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21 Coulomb’s Law 641
21.1 Coulomb’s Law 641
What is Physics? 642
Electric Charge 642
Conductors and Insulators 644
Coulomb’s Law 645
21.2 Charge is Quantized 652
Charge is Quantized 652
21.3 Charge is Conserved 654
Charge is Conserved 654
Review & Summary 656 Questions 657
Problems 659
22 Electric Fields 665
22.1 The Electric Field 665
What is Physics? 665
The Electric Field 666
Electric Field Lines 666
22.2 The Electric Field Due To A Charged Particle 668
The Electric Field Due to a Point Charge 668
22.3 The Electric Field Due To A Dipole 670
The Electric Field Due to an Electric Dipole 671
22.4 The Electric Field Due To A Line of Charge 673
The Electric Field Due to a Line of Charge 674
22.5 The Electric Field Due To A Charged Disk 679
The Electric Field Due to a Charged Disk 679
22.6 A Point Charge In An Electric Field 680
A Point Charge in an Electric Field 681
22.7 A Dipole In An Electric Field 683
A Dipole in an Electric Field 684
Review & Summary 687 Questions 687 Problems 689
23 Gauss’ Law 696
23.1 Electric Flux 696
What is Physics? 696
Electric Flux 697
23.2 Gauss’ Law 701
Gauss’ Law 702
Gauss’ Law and Coulomb’s Law 703
23.3 A Charged Isolated Conductor 705
A Charged Isolated Conductor 705
23.4 Applying Gauss’ Law: Cylindrical Symmetry 708
Applying Gauss’ Law: Cylindrical Symmetry 708
23.5 Applying Gauss’ Law: Planar Symmetry 710
Applying Gauss’ Law: Planar Symmetry 711
23.6 Applying Gauss’ Law: Spherical Symmetry 713
Applying Gauss’ Law: Spherical Symmetry 714
Review & Summary 715 Questions 715 Problems 717
24 Electric Potential 724
24.1 Electric Potential 724
What is Physics? 724
Electric Potential and Electric Potential Energy 725
24.2 Equipotential Surfaces and The Electric Field 729
Equipotential Surfaces 729
Calculating The Potential from The Field 730
24.3 Potential Due To A Charged Particle 733
Potential Due to a Charged Particle 733
Potential Due to a Group of Charged Particles 735
24.4 Potential Due To An Electric Dipole 736
Potential Due to an Electric Dipole 737
24.5 Potential Due To A Continuous Charge Distribution 738
Potential Due to a Continuous Charge Distribution 738
24.6 Calculating The Field From The Potential 741
Calculating The Field from The Potential 741
24.7 Electric Potential Energy of A System of Charged Particles 743
Electric Potential Energy of a System of Charged Particles 743
24.8 Potential of A Charged Isolated Conductor 746
Potential of a Charged Isolated Conductor 746
Review & Summary 749 Questions 750 Problems 751
25 Capacitance 759
25.1 Capacitance 759
What is Physics? 759
Capacitance 759
25.2 Calculating The Capacitance 761
Calculating The Capacitance 762
25.3 Capacitors In Parallel and In Series 765
Capacitors in Parallel and in Series 766
25.4 Energy Stored In An Electric Field 770
Energy Stored in an Electric Field 771
25.5 Capacitor With A Dielectric 774
Capacitor with a Dielectric 774
Dielectrics: An Atomic View 776
25.6 Dielectrics and Gauss’ Law 778
Dielectrics and Gauss’ Law 778
Review & Summary 781 Questions 781 Problems 782
26 Current and Resistance 789
26.1 Electric Current 789
What is Physics? 789
Electric Current 790
26.2 Current Density 792
Current Density 793
26.3 Resistance and Resistivity 796
Resistance and Resistivity 797
26.4 Ohm’s Law 801
Ohm’s Law 801
A Microscopic View of Ohm’s Law 803
26.5 Power, Semiconductors, Superconductors 805
Power in Electric Circuits 805
Semiconductors 807
Superconductors 808
Review & Summary 808 Questions 809 Problems 810
27 Circuits 816
27.1 Single-Loop Circuits 816
What is Physics? 817
“Pumping” Charges 817
Work, Energy, and Emf 818
Calculating The Current in a Single-Loop Circuit 819
Other Single-Loop Circuits 821
Potential Difference Between Two Points 823
27.2 Multiloop Circuits 826
Multiloop Circuits 826
27.3 The Ammeter and The Voltmeter 833
