Fundamentals of Power Electronics

by Erickson, Robert W.; Maksimovic, Dragan

• ISBN13: 9780792372707
• ISBN10: 0792372700
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-02-01
• Publisher: Kluwer Academic Pub

Summary

Fundamentals of Power Electronics, Second Edition , is an up-to-date and authoritative text and reference book on power electronics. This new edition retains the original objective and philosophy of focusing on the fundamental principles, models, and technical requirements needed for designing practical power electronic systems while adding a wealth of new material. Improved features of this new edition include: A new chapter on input filters, showing how to design single and multiple section filters; Major revisions of material on averaged switch modeling, low-harmonic rectifiers, and the chapter on AC modeling of the discontinuous conduction mode; New material on soft switching, active-clamp snubbers, zero-voltage transition full-bridge converter, and auxiliary resonant commutated pole. Also, new sections on design of multiple-winding magnetic and resonant inverter design; Additional appendices on Computer Simulation of Converters using averaged switch modeling, and Middlebrook's Extra Element Theorem, including four tutorial examples; and Expanded treatment of current programmed control with complete results for basic converters, and much more. This edition includes many new examples, illustrations, and exercises to guide students and professionals through the intricacies of power electronics design. Fundamentals of Power Electronics, Second Edition , is intended for use in introductory power electronics courses and related fields for both senior undergraduates and first-year graduate students interested in converter circuits and electronics, control systems, and magnetic and power systems. It will also be an invaluable reference for professionals working in power electronics, power conversion, and analog and digital electronics.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Introduction	1	(10)
Introduction to Power Processing	1	(6)
Several Applications of Power Electronics	7	(2)
Elements of Power Electronics	9	(2)
References
I Converters in Equilibrium	11	(174)
Principles of Steady State Converter Analysis	13	(26)
Introduction	13	(2)
Inductor Volt-Second Balance, Capacitor Charge Balance, and the Small-Ripple Approximation	15	(7)
Boost Converter Example	22	(5)
Cuk Converter Example	27	(4)
Estimating the Output Voltage Ripple in Converters Containing Two-Pole Low-Pass Filters	31	(3)
Summary of Key Points	34	(5)
References	34	(1)
Problems	35	(4)
Steady-State Equivalent Circuit Modeling, Losses, and Efficiency	39	(24)
The DC Transformer Model	39	(3)
Inclusion of Inductor Copper Loss	42	(3)
Construction of Equivalent Circuit Model	45	(5)
Inductor Voltage Equation	46	(1)
Capacitor Current Equation	46	(1)
Complete Circuit Model	47	(1)
Efficiency	48	(2)
How to Obtain the Input Port of the Model	50	(2)
Example: Inclusion of Semiconductor Conduction Losses in the Boost Converter Model	52	(4)
Summary of Key Points	56	(7)
References	56	(1)
Problems	57	(6)
Switch Realization	63	(44)
Switch Applications	65	(9)
Single-Quadrant Switches	65	(2)
Current-Bidirectional Two-Quadrant Switches	67	(4)
Voltage-Bidirectional Two-Quadrant Switches	71	(1)
Four-Quadrant Switches	72	(1)
Synchronous Rectifiers	73	(1)
A Brief Survey of Power Semiconductor Devices	74	(18)
Power Diodes	75	(3)
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET)	78	(3)
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)	81	(5)
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)	86	(2)
