The Fundamentals of Imaging

by Woolfson, Michael M.

• ISBN13: 9781848166851
• ISBN10: 1848166850
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2011-10-31
• Publisher: Imperial College Pr

Summary

It is through images that we understand the form and function of material objects, from the fundamental particles that are the constituents of matter to galaxies that are the constituents of the Universe. Imaging must be thought of in a flexible way as varying from just the detection of objects - a blip on a screen representing an aircraft or a vapour trail representing the passage of an exotic particle - to displaying the fine detail in the eye of an insect or the arrangement of atoms within or on the surface of a solid. The range of imaging tools, both in the type of wave phenomena used and in the devices that utilize them, is vast.This book will illustrate this range, with wave phenomena covering the entire electromagnetic spectrum and ultrasound, and devices that vary from those that just detect the presence of objects to those that image objects in exquisite detail. The word 'fundamentals' in the title has meaning for this book. There will be no attempt to delve into the fine technical details of the construction of specific devices but rather the book aims to give an understanding of the principles behind the imaging process and a general account of how those principles are utilized.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
The Human Visual System	p. 1
The Optical System	p. 1
The Photoreceptors	p. 4
The Way that Nerve Cells Operate and Communicate	p. 6
The Neural Network of the Eye	p. 8
The Visual Cortex	p. 13
The Evolution of the Eye	p. 15
Plants and Light	p. 16
Different Forms of Eye	p. 17
The Evolution of the Vertebrate Eye	p. 20
Waves and Image Formation	p. 25
What is Light?	p. 25
Huygens' Wavelets	p. 27
Reflection and Refraction	p. 28
Stereoscopy	p. 30
Holography	p. 33
Seeing Small Objects	p. 41
Resolution of the Visual System	p. 41
A Simple Microscope - the Magnifying Glass	p. 46
The Compound Microscope	p. 49
Phase-Contrast Microscopy	p. 55
Electron Microscopy	p. 59
The transmission electron microscope	p. 63
The scanning electron microscope	p. 64
The scanning transmission electron microscope	p. 66
The scanning tunneling microscope	p. 67
Photography and the Recording of Images	p. 69
The Origins of the Camera	p. 69
Recording and Storing Monochrome Images	p. 70
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce	p. 71
Daguerreotypes	p. 72
William Henry Fox Talbot	p. 73
From the wet collodion process to modern film	p. 75
The Beginning of Colour Photography	p. 77
Louis Ducos du Hauron	p. 77
The Lippmann process	p. 80
Modern Colour Photography	p. 83
The autochrome process	p. 83
The modern era of colour photography	p. 85
The Basic Construction of a Camera	p. 86
Digital Cameras	p. 89
Detecting and Imaging with Infrared Radiation	p. 91
The Radiation from Hot Bodies	p. 91
The Detection of Infrared Radiation	p. 95
The effectiveness of infrared and heat detectors	p. 95
Thermocouples and thermopiles	p. 98
Bolometers	p. 101
Golay cells	p. 104
Pyroelectric detectors; intruder alarms	p. 105
Infrared Imaging	p. 107
A night-vision device	p. 107
Thermography: thermal imaging	p. 107
Radar	p. 115
The Origin of Radar	p. 115
Determining the Distance	p. 117
The Basic Requirements of a Radar System	p. 118
Generators of Radio Frequency Radiation	p. 119
The klystron amplifier	p. 120
The cavity magnetron	p. 121
Transmitting the Pulses	p. 122
A simple dipole	p. 122
The parabolic reflector	p. 122
Multiple-dipole-array antennae	p. 125
Phased-array radar	p. 129
Reception and Presentation	p. 132
Doppler Radar	p. 134
The Doppler effect	p. 134
Pulsed-Doppler radar	p. 136
Synthetic Aperture Radar	p. 139
A simple illustration of SAR	p. 140
More complex SAR applications	p. 142
Other Radar Applications	p. 143
Secondary radar	p. 143
Ground penetrating radar	p. 144
Imaging the Universe with Visible and Near-Visible Radiation	p. 147
Optical Telescopes	p. 147
Refracting Telescopes	p. 148
Reflecting Telescopes	p. 150
Infrared Astronomy	p. 155
Adaptive Optics	p. 158
The Keck telescopes	p. 161
Flexible mirror systems	p. 163
Imaging the Universe with Longer Wavelengths	p. 169
Observations in the Far Infrared	p. 169
COBE results	p. 172
Radio Telescopes	p. 174
The beginning of radio astronomy	p. 174
Big-dish radio telescopes	p. 177
Radio interferometers	p. 179
Radio telescope images	p. 181
Imaging the Universe with Shorter Wavelengths	p. 183
Some Aspects of Imaging in the Ultraviolet	p. 183
The International Ultraviolet Explorer	p. 184
The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer	p. 187
The extreme ultraviolet imaging telescope	p. 189
X-ray Telescopes	p. 191
¿-ray Telescopes	p. 193
Images of the Earth and Planets	p. 201
Aerial Archaeology	p. 201
Imaging Earth	p. 206
Global weather	p. 206
Imaging the Earth; environmental science	p. 211
Making maps	p. 214
Images of Planets	p. 220
Images for Entertainment	p. 225
Persistence of Vision	p. 225
Cinematography	p. 226
Some early devices for moving images	p. 227
The beginning of cinematography	p. 230
The introduction of colour	p. 234
Television	p. 239
Mechanical scanning systems	p. 239
Electronic scanning systems	p. 241
Television viewing with cathode ray tubes	p. 243
Television viewing with liquid crystal displays	p. 247
Television viewing with plasma displays	p. 250
Three dimensional television	p. 252
Detection and Imaging with Sound and Vibrations	p. 255
The Nature of Sound Waves	p. 255
Animal Echolocation	p. 256
The Origin of Echolocation Devices	p. 260
Sonar	p. 261
Imaging the Interior of the Earth	p. 264
Types of seismic wave	p. 265
The passage of body waves through the Earth	p. 266
Interpretation of seismic wave data	p. 272
Geoprospecting with sound	p. 274
Medical Imaging	p. 275
The Discovery of X-rays	p. 275
X-ray Generators	p. 277
Recording a Radiographic Image	p. 280
Computed Tomography - CT Scans	p. 282
Magnetic Resonance Imaging	p. 287
Imaging with Ultrasound	p. 293
The generation and detection of ultrasound	p. 294
Medical ultrasonic procedures	p. 297
Images of Atoms	p. 303
The Nature of Crystals	p. 303
The shapes of crystals	p. 304
The arrangement of atoms in crystals	p. 305
The Phenomenon of Diffraction	p. 307
A one-dimensional diffraction grating	p. 307
A two-dimensional diffraction grating	p. 309
The Beginning of X-ray Crystallography	p. 310
X-rays for Diffraction Experiments	p. 313
The Phase Problem in Crystallography	p. 318
Determining Crystal Structures; Electron-density Images	p. 322
The Scanning Tunnelling Microscope	p. 325
Images of Particles	p. 333
The Structure of an Atom	p. 334
Atom-smashing Machines	p. 338
Many More Particles	p. 340
Direct Imaging of Particle Tracks	p. 344
Photographic plates	p. 344
The Wilson cloud chamber	p. 345
The bubble chamber	p. 347
Index	p. 351
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