Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems, 3rd Edition

by Michael N. DeMers (New Mexico State Univ.)

• ISBN13: 9780471204916
• ISBN10: 0471204919
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-08-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Learning objectives at the beginning of each chapter helps to define concepts and outline the goals that the reader should be accomplishing. * Review questions at the end of each chapter isolate key material for effective self study.

Table of Contents

Introduction	p. 1
Introduction to Automated Geography	p. 3
Learning Objectives	p. 4
Why Geographic Information Systems?	p. 4
What Are Geographic Information Systems?	p. 7
Where Do I Begin?	p. 14
Terms	p. 16
Review Questions	p. 16
References	p. 16
Geographic Data, Maps, and Automation	p. 19
Spatial Analysis: The Foundation of Modern Geography	p. 21
Learning Objectives	p. 23
Developing Spatial Awareness	p. 23
Spatial Elements	p. 25
Spatial Measurement Levels	p. 29
Spatial Location and Reference	p. 31
Spatial Patterns	p. 34
Geographic Data Collection	p. 37
Populations and Sampling Schemes	p. 43
Making Inferences From Samples	p. 46
Terms	p. 48
Review Questions	p. 48
References	p. 49
The Map as a Model of Geographic Data: The Language of Spatial Thinking	p. 50
Learning Objectives	p. 51
Map as Model: The Abstraction of Reality	p. 52
A Paradigm Shift in Cartography	p. 53
Map Scale	p. 55
More Map Characteristics	p. 57
Map Projections	p. 57
Grid Systems for Mapping	p. 61
The Cartographic Process	p. 68
Map Symbolism	p. 69
Map Abstraction and Cartographic Databases	p. 73
Some Problems Related to Specific Thematic Maps	p. 74
Soil Maps	p. 74
Zoological Maps	p. 76
Digital Remote Sensing Imagery	p. 76
Vegetation Maps	p. 79
Historical Maps	p. 80
Terms	p. 81
Review Questions	p. 81
References	p. 82
Cartographic and GIS Data Structures
Learning Objectives	p. 85
A Quick Review of the Map as an Abstraction of Space	p. 86
Some Basic Computer File Structures	p. 88
Simple Lists	p. 88
Ordered Sequential Files	p. 89
Indexed Files	p. 90
Computer Database Structures for Managing Data	p. 92
Hierarchical Data Structures	p. 92
Network Systems	p. 94
Relational Database Management Systems	p. 95
Graphic Representation of Entitites and Attributes	p. 98
GIS Data Models for Multiple Coverages	p. 102
Raster Models	p. 103
Compact Storing of Raster Data	p. 107
Vector Models	p. 109
Compacting Vector Data Models	p. 115
A Vector Model to Represent Surfaces	p. 116
Hybrid and Integrated Systems	p. 117
Terms	p. 120
Review Questions	p. 121
References	p. 122
Input, Storage, and Editing	p. 125
GIS Data Input	p. 127
Learning Objectives	p. 128
The Input Subsystem	p. 129
Input Devices	p. 129
Raster, Vector, or Both	p. 134
Reference Frameworks and Transformations	p. 134
Map Preparation and the Digitizing Process	p. 137
What to Input	p. 139
How Much to Input	p. 141
Methods of Vector Input	p. 143
Methods of Raster Input	p. 144
Remote Sensing as a Special Case of Raster Data Input	p. 147
External Databases	p. 151
Terms	p. 153
Review Questions	p. 154
References	p. 155
Data Storage and Editing	p. 157
Learning Objectives	p. 158
Storage of GIS Databases	p. 159
The Importance of Editing the GIS Database	p. 161
Detecting and Editing Errors of Different Types	p. 163
Entity Errors: Vector	p. 163
Attribute Errors: Raster and Vector	p. 170
Dealing with Projection Changes	p. 173
Joining Adjacent Coverages: Edge Matching	p. 174
Conflation and Rubber Sheeting	p. 176
Templating	p. 177
Terms	p. 178
Review Questions	p. 178
References	p. 179
Analysis: The Heart of the GIS	p. 181
Elementary Spatial Analysis	p. 183
Learning Objectives	p. 184
Introduction to GIS Spatial Analysis	p. 185
A Simple Analysis Framework	p. 186
GIS Data Query	p. 187
Navigating the GIS	p. 187
Locating and Identifying Spatial Objects	p. 190
Defining Spatial Characteristics	p. 191
Point Attributes	p. 192
Line Attributes	p. 194
Area Attributes	p. 196
Working with Higher-Level Objects	p. 198
Higher-Level Point Objects	p. 199
Higher-Level Line Objects	p. 202
Higher-Level Area Objects	p. 205
Terms	p. 206
Review Questions	p. 206
References	p. 207
Measurement	p. 208
Learning Objectives	p. 209
Measuring Length of Linear Objects	p. 210
Measuring Polygons	p. 212
Calculating Polygon Lengths	p. 213
Calculating Perimeter	p. 214
Calculating Areas of Polygonal Features	p. 215
Measuring Shape	p. 216
Measuring Sinuosity	p. 217
Measuring Polygon Shape	p. 218
Measuring Distance	p. 222
Simple Distance	p. 223
Functional Distance	p. 224
Terms	p. 231
Review Questions	p. 231
References	p. 232
Classification	p. 234
Learning Objectives	p. 235
Classification Principles	p. 236
Elements of Reclassification	p. 238