Thyristors (SCR, GTO, MCT)	88	(4)
Switching Loss	92	(9)
Transistor Switching with Clamped Inductive Load	93	(3)
Diode Recovered Charge	96	(2)
Device Capacitances, and Leakage, Package, and Stray Inductances	98	(2)
Efficiency vs. Switching Frequency	100	(1)
Summary of Key Points	101	(6)
References	102	(1)
Problems	103	(4)
The Discontinuous Conduction Mode	107	(24)
Origin of the Discontinuous Conduction Mode, and Mode Boundary	108	(4)
Analysis of the Conversion Ratio M(D.K)	112	(5)
Boost Converter Example	117	(7)
Summary of Results and Key Points	124	(7)
Problems	126	(5)
Converter Circuits	131	(54)
Circuit Manipulations	132	(11)
Inversion of Source and Load	132	(2)
Cascade Connection of Converters	134	(3)
Rotation of Three-Terminal Cell	137	(1)
Differential Connection of the Load	138	(5)
A Short List of Converters	143	(3)
Transformer Isolation	146	(25)
Full-Bridge and Half-Bridge Isolated Buck Converters	149	(5)
Forward Converter	154	(5)
Push-Pull Isolated Buck Converter	159	(2)
Flyback Converter	161	(4)
Boost-Derived Isolated Converters	165	(3)
Isolated Versions of the SEPIC and the Cuk Converter	168	(3)
Converter Evaluation and Design	171	(6)
Switch Stress and Utilization	171	(3)
Design Using Computer Spreadsheet	174	(3)
Summary of Key Points	177	(8)
References	177	(2)
Problems	179	(6)
II Converter Dynamics and Control	185	(304)
AC Equivalent Circuit Modeling	187	(78)
Introduction	187	(5)
The Basic AC Modeling Approach	192	(21)
Averaging the Inductor Waveforms	193	(1)
Discussion of the Averaging Approximation	194	(2)
Averaging the Capacitor Waveforms	196	(1)
The Average Input Current	197	(1)
Perturbation and Linearization	197	(4)
Construction of the Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit Model	201	(1)
Discussion of the Perturbation and Linearization Step	202	(2)
Results for Several Basic Converters	204	(1)
Example: A Nonideal Flyback Converter	204	(9)
State-Space Averaging	213	(13)
The State Equations of a Network	213	(3)
The Basic State-Space Averaged Model	216	(1)
Discussion of the State-Space Averaging Result	217	(4)
Example: State-Space Averaging of a Nonideal Buck-Boost Converter	221	(5)
Circuit Averaging and Averaged Switch Modeling	226	(21)
Obtaining a Time-Invariant Circuit	228	(1)
Circuit Averaging	229	(3)
Perturbation and Linearization	232	(3)
Switch Networks	235	(7)
Example: Averaged Switch Modeling of Conduction Losses	242	(2)
Example: Averaged Switch Modeling of Switching Losses	244	(3)
The Canonical Circuit Model	247	(6)
Development of the Canonical Circuit Model	248	(2)
Example: Manipulation of the Buck-Boost Converter Model into Canonical Form	250	(2)
Canonical Circuit Parameter Values for Some Common Converters	252	(1)
Modeling the Pulse-Width Modulator	253	(3)
Summary of Key Points	256	(9)
References	257	(1)
Problems	258	(7)
Converter Transfer Functions	265	(66)
Review of Bode Plots	267	(26)
Single Pole Response	269	(6)
Single Zero Response	275	(1)
Right Half-Plane Zero	276	(1)
Frequency Inversion	277	(1)
Combinations	278	(4)
Quadratic Pole Response: Resonance	282	(5)
The Low-Q Approximation	287	(2)
Approximate Roots of an Arbitrary-Degree Polynomial	289	(4)
Analysis of Converter Transfer Functions	293	(9)
Example: Transfer Functions of the Buck-Boost Converter	294	(6)
Transfer Functions of Some Basic CCM Converters	300	(1)
Physical Origins of the RHP Zero in Converters	300	(2)
Graphical Construction of Impedances and Transfer Functions	302	(11)
Series Impedances: Addition of Asymptotes	303	(2)
Series Resonant Circuit Example	305	(3)
Parallel Impedances: Inverse Addition of Asymptotes	308	(1)
