Fundamentals of GIS 2nd Edition Update with Integrated Lab Manual

by Michael N. DeMers (New Mexico State Univ.)

• ISBN13: 9780471426097
• ISBN10: 0471426091
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

The Updated Second Edition of Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems includes thirteen laboratory exercises integrated into the text itself. The labs are linked to particular chapter where the concepts described in the reading can be practiced immediately in a laboratory setting. The second edition of this well-received text on principles of geographic information systems (GIS) continues the author\'s style of "straight talk" in its presentation. The writing is accessible and easy to follow. Unlike most other texts, this book covers GIS design and modeling, reflecting the belief that modeling and analysis are at the heart of GIS. This enables students to understand how to use a GIS and what it does.

Table of Contents

UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION	1	(18)
Introduction to Automated Geography	3	(16)
Learning Objectives	4	(1)
Why Geographic Information Systems?	4	(3)
What Are Geographic Information Systems?	7	(7)
Where Do I Begin?	14	(2)
Terms	16	(1)
Review Questions	16	(1)
References	16	(3)
UNIT 2 GEOGRAPHIC DATA, MAPS, AND AUTOMATION	19	(130)
Spatial Analysis: The Foundation of Modern Geography	21	(33)
Learning Objectives	22	(1)
Developing Spatial Awareness	23	(2)
Spatial Elements	25	(3)
Spatial Measurement Levels	28	(3)
Spatial Location and Reference	31	(3)
Spatial Patterns	34	(3)
Geographic Data Collection	37	(6)
Populations and Sampling Schemes	43	(3)
Making Inferences From Samples	46	(2)
Terms	48	(1)
Review Questions	48	(1)
References	49	(1)
Laboratory Exercise 1: GIS Resources and Applications	50	(1)
Introduction	51	(1)
Learning Objectives	51	(1)
Methods	51	(2)
Products	53	(1)
The Map as a Model of Geographic Data: The Language of Spatial Thinking	54	(44)
Learning Objectives	55	(1)
Map as Model: The Abstraction of Reality	56	(1)
A Paradigm Shift in Cartography	57	(2)
Map Scale	59	(2)
More Map Characteristics	61	(1)
Map Projections	61	(4)
Grid Systems for Mapping	65	(7)
The Cartographic Process	72	(1)
Map Symbolism	73	(4)
Map Abstraction and Cartographic Databases	77	(1)
Some Problems Related to Specific Thematic Maps	78	(7)
Soil Maps	78	(2)
Zoological Maps	80	(1)
Digital Remote Sensing Imagery	80	(3)
Vegetation Maps	83	(1)
Historical Maps	84	(1)
Terms	85	(1)
Review Questions	85	(1)
References	86	(2)
Laboratory Exercise 2: Getting Started With ArcView®	88	(1)
Introduction	89	(1)
Learning Objectives	89	(1)
Methods	89	(8)
Review and Discussion Questions	97	(1)
Shutting Down	97	(1)
GIS Data Models	98	(51)
Learning Objectives	98	(1)
A Quick Review of the Map as an Abstraction of Space	99	(2)
Some Basic Computer File Structures	101	(4)
Simple Lists	101	(1)
Ordered Sequential Files	102	(1)
Indexed Files	103	(2)
Computer Database Structures for Managing Data	105	(6)
Hierarchical Data Structures	106	(1)
Network Systems	107	(2)
Relational Database Management Systems	109	(2)
Graphic Representation of Entitites and Attributes	111	(5)
GIS Data Models for Multiple Maps	116	(19)
Raster Models	116	(5)
