Fundamentals of Cancer Prevention

by Alberts, David S.; Hess, Lisa M.

• ISBN13: 9783540689850
• ISBN10: 3540689850
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-02-28
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

"This book provides a detailed review of the current status of cancer prevention and control practice and research. It is a reference guide and tool for primary care physicians, the research community and students." "Written as a collaborative work by the faculty of the Cancer Prevention and Control Program at the Arizona Cancer Center, this book brings together the expertise of specialists in the field of cancer prevention and control to provide the medical and research community that does not specialize in this field with insight to the disciplines of cancer prevention and control."--BOOK JACKET.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Cancer Prevention	p. 1
Summary of Changes to Second Edition	p. 3
Overview of Cancer Prevention	p. 4
Primary Prevention	p. 5
Secondary Prevention	p. 6
Tertiary Prevention	p. 6
Multi-Step Carcinogenesis Pathway	p. 7
Cancer Prevention Research	p. 8
References	p. 11
Assessing Human and Economic Benefits of Cancer Prevention	p. 13
Outcomes Assessment	p. 13
Humanistic Outcomes	p. 14
Measuring Health-Related Quality of Life and Other Patient-Reported Outcomes	p. 15
Specific Measures	p. 16
Generic or General Measures	p. 18
Economic Outcomes and Cancer	p. 20
Defining and Measuring Economic Outcomes	p. 21
Evaluative and Descriptive Analyses in Cancer Prevention	p. 23
Conclusion	p. 26
References	p. 26
The Role of Diet, Physical Activity and Body Composition in Cancer Prevention	p. 31
Introduction	p. 31
Recommendations for Cancer Prevention: Body Weight, Diet, and Physical Activity	p. 32
Diet and Cancer Prevention: Review of Evidence	p. 33
Clearing the Muddied Waters: The Need for Improved Study Designs	p. 36
Physical Activity and Cancer Prevention	p. 38
Body Weight and Body Composition and Cancer Prevention	p. 41
Lifestyle and Cancer Survivorship	p. 43
Body Weight and Cancer Survival	p. 44
Survivorship and Diet	p. 45
Physical Activity and Cancer Survivorship	p. 47
Optimizing Bone Health	p. 49
Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis Modified by Lifestyle Factors	p. 53
Biological Mechanisms by Which Physical Activity May Reduce Cancer Risk	p. 58
Advancing the Guidelines for Cancer Preventive Lifestyle	p. 60
Tools for Research and Clinical Practice	p. 62
Measuring Diet	p. 62
Assessment of Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure	p. 64
Measurement of Body Composition	p. 66
Measurement of Bone Health	p. 68
Conclusion	p. 69
References	p. 71
Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to Cancer	p. 79
Importance of the Immune System in Cancer Prevention	p. 79
Innate Immune Responses to Cancer	p. 81
Natural Killer Cells	p. 82
Gamma-Delta T Cells	p. 83
Phagocytes	p. 85
Cytokines	p. 86
Adaptive Immune Response	p. 89
Recognition of Tumor Antigens	p. 89
Tumor Antigens	p. 90
T Lymphocytes	p. 95
B Lymphocytes	p. 97
Cytokines	p. 98
Immunotherapy for Cancer Prevention	p. 101
References	p. 102
Hereditary Risk for Cancer	p. 109
Cancer as a Genetic Disorder	p. 109
Molecular Genetics	p. 109
Tumor Suppressor Genes	p. 110
Oncogenes	p. 111
DNA Repair Genes	p. 111
Epigenetic Mechanisms	p. 112
Cancer as a Hereditary Disease	p. 112
Common Hereditary Cancer Syndromes	p. 114
Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer	p. 114
Cowden Syndrome	p. 116
Li Fraumeni Syndrome	p. 117
CHEK2	p. 117
Ataxia-Telangiectasis	p. 118
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer	p. 118
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis	p. 120
Attenuated Familial Adenomatous Polyposis	p. 120
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome	p. 121
Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer	p. 121
Genetic Counseling	p. 121
Cancer Risk Assessment Models	p. 122
Epidemiologic Models of Breast Cancer Risk	p. 123
Genetic Testing Models	p. 123
Informed Consent Prior to Genetic Testing	p. 124
Genetic Testing	p. 125
Genetic Testing for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer	p. 125
Genetic Testing for Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer	p. 126
Genetic Testing for Familial Adenomatous Polyposis	p. 127
Genetic Testing for Attenuated FAP	p. 127
Cancer Screening, Surveillance and Prophylactic Management for Hereditary Cancer Syndromes	p. 128
