Fundamentals of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites

by Gary W. Beall , Clois E. Powell

• ISBN13: 9780521876438
• ISBN10: 0521876435
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2011-08-15
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

Written for graduate students, researchers, and practitioners, this book provides a complete introduction to the science, engineering, and commercial applications of polymer-clay nanocomposites. Starting with a discussion of general concepts, the authors define specific terms used in the field, providing newcomers with a strong foundation to the area. The physical and mechanical properties of polymer-clay nanocomposites are then described, with chapters on thermodynamics and kinetics, engineering properties, barrier properties, and flame retardancy. Mechanisms underpinning observed effects, such as UV resistance, solvent resistance, and hardness, are also explained. In-depth discussions of clay and clay surface treatment, fabrication, and characterization of nanocomposites are provided, and particular emphasis is placed on the proper use and interpretation of analytical techniques, helping readers to avoid artifacts in their own work. With commercial applications discussed throughout, and experimental results connected with theory, this is an ideal reference for those working in polymer science.

Author Biography

Gary Beall is a Professor in the Department of chemistry and Biochemistry at Texas State University, San Marcos, and Director of the Centerfor Nanophase Research. He was awarded his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from Baylor University in 1975, and has since gained over 20 years of industry experience, co-edited the first book on polymer-clay nanocomposites, and authored numerous technical papers and two book chapters. Clois e. Powell is Associate Director of the Centerfor Nanophase Research at Texas state university, san Marcos, where he has worked since 2004. After receivinghis Ph.D. in Organic chemistry from Rutgers university in 1979, he gained over 20 years of professional experience at companies including Southern Clay Products Inc. and The sherwin Williams company.

Table of Contents

Introduction	p. 1
Thermodynamics and kinetics of polymer-clay nanocomposites	p. 4
Clay surface compatibility with polymers	p. 4
Smectite clay structure	p. 4
Turbostratic nature of smectite clays	p. 6
Intercalation chemistry	p. 8
Intercalation of water-soluble polymers	p. 9
Hydrophobic intercalation	p. 12
Intercalation via ion exchange	p. 12
Alternative intercalation chemistries	p. 13
Intercalation via ion-dipole bonding	p. 13
Hydrophobic polymer intercalation	p. 16
Edge treatment with silane coupling agents	p. 17
Thermodynamics of polymer-clay interactions	p. 17
The enthalpic role in exfoliation	p. 17
The entropic role in exfoliation	p. 19
Kinetics of intercalation-exfoliation	p. 19
References	p. 20
Analytical methods utilized in nanocomposites	p. 23
Wide-angle X-ray diffraction	p. 23
Transmission electron microscopy (Tem)	p. 27
Scanning electron microscopy (Sem)	p. 31
Atomic force microscopy (Afm)	p. 32
Indirect methods	p. 32
References	p. 33
Gas diffusion characteristics of polymer-clay nanocomposites	p. 35
Potential of polymer-clay nanocomposites as barrier materials	p. 35
Models for gas transport in polymer-clay nanocomposites	p. 36
The tortuous path model for barrier in nanocomposites	p. 36
Experimental data on nanocomposite barrier performance	p. 38
Data supporting the constrained polymer model	p. 44
References	p. 46
Engineering properties of polymer-clay nanocomposites theory and theory validation	p. 49
Mechanics	p. 49
Proper preparation and analysis of polymer-clay nanocomposites	p. 50
Theory of anisotropic dispersed-phase reinforcement of polymers	p. 51
Genesis: anisotropic dispersed-phase reinforcement of metal alloys	p. 51
Transition from anisotropic dispersed-phase reinforcement in metal alloys to anisotropic dispersed-phase reinforcement in polymers	p. 53
Validation of the morphology of montmorillonite as anisotropic dispersed-phase reinforcement in polymers	p. 55
Refinement of the mechanism of montmorillonite reinforcement of polymers	p. 58
Conclusions	p. 63
References	p. 66
Variables associated with polymer-clay processing in relation to reinforcement theory	p. 68
The polymer as a significant independent variable in the mechanical performance of polymer-clay nanocomposites	p. 68
Processing as a significant independent variable for polymer-clay nanocomposite preparation	p. 71
Hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the surface of montmorillonite as a significant independent variable for polymer-clay nanocomposite preparation	p. 74
Examination of the historical revelation of polymer-clay nanotechnology	p. 78
Examination of polymer-clay composites with complex processing issues	p. 83
Polymer chain engineering in relation to montmorillonite incorporation as a nanoparticle	p. 86
Conclusions	p. 90
References	p. 91
The relationships of polymer type specificity to the production of polymer-clay nanocomposites	p. 95
Complexity of polyolefin-montmorillonite nanocomposites	p. 95
Difficulties associated with the preparation of polyimide-clay nanocomposites	p. 121
The conundrum of polystyrene-clay nanocomposites	p. 124
Mysteries associated with elastomer-clay nanocomposites	p. 130
Dichotomy of crystalline and amorphous polyester-clay nanocornposites	p. 135
Two-phase engineered polymer (polyurethane) synergy with clay nanocrnposite reinforcement	p. 140
Elastomers that crosslink with clay nanocomposite reinforcement	p. 145
Conclusions	p. 149
References	p. 151
Flame retardancy	p. 156
Enhanced thermal stability provided by polymer-clay nanocomposites	p. 156
Relationships between enhanced thermal stability of polymer-clay nanocomposites and flame retardancy	p. 165
Evaluations of potential synergies between traditional flame retardants for polymers and polymer-clay nanocomposites	p. 174
Summary and conclusions	p. 177
References	p. 178
Index	p. 183
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