Compact Storing of Raster Data	121	(2)
Commercial Raster Compaction Products	123	(1)
Vector Models	124	(5)
Compacting Vector Data Models	129	(1)
A Vector Model to Represent Surfaces	130	(1)
Hybrid and Integrated Systems	131	(4)
Terms	135	(1)
Review Questions	136	(1)
References	137	(2)
Laboratory Exercise 3: ArcView® Object, File, Database and Directory Structures	139	(1)
Introduction	140	(1)
Learning Objectives	140	(1)
Methods	140	(6)
Review and Discussion Questions	146	(3)
UNIT 3 INPUT, STORAGE, AND EDITING	149	(76)
The Input Subsystem	151	(42)
Learning Objectives	152	(1)
Primary Data	152	(1)
Input Devices	153	(10)
Raster, Vector, or Both	157	(1)
Reference Frameworks and Transformations	158	(2)
Map Preparation and the Digitizing Process	160	(3)
What to Input	163	(2)
How Much to Input	165	(2)
Methods of Vector Input	167	(1)
Methods of Raster Input	168	(3)
Remote Sensing as a Special Case of Raster Data Input	171	(5)
Secondary Data	176	(2)
Metadata and Metadata Standards	178	(2)
Terms	180	(1)
Review Questions	181	(1)
References	182	(2)
Laboratory Exercise 4: Getting Data Into ArcView®	184	(1)
Introduction	185	(1)
Learning Objectives	185	(1)
Methods	186	(5)
Products	191	(2)
Data Storage and Editing	193	(32)
Learning Objectives	194	(1)
Storage of GIS Databases	194	(2)
The Importance of Editing the GIS Database	196	(2)
Detecting and Editing Errors of Different Types	198	(11)
Entity Errors: Vector	198	(7)
Attribute Errors: Raster and Vector	205	(4)
Dealing with Projection Changes	209	(1)
Joining Adjacent Coverages: Edge Matching	210	(1)
Conflation	211	(1)
Templating	212	(1)
Terms	213	(1)
Review Questions	213	(1)
References	214	(1)
Laboratory Exercise 5: Adding Attributes and Editing Your Data	215	(1)
Introduction	216	(1)
Learning Objectives	216	(1)
Methods	217	(6)
Products	223	(1)
Review Questions	223	(2)
UNIT 4 ANALYSIS: THE HEART OF THE GIS	225	(302)
Elementary Spatial Analysis	227	(33)
Introduction to GIS Spatial Analysis	227	(1)
Learning Objectives	228	(1)
Preliminary Notes About Flowcharting	229	(1)
GIS Data Query	230	(4)
Navigating the GIS	230	(2)
Locating and Identifying Spatial Objects	232	(2)
Defining Spatial Characteristics	234	(7)
Point Attributes	234	(2)
Line Attributes	236	(2)
Area Attributes	238	(3)
Working with Higher-Level Objects	241	(8)
Higher-Level Point Objects	241	(4)
Higher-Level Line Objects	245	(2)
Higher-Level Area Objects	247	(2)
Terms	249	(1)
Review Questions	249	(1)
References	250	(1)
Laboratory Exercise 6: Finding and Locating Objects	251	(1)
Introduction	252	(1)
Learning Objectives	253	(1)
Methods	253	(5)
Review Questions	258	(1)
Products	259	(1)
Measurement	260	(36)
Learning Objectives	261	(1)
Measuring Length of Linear Objects	261	(3)
Measuring Polygons	264	(4)
Calculating Polygon Lengths	264	(2)
Calculating Perimeter	266	(1)
Calculating Areas of Polygonal Features	266	(2)
Measuring Shape	268	(6)
Measuring Sinuosity	269	(1)
Measuring Polygon Shape	270	(4)
Measuring Distance	274	(10)
Simple Distance	274	(2)
Functional Distance	276	(8)
Terms	284	(1)
Review Questions	285	(1)
References	286	(1)
Laboratory Exercise 7: Simple Measurement	287	(1)
Introduction	288	(1)
Learning Objectives	288	(1)
Methods	289	(5)
Review Questions	294	(1)
Products	295	(1)
