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21 Coulomb’s Law 609
21-1 Coulomb’s Law 609
What Is Physics? 610
Electric Charge 610
Conductors and Insulators 612
Coulomb’s Law 613
21-2 Charge is Quantized 619
Charge Is Quantized 619
21-3 Charge is Conserved 621
Charge is Conserved 621
Review & summary 622
Questions 623
Problems 624
22 Electric Fields 630
22-1 The Electric Field 630
What Is Physics? 630
The Electric Field 631
Electric Field Lines 631
22-2 The Electric Field Due to a Charged Particle 633
The Electric Field Due to a Point Charge 633
22-3 The Electric Field Due to a Dipole 635
The Electric Field Due to an Electric Dipole 636
22-4 The Electric Field Due to a Line of Charge 638
The Electric Field Due to Line of Charge 638
22-5 The Electric Field Due to a Charged Disk 643
The Electric Field Due to a Charged Disk 643
22-6 A Point Charge in an Electric Field 645
A Point Charge in an Electric Field 645
22-7 A Dipole in an Electric Field 647
A Dipole in an Electric Field 648
Review & summary 650
Questions 651
Problems 652
23 Gauss’ Law 659
23-1 Electric Flux 659
What Is Physics? 659
Electric Flux 660
23-2 Gauss’ Law 664
Gauss’ Law 664
Gauss’ Law and Coulomb’s Law 666
23-3 A Charged Isolated Conductor 668
A Charged Isolated Conductor 668
23-4 Applying Gauss’ Law: Cylindrical Symmetry 671
Applying Gauss’ Law: Cylindrical Symmetry 671
23-5 Applying Gauss’ Law: Planar Symmetry 673
Applying Gauss’ Law: Planar Symmetry 673
23-6 Applying Gauss’ Law: Spherical Symmetry 675
Applying Gauss’ Law: Spherical Symmetry 675
Review & summary 677
Questions 677
Problems 679
24 Electric Potential 685
24-1 Electric Potential 685
What Is Physics? 685
Electric Potential and Electric Potential Energy 686
24-2 Equipotential Surfaces and the Electric Field 690
Equipotential Surfaces 690
Calculating the Potential from the Field 691
24-3 Potential Due to a Charged Particle 694
Potential Due to a Charged Particle 694
Potential Due to a Group of Charged Particles 695
24-4 Potential Due to an Electric Dipole 697
Potential Due to an Electric Dipole 697
24-5 Potential Due to a Continuous Charge Distribution 698
Potential Due to a Continuous Charge Distribution 698
24-6 Calculating the Field from the Potential 701
Calculating the Field from the Potential 701
24-7 Electric Potential Energy of a System of Charged Particles 703
Electric Potential Energy of a System of Charged Particles 703
24-8 Potential of a Charged Isolated Conductor 706
Potential of a Charged Isolated Conductor 706
Review & summary 707
Questions 708
Problems 710
25 Capacitance 717
25-1 Capacitance 717
What Is Physics? 717
Capacitance 717
25-2 Calculating the Capacitance 719
Calculating the Capacitance 720
25-3 Capacitors in Parallel and in Series 723
Capacitors in Parallel and in Series 724
25-4 Energy Stored in an Electric Field 728
Energy Stored in an Electric Field 728
25-5 Capacitor with a Dielectric 731
Capacitor with a Dielectric 731
Dielectrics: An Atomic View 733
25-6 Dielectrics and Gauss’ Law 735
Dielectrics and Gauss’ Law 735
Review & summary 738
Questions 738
Problems 739
26 Current and Resistance 745
26-1 Electric Current 745
What Is Physics? 745
Electric Current 746
26-2 Current Density 748
Current Density 749
26-3 Resistance and Resistivity 752
Resistance and Resistivity 753
26-4 Ohm’s Law 756
Ohm’s Law 756
A Microscopic View of Ohm’s Law 758
26-5 Power, Semiconductors, Superconductors 760
Power in Electric Circuits 760
Semiconductors 762
Superconductors 763
Review & summary 763
Questions 764
Problems 765
27 Circuits 771
27-1 Single-Loop Circuits 771
What Is Physics? 772
“Pumping” Charges 772
Work, Energy, and Emf 773
Calculating the Current in a Single-Loop Circuit 774
Other Single-Loop Circuits 776
Potential Difference Between Two Points 777
27-2 Multiloop Circuits 781