The Ammeter and The Voltmeter 833
27.4 Rc Circuits 833
RC Circuits 834
Review & Summary 838 Questions 839 Problems 840
28 Magnetic Fields 850
28.1 Magnetic Fields and The Definition of 850
What is Physics? 850
What Produces a Magnetic Field? 851
The Definition of 851
28.2 Crossed Fields: Discovery of The Electron 855
Crossed Fields: Discovery of The Electron 856
28.3 Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect 857
Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect 858
28.4 A Circulating Charged Particle 861
A Circulating Charged Particle 862
28.5 Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons 866
Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons 866
28.6 Magnetic Force On A Current-Carrying Wire 869
Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire 869
28.7 Torque On A Current Loop 872
Torque on a Current Loop 872
28.8 The Magnetic Dipole Moment 874
The Magnetic Dipole Moment 874
Review & Summary 876 Questions 877 Problems 879
29 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents 886
29.1 Magnetic Field Due To A Current 886
What is Physics? 886
Calculating The Magnetic Field Due to a Current 887
29.2 Force Between Two Parallel Currents 892
Force Between Two Parallel Currents 893
29.3 Ampere’s Law 894
Ampere’s Law 894
29.4 Solenoids and Toroids 899
Solenoids and Toroids 899
29.5 A Current-Carrying Coil As A Magnetic Dipole 901
A Current-Carrying Coil as a Magnetic Dipole 902
Review & Summary 904 Questions 905 Problems 906
30 Induction and Inductance 915
30.1 Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law 915
What is Physics? 915
Two Experiments 916
Faraday’s Law of Induction 916
Lenz’s Law 919
30.2 Induction and Energy Transfers 923
Induction and Energy Transfers 923
30.3 Induced Electric Fields 927
Induced Electric Fields 928
30.4 Inductors and Inductance 932
Inductors and Inductance 932
30.5 Self-Induction 934
Self-Induction 934
30.6 Rl Circuits 935
RL Circuits 936
30.7 Energy Stored In A Magnetic Field 940
Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field 940
30.8 Energy Density of A Magnetic Field 942
Energy Density of a Magnetic Field 942
30.9 Mutual Induction 943
Mutual Induction 943
Review & Summary 945 Questions 946
Problems 947
31 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current 956
31.1 LC Oscillations 956
What is Physics? 957
LC Oscillations, Qualitatively 957
The Electrical–Mechanical Analogy 959
LC Oscillations, Quantitatively 960
31.2 Damped Oscillations In An Rlc Circuit 963
Damped Oscillations in an RLC Circuit 964
31.3 Forced Oscillations of Three Simple Circuits 966
Alternating Current 966
Forced Oscillations 967
Three Simple Circuits 968
31.4 The Series Rlc Circuit 974
The Series RLC Circuit 975
31.5 Power In Alternating-Current Circuits 982
Power in Alternating-Current Circuits 982
31.6 Transformers 985
Transformers 985
Review & Summary 989 Questions 990
Problems 991
32 Maxwell’s Equations; Magnetism of Matter 998
32.1 Gauss’ Law For Magnetic Fields 998
What is Physics? 998
Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Fields 999
32.2 Induced Magnetic Fields 1000
Induced Magnetic Fields 1000
32.3 Displacement Current 1003
Displacement Current 1004
Maxwell’s Equations 1007
32.4 Magnets 1007
Magnets 1007
32.5 Magnetism and Electrons 1009
Magnetism and Electrons 1010
Magnetic Materials 1014
32.6 Diamagnetism 1015
Diamagnetism 1015
32.7 Paramagnetism 1016
Paramagnetism 1017
32.8 Ferromagnetism 1019
Ferromagnetism 1019
Review & Summary 1023 Questions 1024
Problems 1026
33 Electromagnetic Waves 1032
33.1 Electromagnetic Waves 1032
What is Physics? 1032
Maxwell’s Rainbow 1033
The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave, Qualitatively 1034
The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave, Quantitatively 1037
33.2 Energy Transport and The Poynting Vector 1040