Parallel Resonant Circuit Example	309	(2)
Voltage Divider Transfer Functions: Division of Asymptotes	311	(2)
Graphical Construction of Converter Transfer Functions	313	(4)
Measurement of AC Transfer Functions and Impedances	317	(4)
Summary of Key Points	321	(10)
References	322	(1)
Problems	322	(9)
Controller Design	331	(46)
Introduction	331	(3)
Effect of Negative Feedback on the Network Transfer Functions	334	(3)
Feedback Reduces the Transfer Functions from Disturbances to the Output	335	(2)
Feedback Causes the Transfer Function from the Reference Input to the Output to be Insensitive to Variations in the Gains in the Forward Path of the Loop	337	(1)
Construction of the Important Quantities 1/(1 + T) and T/(1 + T) and the Closed-Loop Transfer Functions	337	(3)
Stability	340	(7)
The Phase Margin Test	341	(1)
The Relationship Between Phase Margin and Closed-Loop Damping Factor	342	(4)
Transient Response vs. Damping Factor	346	(1)
Regulator Design	347	(15)
Lead (PD) Compensator	348	(3)
Lag (PI) Compensator	351	(2)
Combined (PID) Compensator	353	(1)
Design Example	354	(8)
Measurement of Loop Gains	362	(7)
Voltage Injection	364	(3)
Current Injection	367	(1)
Measurement of Unstable Systems	368	(1)
Summary of Key Points	369	(8)
References	369	(1)
Problems	369	(8)
Input Filter Design	377	(32)
Introduction	377	(4)
Conducted EMI	377	(2)
The Input Filter Design Problem	379	(2)
Effect of an Input Filter on Converter Transfer Functions	381	(4)
Discussion	382	(2)
Impedance Inequalities	384	(1)
Buck Converter Example	385	(7)
Effect of Undamped Input Filter	385	(6)
Damping the Input Filter	391	(1)
Design of a Damped Input Filter	392	(11)
Rf-Cb Parallel Damping	395	(1)
Rf-Lb Parallel Damping	396	(2)
Rf-Lb Series Damping	398	(1)
Cascading Filter Sections	398	(2)
Example: Two Stage Input Filter	400	(3)
Summary of Key Points	403	(6)
References	405	(1)
Problems	406	(3)
AC and DC Equivalent Circuit Modeling of the Discontinuous Conduction Mode	409	(30)
DCM Averaged Switch Model	410	(10)
Small-Signal AC Modeling of the DCM Switch Network	420	(11)
Example: Control-to-Output Frequency Response of a DCM Boost Converter	428	(1)
Example: Control-to-Output Frequency Responses of a CCM/DCM SEPIC	429	(2)
High-Frequecy Dynamics of Converters in DCM	431	(3)
Summary of Key Points	434	(5)
References	434	(1)
Problems	435	(4)
Current Programmed Control	439	(50)
Oscillation for D > 0.5	441	(8)
A Simple First-Order Model	449	(10)
Simple Model via Algebraic Approach: Buck-Boost Example	450	(4)
Averaged Switch Modeling	454	(5)
A More Accurate Model	459	(14)
Current-Programmed Controller Model	459	(3)
Solution of the CPM Transfer Functions	462	(3)
Discussion	465	(1)
Current-Programmed Transfer Functions of the CCM Buck Converter	466	(3)
Results for Basic Converters	469	(2)
Quantitative Effects of Current-Programmed Control on the Converter Transfer Functions	471	(2)
Discontinuous Conduction Mode	473	(7)
Summary of Key Points	480	(9)
References	481	(1)
Problems	482	(7)
III Magnetics	489	(98)
Basic Magnetics Theory	491	(48)
Review of Basic Magnetics	491	(10)
Basic Relationships	491	(7)
Magnetic Circuits	498	(3)
Transformer Modeling	501	(5)
The Ideal Transformer	502	(1)
The Magnetizing Inductance	502	(2)
Leakage Inductances	504	(2)
Loss Mechanisms in Magnetic Devices	506	(2)
Core Loss	506	(2)
Low-Frequency Copper Loss	508	(1)
Eddy Currents in Winding Conductors	508	(17)
Introduction to the Skin and Proximity Effects	508	(4)
Leakage Flux in Windings	512	(2)
Foil Windings and Layers	514	(1)
Power Loss in a Layer	515	(3)
Example: Power Loss in a Transformer Winding	518	(2)
Interleaving the Windings	520	(2)
PWM Waveform Harmonics	522	(3)