Multiloop Circuits 781
27-3 The Ammeter and the Voltmeter 788
The Ammeter and the Voltmeter 788
27-4 Rc Circuits 788
RC Circuits 789
Review & summary 793
Questions 793
Problems 795
28 Magnetic Fields 803
28-1 Magnetic Fields and the Definition of B 803
What is Physics? 803
What Produces a Magnetic Field? 804
The Definition of B 804
28-2 Crossed Fields: Discovery of the Electron 808
Crossed Fields: Discovery of the Electron 809
28-3 Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect 810
Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect 811
28-4 A Circulating Charged Particle 814
A Circulating Charged Particle 814
28-5 Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons 817
Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons 818
28-6 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire 820
Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire 820
28-7 Torque on a Current Loop 822
Torque on a Current Loop 822
28-8 The Magnetic Dipole Moment 824
The Magnetic Dipole Moment 825
Review & Summary 827
Questions 827
Problems 829
29 Magnetic Fields Due To Currents 836
29-1 Magnetic Field Due To A Current 836
What Is Physics? 836
Calculating The Magnetic Field Due To A Current 837
29-2 Force Between Two Parallel Currents 842
Force Between Two Parallel Currents 842
29-3 Ampere’s Law 844
Ampere’s Law 844
29-4 Solenoids And Toroids 848
Solenoids And Toroids 848
29-5 A Current-Carrying Coil As A Magnetic Dipole 851
A Current-Carrying Coil As A Magnetic Dipole 851
Review & Summary 854
Questions 855
Problems 856
30 Induction And Inductance 864
30-1 Faraday’s Law And Lenz’s Law 864
What Is Physics? 864
Two Experiments 865
Faraday’s Law Of Induction 865
Lenz’s Law 868
30-2 Induction And Energy Transfers 871
Induction And Energy Transfers 871
30-3 Induced Electric Fields 874
Induced Electric Fields 875
30-4 Inductors And Inductance 879
Inductors And Inductance 879
30-5 Self-Induction 881
Self-Induction 881
30-6 Rl Circuits 882
Rl Circuits 883
30-7 Energy Stored In A Magnetic Field 887
Energy Stored In A Magnetic Field 887
30-8 Energy Density Of A Magnetic Field 889
Energy Density Of A Magnetic Field 889
30-9 Mutual Induction 890
Mutual Induction 890
Review & Summary 893
Questions 893
Problems 895
31 Electromagnetic Oscillations And Alternating Current 903
31-1 Lc Oscillations 903
What Is Physics? 904
Lc Oscillations, Qualitatively 904
The Electrical-Mechanical Analogy 906
Lc Oscillations, Quantitatively 907
31-2 Damped Oscillations In An Rlc Circuit 910
Damped Oscillations In An Rlc Circuit 911
31-3 Forced Oscillations Of Three Simple Circuits 912
Alternating Current 913
Forced Oscillations 914
Three Simple Circuits 914
31-4 The Series Rlc Circuit 921
The Series Rlc Circuit 921
31-5 Power In Alternating-Current Circuits 927
Power In Alternating-Current Circuits 927
31-6 Transformers 930
Transformers 930
Review & Summary 933
Questions 934
Problems 935
32 Maxwell’s Equations; Magnetism Of Matter 941
32-1 Gauss’ Law For Magnetic Fields 941
What Is Physics? 941
Gauss’ Law For Magnetic Fields 942
32-2 Induced Magnetic Fields 943
Induced Magnetic Fields 943
32-3 Displacement Current 946
Displacement Current 947
Maxwell’s Equations 949
32-4 Magnets 950
Magnets 950
32-5 Magnetism And Electrons 952
Magnetism And Electrons 953
Magnetic Materials 956
32-6 Diamagnetism 957
Diamagnetism 957
32-7 Paramagnetism 959
Paramagnetism 959
32-8 Ferromagnetism 961
Ferromagnetism 961
Review & Summary 964
Questions 965
Problems 967
33 Electromagnetic Waves 972
33-1 Electromagnetic Waves 972
What Is Physics? 972
Maxwell’s Rainbow 973
The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave, Qualitatively 974
The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave, Quantitatively 977
33-2 Energy Transport And The Poynting Vector 980
Energy Transport And The Poynting Vector 981