Energy Transport and The Poynting Vector 1041
33.3 Radiation Pressure 1043
Radiation Pressure 1043
33.4 Polarization 1045
Polarization 1045
33.5 Reflection and Refraction 1050
Reflection and Refraction 1051
33.6 Total Internal Reflection 1056
Total Internal Reflection 1056
33.7 Polarization By Reflection 1059
Polarization by Reflection 1059
Review & Summary 1061 Questions 1062
Problems 1063
34 Images 1072
34.1 Images and Plane Mirrors 1072
What is Physics? 1072
Two Types of Image 1072
Plane Mirrors 1074
34.2 Spherical Mirrors 1076
Spherical Mirrors 1077
Images from Spherical Mirrors 1078
34.3 Spherical Refracting Surfaces 1083
Spherical Refracting Surfaces 1084
34.4 Thin Lenses 1086
Thin Lenses 1087
34.5 Optical Instruments 1094
Optical Instruments 1094
34.6 Three Proofs 1098
Review & Summary 1100 Questions 1101
Problems 1102
35 Interference 1111
35.1 Light As A Wave 1111
What is Physics? 1111
Light as a Wave 1112
35.2 Young’s Interference Experiment 1117
Diffraction 1117
Young’s Interference Experiment 1118
35.3 Interference and Double-Slit Intensity 1122
Coherence 1122
Intensity in Double-Slit Interference 1123
35.4 Interference From Thin Films 1126
Interference from Thin Films 1127
35.5 Michelson’s Interferometer 1135
Michelson’s Interferometer 1135
Review & Summary 1138 Questions 1139
Problems 1140
36 Diffraction 1148
36.1 Single-Slit Diffraction 1148
What is Physics? 1148
Diffraction and The Wave Theory of Light 1149
Diffraction by a Single Slit: Locating The Minima 1150
36.2 Intensity In Single-Slit Diffraction 1153
Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction, Qualitatively 1153
Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction, Quantitatively 1155
36.3 Diffraction By A Circular Aperture 1158
Diffraction by a Circular Aperture 1158
36.4 Diffraction By A Double Slit 1162
Diffraction by a Double Slit 1162
36.5 Diffraction Gratings 1166
Diffraction Gratings 1166
36.6 Gratings: Dispersion and Resolving Power 1170
Gratings: Dispersion and Resolving Power 1170
36.7 X-Ray Diffraction 1173
X-Ray Diffraction 1173
Review & Summary 1176 Questions 1177
Problems 1178
37 Relativity 1186
37.1 Simultaneity and Time Dilation 1186
What is Physics? 1186
The Postulates 1187
Measuring an Event 1188
The Relativity of Simultaneity 1190
The Relativity of Time 1191
37.2 The Relativity of Length 1196
The Relativity of Length 1196
37.3 The Lorentz Transformation 1199
The Lorentz Transformation 1200
Some Consequences of The Lorentz Equations 1202
37.4 The Relativity of Velocities 1204
The Relativity of Velocities 1204
37.5 Doppler Effect For Light 1205
Doppler Effect for Light 1206
37.6 Momentum and Energy 1209
A New Look at Momentum 1209
A New Look at Energy 1210
Review & Summary 1215 Questions 1216
Problems 1217
38 Photons and Matter Waves 1225
38.1 The Photon, The Quantum of Light 1225
What is Physics? 1225
The Photon, The Quantum of Light 1226
38.2 The Photoelectric Effect 1227
The Photoelectric Effect 1228
38.3 Photons, Momentum, Compton Scattering, Light Interference 1230
Photons Have Momentum 1231
Light as a Probability Wave 1234
38.4 The Birth of Quantum Physics 1236
The Birth of Quantum Physics 1237
38.5 Electrons and Matter Waves 1238
Electrons and Matter Waves 1239
38.6 Schrödinger’s Equation 1242
Schrödinger’s Equation 1242
38.7 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 1244
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 1245
38.8 Reflection From A Potential Step 1246
Reflection from a Potential Step 1246
38.9 Tunneling Through A Potential Barrier 1248
Tunneling Through a Potential Barrier 1248
Review & Summary 1251 Questions 1252
Problems 1253
39 More About Matter Waves 1258
39.1 Energies of A Trapped Electron 1258
What is Physics? 1258
String Waves and Matter Waves 1259
Energies of a Trapped Electron 1260