Classification	296	(42)
Learning Objectives	297	(1)
Classification Principles	297	(2)
Elements of Reclassification	299	(3)
Neighborhood Functions	302	(1)
Roving Windows: Filters	302	(3)
Polygonal Neighborhoods	305	(4)
Immediate Neighborhoods	305	(4)
Extended Neighborhoods	309	(1)
Buffers	309	(5)
Terms	314	(1)
Review Questions	314	(1)
References	315	(2)
Laboratory Exercise 8: Classification	317	(1)
Introduction	318	(1)
Learning Objectives	318	(1)
Methods	319	(7)
Products	326	(1)
Review and Discussion Questions	327	(1)
Appendix A: Southeastern Mount Desert Island, Maine Abbreviated Data Dictionary	328	(3)
Appendix B: Southeastern Mount Desert Island, Maine Abbreviated Data Dictionary: Detailed Species Codes	331	(7)
Statistical Surfaces	338	(53)
Learning Objectives	340	(1)
What Are Surfaces?	340	(3)
Surface Mapping	341	(2)
Sampling the Statistical Surface	343	(2)
The DEM	345	(1)
Raster Surfaces	346	(1)
Interpolation	347	(7)
Linear Interpolation	348	(1)
Methods of Nonlinear Interpolation	349	(5)
Uses of Interpolation	354	(1)
Problems in Interpolation	355	(5)
Terrain Reclassification	360	(7)
Steepness of Slope	360	(2)
Azimuth or Orientation (Aspect)	362	(1)
Shape or Form	363	(2)
Visibility and Intervisibility	365	(2)
Slicing the Statistical Surface	367	(2)
Cut and Fill	369	(1)
Other Surface Analyses	370	(1)
Discrete Surfaces	371	(4)
Dot Distribution Maps	371	(2)
Choropleth Maps	373	(1)
Dasymetric Mapping	374	(1)
Terms	375	(1)
Review Questions	375	(2)
References	377	(2)
Laboratory Exercise 9: Working With Surfaces: (ArcView® Spatial Analyst)	379	(1)
Introduction	380	(1)
Learning Objectives	380	(1)
Methods	380	(10)
Products	390	(1)
Review and Discussion Questions	390	(1)
Spatial Arrangement	391	(52)
Learning Objectives	392	(2)
Point, Area, and Line Arrangements	394	(1)
Point Patterns	395	(4)
Quadrat Analysis	396	(1)
Nearest Neighbor Analysis	397	(2)
Thiessen Polygons	399	(2)
Area Patterns	401	(1)
Distance and Adjacency	402	(1)
Other Polygonal Arrangement Measures	402	(1)
Linear Patterns	403	(3)
Line Densities	404	(1)
Nearest Neighbors and Line Intercepts	404	(2)
Directionality of Linear and Areal Objects	406	(4)
Connectivity of Linear Objects	410	(3)
Gravity Model	413	(2)
Routing and Allocation	415	(2)
The Missing Variable: Using Other Coverages	417	(1)
Terms	417	(1)
Review Questions	418	(1)
References	419	(2)
Laboratory Exercise 10: Spatial Arrangement	421	(1)
Introduction	422	(1)
Learning Objectives	423	(1)
Methods	423	(6)
Products	429	(1)
Review and Discussion Questions	429	(1)
Laboratory Exercise 10 Optional: Working With Networks (ArcView® Network Analyst)	430	(1)
Introduction	431	(1)
Learning Objectives	431	(1)
Data Preparations	432	(1)
Methods	433	(9)
Products	442	(1)
Review and Discussion Questions	442	(1)
Comparing Variables Among Maps	443	(40)
Learning Objectives	443	(1)
The Cartographic Overlay	444	(3)
Point-in-Polygon and Line-in-Polygon Operations	447	(3)
Polygon Overlay	450	(4)
Automating the Overlay Process	454	(5)
Automating Point-in-Polygon and Line-in-Polygon Procedures in Raster	454	(2)
Automating Polygon Overlay in Raster	456	(2)
Automating Vector Overlay	458	(1)
Types of Overlay	459	(9)
CAD-Type Overlay	459	(2)
Topological Vector Overlay	461	(5)
