trend: Incidence-Rate Data	777	(4)
Introduction to Survival Analysis	781	(2)
Estimation of Survival Curves: The Kaplan-Meier Estimator	783	(7)
The Log-Rank Test	790	(7)
The Proportional-Hazards Model	797	(10)
Power and Sample-Size Estimation under the Proportional-Hazards Model	807	(4)
Summary	811	(6)
Problems	812	(5)
APPENDIX Tables	817	(28)
Exact Binomial Probabilities Pr(X = k) =(n/k)pk qn-k	817	(5)
Exact Poisson Probabilities Pr(X = k) =e-μμk/k!	822	(3)
The Normal Distribution	825	(5)
Table of 1000 Random Digits	830	(1)
Percentage Points of the t Distribution (t d,u)	831	(1)
Percentage Points of the Chi-Square Distribution (Chi;2 d,u)	832	(1)
Exact Two-Sided 100% x (1 - α) Confidence Limits for Binomial Proportions (α = .05)	833	(1)
Exact Two-Sided 100% x (1 - α) Confidence Limits for Binomial Proportions (α = .01)	834	(1)
Confidence Limits for the Expectation of a Poisson Variable (μ)	835	(1)
Percentage Points of the F Distribution (F d1,d2,p)	836	(2)
Critical Values for the ESD (Extreme Studentized Deviate) Outlier Statistic (ESD n,1-alpha;' α = .05, .01)	838	(1)
Two-Tailed Critical Values for the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test	839	(1)
Two-Tailed Critical Values for the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test	840	(2)
Fisher's z Transformation	842	(1)
Two-Tailed Upper Critical Values for the Spearman Rank-Correlation Coefficient (r s)	843	(1)
Critical Values for the Kruskal-Wallis Test Statistic (H) for Selected Sample Sizes for k = 3	844	(1)
Answers to Selected Problems	845	(4)
Flowchart: Methods of Statistical Inference	849	(6)
Index of Data Sets	855	(2)
Index	857