Several Types of Magnetic Devices, Their B-H Loops, and Core vs. Copper Loss	525	(6)
Filter Inductor	525	(2)
AC Inductor	527	(1)
Transformer	528	(1)
Coupled Inductor	529	(1)
Flyback Transformer	530	(1)
Summary of Key Points	531	(8)
References	532	(1)
Problems	533	(6)
Inductor Design	539	(26)
Filter Inductor Design Constraints	539	(5)
Maximum Flux Density	541	(1)
Inductance	542	(1)
Winding Area	542	(1)
Winding Resistance	543	(1)
The Core Geometrical Constant Kg	543	(1)
A Step-by-Step Procedure	544	(1)
Multiple-Winding Magnetics Design via the Kg Method	545	(9)
Window Area Allocation	545	(5)
Coupled Inductor Design Constraints	550	(2)
Design Procedure	552	(2)
Examples	554	(8)
Coupled Inductor for a Two-Output Forward Converter	554	(3)
CCM Flyback Transformer	557	(5)
Summary of Key Points	562	(3)
References	562	(1)
Problems	563	(2)
Transformer Design	565	(22)
Transformer Design: Basic Constraints	565	(5)
Core Loss	566	(1)
Flux Density	566	(1)
Copper Loss	567	(1)
Total Power Loss vs. δB	568	(1)
Optimum Flux Density	569	(1)
A Step-by-Step Transformer Design Procedure	570	(3)
Examples	573	(7)
Example 1: Single-Output Isolated Cuk Converter	573	(3)
Example 2: Multiple-Output Full-Bridge Buck Converter	576	(4)
AC Inductor Design	580	(3)
Outline of Derivation	580	(2)
Step-by-Step AC Inductor Design Procedure	582	(1)
Summary	583	(4)
References	583	(1)
Problems	584	(3)
IV Modern Rectifiers and Power System Harmonics	587	(116)
Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems	589	(20)
Average Power	590	(3)
Root-Mean-Square (RMS) Value of a Waveform	593	(1)
Power Factor	594	(4)
Linear Resistive Load, Nonsinusoidal Voltage	594	(1)
Nonlinear Dynamic Load, Sinusoidal Voltage	595	(3)
Power Phasors in Sinusoidal Systems	598	(1)
Harmonic Currents in Three-Phase Systems	599	(4)
Harmonic Currents in Three-Phase Four-Wire Networks	599	(2)
Harmonic Currents in Three-Phase Three-Wire Networks	601	(1)
Harmonic Current Flow in Power Factor Correction Capacitors	602	(1)
AC Line Current Harmonic Standards	603	(6)
International Electrotechnical Commission Standard 1000	603	(1)
IEEE/ANSI Standard 519	604	(1)
Bibliography	605	(1)
Problems	605	(4)
Line-Commutated Rectifiers	609	(28)
The Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier	609	(6)
Continuous Conduction Mode	610	(1)
Discontinuous Conduction Mode	611	(1)
Behavior when C is Large	612	(1)
Minimizing THD when C is Small	613	(2)
The Three-Phase Bridge Rectifier	615	(2)
Continuous Conduction Mode	615	(1)
Discontinuous Conduction Mode	616	(1)
Phase Control	617	(5)
Inverter Mode	619	(1)
Harmonics and Power Factor	619	(1)
Commutation	620	(2)
Harmonic Trap Filters	622	(6)
Transformer Connections	628	(2)
Summary	630	(7)
References	631	(1)
Problems	632	(5)
Pulse-Width Modulated Rectifiers	637	(66)
Properties of the Ideal Rectifier	638	(2)
Realization of a Near-Ideal Rectifier	640	(8)
CCM Boost Converter	642	(4)
DCM Flyback Converter	646	(2)
Control of the Current Waveform	648	(15)
Average Current Control	648	(6)
Current Programmed Control	654	(3)
Critical Conduction Mode and Hysteretic Control	657	(2)
Nonlinear Carrier Control	659	(4)
Single-Phase Converter Systems Incorporating Ideal Rectifiers	663	(10)
Energy Storage	663	(5)
Modeling the Outer Low-Bandwidth Control System	668	(5)
RMS Values of Rectifier Waveforms	673	(5)
Boost Rectifier Example	674	(2)
Comparison of Single-Phase Rectifier Topologies	676	(2)
Modeling Losses and Efficiency in CCM High-Quality Rectifiers	678	(7)
Expression for Controller Duty Cycle d(t)	679	(2)
Expression for the DC Load Current	681	(2)
Solution for Converter Efficiency η	683	(1)