Prevention Strategies for Hereditary Breast/Ovarian Cancer	p. 128
Prevention Strategies for Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Syndromes	p. 129
Prophylactic Surgery	p. 130
Chemoprevention	p. 130
Conclusion	p. 131
References	p. 131
Human Categories and Health: The Power of the Concept of Ethnicity	p. 137
Introduction	p. 137
Background	p. 138
Race and the Failure of Attempts to Define Ethnicity	p. 139
The Interactive View of Human Development	p. 142
Biologic, Genetic and Environmental	p. 142
Learned and Innate	p. 143
Heritability and Inheritable	p. 143
Cultural	p. 144
Traditional	p. 144
The Interactive View of Development and Health	p. 145
Identifying Ethnicity Using Proxy Measures	p. 149
Ethnicity and Health	p. 150
Applications to Disparity Research	p. 152
Conclusion	p. 154
References	p. 155
Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Cancer Prevention	p. 159
CAM and Cancer Prevention Research	p. 160
Botanical Agents: Foods, Spices, and Herbs	p. 161
Curcumin	p. 162
Green Tea	p. 163
Immune Modulating Mushrooms	p. 163
Ginseng	p. 164
Flaxseed	p. 165
The Mind-Body Connection	p. 165
Coping and Immunity	p. 166
Psychological States, Interventions, and Cancer	p. 167
Wellness	p. 169
Indigenous Cultural Systems of Healing	p. 171
Ayurveda	p. 172
Native American Healing Traditions	p. 173
Energy Medicine	p. 174
Conclusions	p. 178
References	p. 180
Telemedicine in Cancer Prevention	p. 191
What is Telemedicine?	p. 191
Telemedicine in Cancer Care	p. 192
Primary Cancer Prevention	p. 193
Smoking Prevention	p. 193
Nutrition Counseling	p. 193
Exercise Education	p. 194
Genetic Counseling	p. 195
Psychosocial Support	p. 196
Secondary Prevention	p. 196
Breast Cancer	p. 196
Cervical Cancer	p. 197
Skin Cancer	p. 198
Colorectal Cancer	p. 199
Prostate Cancer	p. 200
Telepathology	p. 201
Educating the Community Health Worker	p. 201
Future Directions	p. 202
References	p. 202
The Drug Development Process	p. 205
Selecting New Molecular Entities for Development as Chemopreventive Agents	p. 206
Regulatory Requirements and the US Food and Drug Administration	p. 207
The Investigational New Drug Application	p. 208
Phases of Clinical Research	p. 210
Good Clinical Practice	p. 211
The New Drug Application	p. 212
Conclusion	p. 212
References	p. 213
Developing Topical Prodrugs for Skin Cancer Prevention	p. 215
Strategies for Intervention	p. 216
Strategy 1: Preventing DNA Damage	p. 217
Strategy 2: Enhancing DNA Repair	p. 221
Strategy 3: Preventing Photoimmune Suppression	p. 222
Strategy 4: Enhancing the Epidermal Barrier	p. 223
Innovative Agents for Skin Cancer Prevention are Needed	p. 224
Topical Delivery: The Cornerstone of a Skin Damage Prevention Strategy	p. 225
Developing a Niacin Prodrug as a Potential Skin Cancer Prevention Agent	p. 228
Clinical Development of Tetradecyl Nicotinate (Nia-114)	p. 231
Summary	p. 233
References	p. 234
Skin Cancer Prevention	p. 239
Epidemiology of Skin Cancer	p. 239
Risk Factors	p. 241
Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure	p. 241
Other Risk Factors	p. 242
Genetic Alterations in NMSC	p. 243
Genetic Alterations in Melanoma	p. 244
Screening and Early Detection	p. 245
Prevention of Skin Cancer	p. 246
Primary Prevention	p. 246
Secondary Prevention	p. 248
Targeting Precursor Lesions for Chemoprevention	p. 249
Molecular Targets for Chemoprevention Identified in UVR Signaling Pathways	p. 251
Animal Models for Studying Chemoprevention Agents	p. 257
Endpoints for Evaluating Efficacy of Chemoprevention Agents	p. 258
Potential Chemoprevention Agents for Skin Cancer	p. 262
Conclusion	p. 274
References	p. 275
Colorectal Cancer Prevention	p. 291
Epidemiology	p. 292
Risk Factors	p. 293
Physical Activity	p. 293
Family History of Colorectal Adenoma or Colorectal Carcionoma	p. 293
Inflammatory Bowel Disease	p. 294
Other Risk Factors	p. 294
Screening and Early Detection	p. 295
Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)	p. 296
Flexible Sigmoidoscopy	p. 297
Barium Enema	p. 299
Colonoscopy	p. 299
History of CRAs or CRC	p. 300
Inflammatory Bowel Disease	p. 300
FAP and HNPCC Kindreds	p. 301
First-Degree Relatives of People with CRAs or CRCs	p. 301
Emerging Screening Tests	p. 301
Fecal DNA	p. 301
Virtual Colonoscopy	p. 302
Chemoprevention	p. 303
Fiber	p. 303
Folate	p. 304
Polymorphisms are Alternative Alleles of a Gene	p. 304
Calcium	p. 305
Selenium	p. 305