33-3 Radiation Pressure 983
Radiation Pressure 983
33-4 Polarization 985
Polarization 985
33-5 Reflection And Refraction 990
Reflection And Refraction 991
33-6 Total Internal Reflection 996
Total Internal Reflection 996
33-7 Polarization By Reflection 997
Polarization By Reflection 998
Review & Summary 999
Questions 1000
Problems 1001
34 Images 1010
34-1 Images And Plane Mirrors 1010
What Is Physics? 1010
Two Types Of Image 1010
Plane Mirrors 1012
34-2 Spherical Mirrors 1014
Spherical Mirrors 1015
Images From Spherical Mirrors 1016
34-3 Spherical Refracting Surfaces 1020
Spherical Refracting Surfaces 1020
34-4 Thin Lenses 1023
Thin Lenses 1023
34-5 Optical Instruments 1030
Optical Instruments 1030
34-6 Three Proofs 1033
Review & Summary 1036
Questions 1037
Problems 1038
35 Interference 1047
35-1 Light As A Wave 1047
What Is Physics? 1047
Light As A Wave 1048
35-2 Young’s Interference Experiment 1053
Diffraction 1053
Young’s Interference Experiment 1054
35-3 Interference And Double-Slit Intensity 1059
Coherence 1059
Intensity In Double-Slit Interference 1060
35-4 Interference From Thin Films 1063
Interference From Thin Films 1064
35-5 Michelson’s Interferometer 1070
Michelson’s Interferometer 1071
Review & Summary 1072
Questions 1072
Problems 1074
36 Diffraction 1081
36-1 Single-Slit Diffraction 1081
What Is Physics? 1081
Diffraction And The Wave Theory Of Light 1081
Diffraction By A Single Slit: Locating The Minima 1083
36-2 Intensity In Single-Slit Diffraction 1086
Intensity In Single-Slit Diffraction 1086
Intensity In Single-Slit Diffraction, Quantitatively 1088
36-3 Diffraction By A Circular Aperture 1090
Diffraction By A Circular Aperture 1091
36-4 Diffraction By A Double Slit 1094
Diffraction By A Double Slit 1095
36-5 Diffraction Gratings 1098
Diffraction Gratings 1098
36-6 Gratings: Dispersion And Resolving Power 1101
Gratings: Dispersion And Resolving Power 1101
36-7 X-Ray Diffraction 1104
X-Ray Diffraction 1104
Review & Summary 1107
Questions 1107
Problems 1108
37 Relativity 1116
37-1 Simultaneity And Time Dilation 1116
What Is Physics? 1116
The Postulates 1117
Measuring An Event 1118
The Relativity Of Simultaneity 1120
The Relativity Of Time 1121
37-2 The Relativity Of Length 1125
The Relativity Of Length 1126
37-3 The Lorentz Transformation 1129
The Lorentz Transformation 1129
Some Consequences Of The Lorentz Equations 1131
37-4 The Relativity Of Velocities 1133
The Relativity Of Velocities 1133
37-5 Doppler Effect For Light 1134
Doppler Effect For Light 1135
37-6 Momentum And Energy 1137
A New Look At Momentum 1138
A New Look At Energy 1138
Review & Summary 1143
Questions 1144
Problems 1145
38 Photons And Matter Waves 1153
38-1 The Photon, The Quantum Of Light 1153
What Is Physics? 1153
The Photon, The Quantum Of Light 1154
38-2 The Photoelectric Effect 1155
The Photoelectric Effect 1156
38-3 Photons, Momentum, Compton Scattering, Light Interference 1158
Photons Have Momentum 1159
Light As A Probability Wave 1162
38-4 The Birth Of Quantum Physics 1164
The Birth Of Quantum Physics 1165
38-5 Electrons And Matter Waves 1166
Electrons And Matter Waves 1167
38-6 Schrödinger’s Equation 1170
Schrödinger’s Equation 1170
38-7 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 1172
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 1173
38-8 Reflection From A Potential Step 1174
Reflection From A Potential Step 1174
38-9 Tunneling Through A Potential Barrier 1176
Tunneling Through A Potential Barrier 1176
Review & Summary 1179
Questions 1180
Problems 1181
39 More About Matter Waves 1186
39-1 Energies Of A Trapped Electron 1186
What Is Physics? 1186
String Waves And Matter Waves 1187
Energies Of A Trapped Electron 1187
39-2 Wave Functions Of A Trapped Electron 1191
Wave Functions Of A Trapped Electron 1192