Design Example	684	(1)
Ideal Three-Phase Rectifiers	685	(6)
Summary of Key Points	691	(12)
References	692	(4)
Problems	696	(7)
V Resonant Converters	703	(100)
Resonant Conversion	705	(56)
Sinusoidal Analysis of Resonant Converters	709	(6)
Controlled Switch Network Model	710	(1)
Modeling the Rectifier and Capacitive Filter Networks	711	(2)
Resonant Tank Network	713	(1)
Solution of Converter Voltage Conversion Ratio M = V/Vg	714	(1)
Examples	715	(6)
Series Resonant DC-DC Converter Example	715	(2)
Subharmonic Modes of the Series Resonant Converter	717	(1)
Parallel Resonant DC-DC Converter Example	718	(3)
Soft Switching	721	(5)
Operation of the Full Bridge Below Resonance: Zero-Current Switching	722	(1)
Operation of the Full Bridge Above Resonance: Zero-Voltage Switching	723	(3)
Load-Dependent Properties of Resonant Converters	726	(14)
Inverter Output Characteristics	727	(2)
Dependence of Transistor Current on Load	729	(5)
Dependence of the ZVS/ZCS Boundary on Load Resistance	734	(3)
Another Example	737	(3)
Exact Characteristics of the Series and Parallel Resonant Converters	740	(12)
Series Resonant Converter	740	(8)
Parallel Resonant Converter	748	(4)
Summary of Key Points	752	(9)
References	752	(3)
Problems	755	(6)
Soft Switching	761	(42)
Soft-Switching Mechanisms of Semiconductor Devices	762	(6)
Diode Switching	763	(2)
MOSFET Switching	765	(3)
IGBT Switching	768	(1)
The Zero-Current-Switching Quasi-Resonant Switch Cell	768	(13)
Waveforms of the Half-Wave ZCS Quasi-Resonant Switch Cell	770	(4)
The Average Terminal Waveforms	774	(5)
The Full-Wave ZCS Quasi-Resonant Switch Cell	779	(2)
Resonant Switch Topologies	781	(9)
The Zero-Voltage-Switching Quasi-Resonant Switch	783	(1)
The Zero-Voltage-Switching Multi-Resonant Switch	784	(3)
Quasi-Square-Wave Resonant Switches	787	(3)
Soft Switching in PWM Converters	790	(7)
The Zero-Voltage Transition Full-Bridge Converter	791	(3)
The Auxiliary Switch Approach	794	(2)
Auxiliary Resonant Commutated Pole	796	(1)
Summary of Key Points	797	(6)
References	798	(2)
Problems	800	(3)
Appendices	803	(68)
Appendix A RMS Values of Commonly-Observed Converter Waveforms	805	(8)
A.1 Some Common Waveforms	805	(4)
A.2 General Piecewise Waveform	809	(4)
Appendix B Simulation of Converters	813	(30)
B.1 Averaged Switch Models for Continuous Conduction Mode	815	(1)
B.1.1 Basic CCM Averaged Switch Model	815	(1)
B.1.2 CCM Subcircuit Model that Includes Switch Conduction Losses	816	(2)
B.1.3 Example: SEPIC DC Conversion Ratio and Efficiency	818	(1)
B.1.4 Example: Transient Response of a Buck-Boost Converter	819	(3)
B.2 Combined CCM/DCM Averaged Switch Model	822	(3)
B.2.1 Example: SEPIC Frequency Responses	825	(2)
B.2.2 Example: Loop Gain and Closed-Loop Responses of a Buck Voltage Regulator	827	(5)
B.2.3 Example: DCM Boost Rectifier	832	(2)
B.3 Current Programmed Control	834	(1)
B.3.1 Current Programmed Mode Model for Simulation	834	(3)
B.3.2 Example: Frequency Responses of a Buck Converter with Current Programmed Control	837	(3)
References	840	(3)
Appendix C Middlebrook's Extra Element Theorem	843	(20)
C.1 Basic Result	843	(3)
C.2 Derivation	846	(3)
C.3 Discussion	849	(1)
C.4 Examples	850	(1)
C.4.1 A Simple Transfer Function	850	(5)
C.4.2 An Unmodeled Element	855	(2)
C.4.3 Addition of an Input Filter to a Converter	857	(2)
C.4.4 Dependence of Transistor Current on Load in a Resonant Inverter	859	(2)
References	861	(2)
Appendix D Magnetics Design Tables	863	(8)
D.1 Pot Core Data	864	(1)
D.2 EE Core Data	865	(1)
D.3 EC Core Data	866	(1)
D.4 ETD Core Data	866	(1)
D.5 PQ Core Data	867	(1)
D.6 American Wire Gauge Data	868	(1)
References	869	(2)
Index	871