Aspirin and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs	p. 305
Ursodeoxycholic Acid	p. 306
Current Status of CRC Chemoprevention	p. 307
References	p. 308
Lung Cancer Prevention	p. 313
The Epidemiology of Lung Cancer	p. 313
Trends in Tobacco Use in the United States	p. 313
The Narrowing of the Gender Gap in Smoking Prevalence	p. 314
Demographic Variables and Tobacco Use	p. 315
Etiology of Lung Carcinogenesis	p. 317
Oxidative Damage	p. 317
Cell Proliferation and Lung Carcinogenesis	p. 319
Apoptosis and Lung Carcinogenesis	p. 320
Genetic Factors in Carcinogen Metabolism	p. 320
DNA Hypermethylation and Lung Carcinogenesis	p. 321
Risk Factors for Lung Cancer	p. 322
Tobacco Products	p. 322
Environmental Exposures	p. 324
Family History	p. 325
Genetic Susceptibility	p. 326
Screening for Early Detection	p. 327
Preneoplasia and Intraepithelial Neoplasia	p. 327
Standard Chest X-Rays and Sputum Cytology	p. 328
Helical Computed Tomography	p. 328
National Early Detection Initiatives	p. 329
Chemoprevention	p. 330
Chemopreventive Agents Under Investigation	p. 330
Dietary Supplements	p. 332
Selenium	p. 333
Tea and Derivatives	p. 335
Conclusion	p. 336
References	p. 337
Breast Cancer Prevention	p. 347
Introduction	p. 347
Etiology	p. 348
Changing Patterns of Breast Cancer Incidence	p. 348
Established Breast Cancer Risk Factors	p. 351
Age, Gender and Breast Cancer Risk	p. 352
Family History of Breast Cancer	p. 353
Reproductive Risk Factors	p. 355
Endogenous Hormone Exposures	p. 356
Exogenous Hormone Exposures	p. 357
Prior Breast Health History	p. 359
Lifestyle Risk Factors	p. 361
Risk Factors and Tumor Subtypes	p. 361
Emerging Breast Cancer Risk Factors for Patient Management	p. 362
Environmental Risk Factors	p. 363
Screening and Early Detection	p. 363
Breast Self Exam (BSE) and Clinical Breast Exam (CBE)	p. 364
Mammography	p. 364
Alternative Screening Modalities and Future Directions	p. 365
Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer	p. 366
Chemoprevention	p. 367
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (Serms)	p. 367
Aromatase Inhibitors	p. 368
Retinoids	p. 371
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (Nsaids)	p. 371
Other Agents	p. 372
Risk Assessment and Clinical Applications	p. 372
Elevated Risk	p. 372
Risk Assessment Models	p. 373
Conclusion	p. 375
References	p. 376
Prostate Cancer Prevention	p. 387
Prevention of Prostate Carcinogenesis	p. 387
Epidemiology and Risk Factors	p. 389
Risk Factors	p. 390
Screening	p. 393
Molecular Markers of Prostate Carcinogenesis	p. 394
Prevention Strategies	p. 401
Androgen Inhibitors	p. 401
Selenium and Vitamin E	p. 402
Soy Isoflavones	p. 405
Cox-2 Inhibitors	p. 407
Milk Thistle	p. 408
Saw Palmetto	p. 409
Resveratrol	p. 410
Conclusion	p. 410
References	p. 413
Cervical Cancer Prevention	p. 423
Incidence and Mortality of Cervical Cancer	p. 423
Etiology of Cervical Cancer	p. 424
Natural History of Cervical Cancer	p. 425
Co-Factors for Cervical Cancer	p. 427
Viral Persistence	p. 428
Screening and Early Detection of Cervical Cancer	p. 429
Cytologic Screening	p. 429
HPV Testing	p. 431
Therapeutic Approach to Precursor Lesions of Cervical Cancer	p. 432
Novel Agents for Cervical Cancer Prevention	p. 433
Chemopreventive Agents	p. 433
Therapeutic Vaccines	p. 434
HPV Prophylactic Vaccines	p. 435
Conclusion	p. 438
References	p. 438
Ovarian Cancer Prevention	p. 447
Epidemiology	p. 447
Histopathology	p. 449
Risk Factors for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer	p. 450
Early Detection and Prevention of Ovarian Cancer	p. 457
Chemoprevention of Ovarian Cancer	p. 462
Quality of Life	p. 463
Conclusion	p. 467
References	p. 467
Endometrial Cancer Prevention	p. 475
Epidemiology of Endometrial Cancer	p. 475
Types of Endometrial Cancer	p. 476
Risk Factors for Endometrial Cancer	p. 478
Genetic Factors in Endometrial Cancer	p. 483
Screening and Early Detection of Endometrial Cancer	p. 486
Conclusion	p. 488
References	p. 488
Cancer Survivorship	p. 495
Prevalence	p. 496
Survivorship as a Scientific Discipline	p. 498
Prevention	p. 498
Smoking Cessation	p. 499
Acute Effects of Treatment	p. 500
Chemotherapy	p. 500
Surgery	p. 502
Radiation Therapy	p. 502
Long-Term and Late Effects of Cancer Treatment	p. 503
Generalizations	p. 505
Physiologic Sequelae of Cancer and Its Treatment	p. 507
Advanced Illness	p. 514
Future Directions	p. 515
References	p. 520
Index	p. 529
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