39-3 An Electron In A Finite Well 1195
An Electron In A Finite Well 1195
39-4 Two- And Three-Dimensional Electron Traps 1197
More Electron Traps 1197
Two- And Three-Dimensional Electron Traps 1200
39-5 The Hydrogen Atom 1201
The Hydrogen Atom Is An Electron Trap 1202
The Bohr Model Of Hydrogen, A Lucky Break 1203
Schrödinger’s Equation And The Hydrogen Atom 1205
Review & Summary 1213
Questions 1213
Problems 1214
40 All About Atoms 1219
40-1 Properties Of Atoms 1219
What Is Physics? 1220
Some Properties Of Atoms 1220
Angular Momentum, Magnetic Dipole Moments 1222
40-2 The Stern–Gerlach Experiment 1226
The Stern–Gerlach Experiment 1226
40-3 Magnetic Resonance 1229
Magnetic Resonance 1229
40-4 Exclusion Principle And Multiple Electrons In A Trap 1230
The Pauli Exclusion Principle 1230
Multiple Electrons In Rectangular Traps 1231
40-5 Building The Periodic Table 1234
Building The Periodic Table 1234
40-6 X Rays And The Ordering Of The Elements 1236
X Rays And The Ordering Of The Elements 1237
40-7 Lasers 1240
Lasers And Laser Light 1241
How Lasers Work 1242
Review & Summary 1245
Questions 1246
Problems 1247
41 Conduction Of Electricity In Solids 1252
41-1 The Electrical Properties Of Metals 1252
What Is Physics? 1253
The Electrical Properties Of Solids 1253
Energy Levels In A Crystalline Solid 1254
Insulators 1254
Metals 1255
41-2 Semiconductors And Doping 1261
Semiconductors 1262
Doped Semiconductors 1263
41-3 The P-N Junction And The Transistor 1265
The P-Njunction 1266
The Junction Rectifier 1267
The Light-Emitting Diode (Led) 1268
The Transistor 1270
Review & Summary 1271
Questions 1272
Problems 1272
42 Nuclear Physics 1276
42-1 Discovering The Nucleus 1276
What Is Physics? 1276
Discovering The Nucleus 1276
42-2 Some Nuclear Properties 1279
Some Nuclear Properties 1280
42-3 Radioactive Decay 1286
Radioactive Decay 1286
42-4 Alpha Decay 1289
Alpha Decay 1289
42-5 Beta Decay 1292
Beta Decay 1292
42-6 Radioactive Dating 1295
Radioactive Dating 1295
42-7 Measuring Radiation Dosage 1296
Measuring Radiation Dosage 1296
42-8 Nuclear Models 1297
Nuclear Models 1297
Review & Summary 1300
Questions 1301
Problems 1302
43 Energy From The Nucleus 1309
43-1 Nuclear Fission 1309
What Is Physics? 1309
Nuclear Fission: The Basic Process 1310
A Model For Nuclear Fission 1312
43-2 The Nuclear Reactor 1316
The Nuclear Reactor 1316
43-3 A Natural Nuclear Reactor 1320
A Natural Nuclear Reactor 1320
43-4 Thermonuclear Fusion: The Basic Process 1322
Thermonuclear Fusion: The Basic Process 1322
43-5 Thermonuclear Fusion In The Sun And Other Stars 1324
Thermonuclear Fusion In The Sun And Other Stars 1324
43-6 Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 1326
Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 1326
Review & Summary 1329
Questions 1329
Problems 1330
44 Quarks, Leptons, And The Big Bang 1334
44-1 General Properties Of Elementary Particles 1334
What Is Physics? 1334
Particles, Particles, Particles 1335
An Interlude 1339
44-2 Leptons, Hadrons, And Strangeness 1343
The Leptons 1343
The Hadrons 1345
Still Another Conservation Law 1346
The Eightfold Way 1347
44-3 Quarks And Messenger Particles 1349
The Quark Model 1349
The Basic Forces And Messenger Particles 1352
44-4 Cosmology 1355
A Pause for Reflection 1355
The Universe Is Expanding 1356
The Cosmic Background Radiation 1357
Dark Matter 1358
The Big Bang 1358
A Summing Up 1361
Review & Summary 1362
Questions 1362
Problems 1363
Appendices
A The International System of Units (Si) A-1
B Some Fundamental Constants of Physics A-3
C Some Astronomical Data A-4
D Conversion Factors A-5
E Mathematical Formulas A-9
F Properties of the Elements A-12
G Periodic Table of the Elements A-15
Answers
To Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems An-1
Index I-1
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