39.2 Wave Functions of A Trapped Electron 1264
Wave Functions of a Trapped Electron 1264
39.3 An Electron In A Finite Well 1268
An Electron in a Finite Well 1268
39.4 Two- and Three-Dimensional Electron Traps 1270
More Electron Traps 1271
Two- and Three-Dimensional Electron Traps 1272
39.5 The Hydrogen Atom 1275
The Hydrogen Atom is an Electron Trap 1276
The Bohr Model of Hydrogen, a Lucky Break 1276
Schrödinger’s Equation and The Hydrogen Atom 1278
Review & Summary 1286 Questions 1287 Problems 1288
40 All About Atoms 1293
40.1 Properties of Atoms 1293
What is Physics? 1294
Some Properties of Atoms 1294
Angular Momentum, Magnetic Dipole Moments 1296
40.2 The Stern–Gerlach Experiment 1300
The Stern–Gerlach Experiment 1300
40.3 Magnetic Resonance 1303
Magnetic Resonance 1303
40.4 Exclusion Principle and Multiple Electrons In A Trap 1304
The Pauli Exclusion Principle 1304
Multiple Electrons in Rectangular Traps 1305
40.5 Building The Periodic Table 1308
Building The Periodic Table 1308
40.6 X Rays and The Ordering of The Elements 1310
X Rays and The Ordering of The Elements 1311
40.7 Lasers 1314
Lasers and Laser Light 1315
How Lasers Work 1316
Review & Summary 1319 Questions 1320
Problems 1321
41 Conduction of Electricity in Solids 1327
41.1 The Electrical Properties of Metals 1327
What is Physics? 1328
The Electrical Properties of Solids 1328
Energy Levels in a Crystalline Solid 1329
Insulators 1330
Metals 1330
41.2 Semiconductors and Doping 1336
Semiconductors 1337
Doped Semiconductors 1338
41.3 THE P-N Junction and The Transistor 1341
The p-n Junction 1341
The Junction Rectifier 1343
The Light-Emitting Diode (LED) 1344
The Transistor 1345
Review & Summary 1346 Questions 1347
Problems 1348
42 Nuclear Physics 1352
42.1 Discovering The Nucleus 1352
What is Physics? 1352
Discovering The Nucleus 1352
42.2 Some Nuclear Properties 1355
Some Nuclear Properties 1356
42.3 Radioactive Decay 1362
Radioactive Decay 1362
42.4 Alpha Decay 1365
Alpha Decay 1365
42.5 Beta Decay 1368
Beta Decay 1368
42.6 Radioactive Dating 1371
Radioactive Dating 1371
42.7 Measuring Radiation Dosage 1372
Measuring Radiation Dosage 1372
42.8 Nuclear Models 1373
Nuclear Models 1373
Review & Summary 1376 Questions 1377
Problems 1378
43 Energy from The Nucleus 1385
43.1 Nuclear Fission 1385
What is Physics? 1385
Nuclear Fission: The Basic Process 1386
A Model for Nuclear Fission 1388
43.2 The Nuclear Reactor 1392
The Nuclear Reactor 1392
43.3 A Natural Nuclear Reactor 1396
A Natural Nuclear Reactor 1396
43.4 Thermonuclear Fusion: The Basic Process 1398
Thermonuclear Fusion: The Basic Process 1398
43.5 Thermonuclear Fusion In The Sun and Other Stars 1400
Thermonuclear Fusion in The Sun and Other Stars 1400
43.6 Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 1402
Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 1402
Review & Summary 1405 Questions 1405
Problems 1406
44 Quarks, Leptons, and The Big Bang 1410
44.1 General Properties of Elementary Articles 1410
What is Physics? 1410
Particles, Particles, Particles 1411
An Interlude 1415
44.2 Leptons, Hadrons, and Strangeness 1419
The Leptons 1419
The Hadrons 1421
Still Another Conservation Law 1422
The Eightfold Way 1423
44.3 Quarks and Messenger Particles 1425
The Quark Model 1425
The Basic Forces and Messenger Particles 1428
44.4 Cosmology 1431
A Pause for Reflection 1431
The Universe is Expanding 1432
The Cosmic Background Radiation 1433
Dark Matter 1434
The Big Bang 1434
A Summing Up 1437
Review & Summary 1438 Questions 1438
Problems 1439
Appendices
A The International System of Units (SI) A-1
B Some Fundamental Constants of Physics A-3
C Some Astronomical Data A-4
D Conversion Factors A-5
E Mathematical Formulas A-9
F Properties of The Elements A-12
G Periodic Table of The Elements A-15
Answers
To Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems AN-1
Index I-1