Neighborhood Functions	p. 240
Roving Windows: Filters	p. 241
Polygonal Neighborhoods	p. 244
Immediate Neighborhoods	p. 244
Extended Neighborhoods	p. 246
Buffers	p. 248
Terms	p. 253
Review Questions	p. 253
References	p. 254
Statistical Surfaces	p. 256
Learning Objectives	p. 258
What Are Surfaces?	p. 258
Surface Mapping	p. 259
Sampling the Statistical Surface	p. 261
The DEM	p. 263
Raster Surfaces	p. 264
Interpolation	p. 265
Linear Interpolation	p. 266
Methods of Linear Interpolation	p. 267
Uses of Interpolation	p. 272
Problems in Interpolation	p. 273
Terrain Reclassification	p. 278
Steepness of Slope	p. 279
Azimuth or Orientation (Aspect)	p. 280
Shape or Form	p. 281
Visibility and Intervisibility	p. 283
Slicing the Statistical Surface	p. 285
Cut and Fill	p. 287
Other Surface Analyses	p. 289
Discrete Surfaces	p. 289
Dot Distribution Maps	p. 289
Choropleth Maps	p. 291
Dasymetric Mapping	p. 292
Terms	p. 293
Review Questions	p. 293
References	p. 295
Spatial Arrangement	p. 297
Learning Objectives	p. 298
Point, Area, and Line Arrangements	p. 300
Point Patterns	p. 301
Quadrant Analysis	p. 302
Nearest Neighbor Analysis	p. 303
Thiessen Polygons	p. 305
Area Patterns	p. 307
Extending Contiguity Measures: The Join Count Statistic	p. 308
Other Polygonal Arrangement Measures	p. 310
Linear Patterns	p. 311
Line Densities	p. 311
Nearest Neighbors and Line Intercepts	p. 312
Directionality of Linear and Areal Objects	p. 314
Connectivity of Linear Objects	p. 317
Gravity Model	p. 321
Routing and Allocation	p. 322
The Missing Variable: Using Other Coverages	p. 324
Terms	p. 325
Review Questions	p. 325
References	p. 326
Comparing Variables Among Coverages	p. 329
Learning Objectives	p. 329
The Cartographic Overlay	p. 330
Point-in-Polygon and Line-in-Polygon Operations	p. 333
Polygon Overlay	p. 336
Automating the Overlay Pricess	p. 340
Automating Point-in-Polygon and Line-in-Polygon Procedures in Raster	p. 340
Automating Polygon Overlay in Raster	p. 342
Automating Vector Overlay	p. 344
Types of Overlay	p. 345
CAD-Type Overlay	p. 345
Topological Vector Overlay	p. 347
A Note About Error in Overlay	p. 352
Dasymetric Mapping	p. 354
Some Final Notes on Overlay	p. 356
Terms	p. 357
Review Questions	p. 357
References	p. 358
Cartographic Modeling	p. 360
Learning Objectives	p. 361
Model Components	p. 362
The Cartographic Model	p. 363
Models in Geography	p. 365
Types of Cartographic Models	p. 367
Inductive and Deductive Modeling	p. 370
Factor Selection	p. 371
Model Flowcharting	p. 371
Working Through the Model	p. 374
Conflict Resolution	p. 381
Some Example Cartographic Models	p. 381
Model Implementation	p. 384
Model Verification	p. 387
Terms	p. 381
Review Questions	p. 391
References	p. 392
GIS Output	p. 395
The Output from Analysis	p. 397
Learning Objectives	p. 398
Output: The Display of Analysis	p. 398
Cartographic Output	p. 399
The Design Process	p. 402
The Role of Symbols in Design	p. 403
Graphical Design Principles	p. 405
Map Design Controls	p. 409
Nontraditional Cartographic Output	p. 412
Noncartographic Output	p. 416
Interactive Output	p. 417
Table and Charts	p. 418
Technology and GIS Output	p. 422
Terms	p. 426
Review Questions	p. 426
References	p. 427
GIS Design	p. 429
GIS Design and Implementation	p. 431
Learning Objectives	p. 432
What is GIS Design?	p. 433
The Need for GIS Design	p. 434
Internal and External GIS Design Questions	p. 436
The Software Engineering Approach	p. 437
Systems Design Principles	p. 438
Systems Development Waterfall Model	p. 439
The Mythical Man-Month	p. 440
Some General Systems Characteristics	p. 441
The Institutional Setting for GIS Operations	p. 442
The Relation Between the System and the Outside World	p. 442
A Structured Design Model	p. 445
Technical Design	p. 445
The Reasons for Conceptual Design	p. 446
Conceptual Design Shortcomings	p. 446
People Problems of GIS	p. 447
Cost-Benefit Issues	p. 447
Data and Applications Requirements Models	p. 448
Formal GIS Design Methodology	p. 448
The Spiral Model: Rapid Prototyping	p. 449
Overview of the Initial GIS Design Model (Level 1)	p. 450
GIS Information Products	p. 453
How Information Products Drive GIS	p. 453
Organizing the Local Views	p. 454
Avoiding Design Creep	p. 454
View Integration	p. 456
Database Design: General Considerations	p. 456
Study Area	p. 456
Scale, Resolution, and Level of Detail	p. 457
Classification	p. 458
Coordinate System and Projection	p. 458
Selecting a System	p. 459
Verification and Validation	p. 459
Terms	p. 460
Review Questions	p. 460
References	p. 461
Software and Data Sources	p. 463
Using the Wiley World Wide Web to Find Data and GIS Examples	p. 470
Glossary	p. 471
Photo Credits	p. 489
Index	p. 491
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