A Note About Error in Overlay	466	(2)
Dasymetric Mapping	468	(2)
Some Final Notes on Overlay	470	(1)
Terms	471	(1)
Review Questions	471	(1)
References	472	(2)
Laboratory Exercise 11: Overlay	474	(1)
Introduction	475	(1)
Learning Objectives	475	(1)
Methods	476	(5)
Products	481	(1)
Review and Discussion Questions	482	(1)
Cartographic Modeling	483	(44)
Learning Objectives	484	(1)
Model Components	485	(1)
The Cartographic Model	486	(2)
Models in Geography	488	(2)
Types of Cartographic Models	490	(3)
Inductive and Deductive Modeling	493	(1)
Factor Selection	494	(1)
Model Flowcharting	494	(13)
Working Through the Model	497	(7)
Conflict Resolution	504	(1)
Some Example Cartographic Models	504	(3)
Model Implementation	507	(3)
Model Verification	510	(4)
Terms	514	(1)
Review Questions	514	(1)
References	515	(2)
Laboratory Exercise 12: The Cartographic Modeling Process	517	(1)
Introduction	518	(1)
Learning Objectives	519	(1)
Linkage to Your Text	519	(1)
Technical Objectives	520	(1)
Materials Provided	520	(1)
Products	520	(1)
Appendix A	521	(6)
UNIT 5 GIS OUTPUT	527	(40)
The Output from Analysis	529	(38)
Learning Objectives	530	(1)
Output: The Display of Analysis	530	(1)
Cartographic Output	531	(4)
The Design Process	534	(1)
Map Design Controls	535	(3)
Nontraditional Cartographic Output	538	(3)
GIS on the Internet	541	(3)
Noncartographic Output	544	(5)
Interactive Output	544	(1)
Table and Charts	545	(4)
Technology and GIS Output	549	(4)
Terms	553	(1)
Review Questions	554	(1)
References	554	(2)
Laboratory Exercise 13: Output From Analysis	556	(1)
Introduction	557	(1)
Learning Objectives	557	(1)
Methods	557	(8)
Products	565	(1)
Review and Discussion Questions	565	(2)
UNIT 6 GIS DESIGN	567	(34)
GIS Design and Implementation	569	(32)
Learning Objectives	570	(1)
What is GIS Design?	570	(1)
The Need for GIS Design	571	(2)
Internal and External GIS Design Questions	573	(2)
The Software Engineering Approach	575	(4)
System Design Principles	575	(1)
System Development Waterfall Model	576	(2)
The Mythical Man-Month	578	(1)
Some General Systems Characteristics	578	(1)
The Institutional Setting for GIS Operations	579	(3)
The Relation Between the System and the Outside World	579	(3)
A Structured Design Model	582	(4)
Technical Design	582	(1)
The Reasons for Conceptual Design	583	(1)
Conceptual Design Shortcomings	583	(1)
People Problems of GIS	584	(1)
Cost-Benefit Issues	585	(1)
Data and Applications Requirements Models	585	(1)
Formal GIS Design Methodology	586	(4)
The Spiral Model: Rapid Prototyping	586	(1)
Overview of the Initial GIS Design Model (Level 1)	587	(3)
GIS Information Products	590	(3)
How Information Products Drive the GIS	590	(1)
Organizing the Local Views	591	(1)
Avoiding Design Creep	592	(1)
View Integration	593	(1)
Database Design: General Considerations	593	(3)
Study Area	593	(1)
Scale, Resolution, and Level of Detail	594	(1)
Classification	595	(1)
Coordinate System and Projection	595	(1)
Selecting a System	596	(1)
Verification and Validation	596	(1)
Terms	597	(1)
Review Questions	597	(1)
References	598	(3)
Appendix A Software and Data Sources	601	(6)
Appendix B Using the Wiley World Wide Web to Find Data and GIS Examples	607	(2)
Glossary	609	(18)
Photo Credits	627	(2)
Index	629