Fundamentals of Satellite Remote Sensing

by Chuvieco; Emilio

• ISBN13: 9780415310840
• ISBN10: 0415310849
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-12-01
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Providing an extensive review of remote sensing principles with emphasis on environmental applications, Fundamentals of Satellite Remote Sensing discusses a wide range of topics, from physical principles to data acquisition systems as well as visual and digital interpretation techniques. This book presents new interpretation approaches including hyperspectral analysis, high-spatial resolution data, fusion techniques, and radiative transfer models. It analyzes accuracy assessment methods and demonstrates how to integrate remote sensing results with geographic information systems. It also covers recent missions and new sensors. With figures and graphs, this text is ideal for students and professionals.

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. xi
Introduction	p. 1
Definition and Objectives	p. 1
Historical Background	p. 5
International Space Law	p. 10
Advantages of Space-Based Observations	p. 12
Global Coverage	p. 13
A Synoptic View	p. 15
Multiscale Observations	p. 15
Observations over the Nonvisible Regions of the Spectrum	p. 16
Repeat Observation	p. 16
Immediate Transmission	p. 17
Digital Format	p. 17
Sources of Information on Remote Sensing	p. 18
Review Questions	p. 20
Physical Principles of Remote Sensing	p. 21
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing Signals	p. 21
The Electromagnetic Spectrum	p. 24
Terms and Units of Measurement	p. 25
Electromagnetic Radiation Laws	p. 28
Spectral Signatures in the Solar Spectrum	p. 33
Introduction	p. 33
Vegetation Reflectance	p. 38
Soil Reflectance Properties	p. 42
Water in the Solar Spectrum	p. 45
The Thermal Infrared Domain	p. 47
Characteristics of EM Radiation in Thermal Infrared	p. 47
Thermal Properties of Vegetation	p. 49
Soils in Thermal Domain	p. 50
Thermal Signature of Water and Snow	p. 51
The Microwave Region	p. 51
Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation in the Microwave Region	p. 51
Characteristics of Vegetation in the Microwave Region	p. 55
Characteristics of Soil and Water in the Microwave Region	p. 56
Atmospheric interactions	p. 57
Atmospheric Absorption	p. 58
Atmospheric Scattering	p. 59
Atmospheric Emission	p. 59
Review Questions	p. 60
Sensors and Remote Sensing Satellites	p. 63
Types of Sensors	p. 63
Resolution of a Sensor System	p. 63
Spatial Resolution	p. 64
Spectral Resolution	p. 65
Radiometric Resolution	p. 67
Temporal Resolution	p. 68
Angular Resolution	p. 69
Relationship among Different Types of Resolution	p. 70
Passive Sensors	p. 70
Photographic Cameras	p. 71
Cross-Track Scanners	p. 74
Along-Track (Push-Broom) Scanners	p. 76
Video Cameras	p. 77
Microwave Radiometers	p. 78
Active Sensors	p. 78
Radar	p. 78
LIDAR	p. 85
Satellite Remote Sensing Missions	p. 87
Satellite Orbits	p. 87
The Landsat Program	p. 89
SPOT Satellite	p. 91
The IRS Program	p. 93
High-Spatial-Resolution Commercial Satellites	p. 95
TIROS-NOAA	p. 96
Other Polar Orbiting Meteorological Satellites	p. 98
Terra-Aqua	p. 99
Geostationary Meteorological Satellites	p. 104
Review Questions	p. 112
Basis for Interpretation of Remote Sensing Images	p. 115
Constraints in Using Remote Sensing Data	p. 115
What Can Be Estimated from the Images?	p. 115
Costs of Data Acquisition	p. 117
End-User Requirements	p. 117
Types of Interpretation	p. 118
Thematic Classification	p. 119
Generation of Biophysical Variables	p. 119
Change Detection	p. 119
Spatial Patterns	p. 120
Organization of Remote Sensing Project	p. 120
Description of Objectives	p. 120
Scale and Resolution	p. 121
Classification Typology	p. 123
Selection of Imagery	p. 126
Image Formats and Media	p. 127
Selection of Interpretation Method: Visual or Digital Processing?	p. 128
Interpretation Phase	p. 130
Presentation of Study Cases	p. 133
Review Questions	p. 134
Visual Interpretation	p. 135
Characteristics of Photographic Images	p. 135
Feature Identification	p. 135
Criteria for Visual Interpretation	p. 136
Brightness	p. 138
Color	p. 139
Texture	p. 142
Spatial Context	p. 144
Shadows	p. 145
Spatial Pattern	p. 146
Shape and Size	p. 147
Stereoscopic View	p. 148
Period of Acquisition	p. 148
Elements of Visual Analysis	p. 150
Geometric Characteristics of a Satellite Image	p. 150
Effect of Spatial Resolution in Visual Analysis	p. 150
Effect of Spectral Resolution in Visual Analysis	p. 151
Color Composites	p. 153
Multitemporal Approaches	p. 154
Review Questions	p. 157
Digital Image Processing (I): Enhancements and Corrections	p. 159
Structure of a Digital Image	p. 159
Media and Data Organization	p. 162
Data Storage	p. 162
Recording Formats	p. 162
Digital Image Processing Equipment	p. 164
General File Operations	p. 166
File Management	p. 167
Display Utilities	p. 170
Image Statistics and Histograms	p. 171
Visual Enhancements	p. 174
Contrast Enhancement	p. 175
Color Look-Up Table	p. 175
Contrast Compression	p. 176
Contrast Stretch	p. 178
Color Composites	p. 182
Pseudo-Color	p. 183
Filters	p. 184
Digital Filters	p. 184
Low-Pass Filter	p. 187
High-Pass Filter	p. 188
Image Corrections	p. 191
Sources of Error in Satellite Imagery	p. 191
Radiometric Corrections	p. 194
Restoration of Missing Lines and Pixels	p. 194
Correction of Striping Effects	p. 195
Calculating Reflectance	p. 197
Calculating Temperature	p. 215
Geometric Corrections	p. 218
Introduction	p. 218
Correction from Orbital Models	p. 219
Correction from Control Points	p. 222
Calculating the Transformation Function	p. 225
Transference of the Original DL to Its Corrected Position	p. 228
Correction with Digital Elevation Models	p. 233
Review Questions	p. 234
Digital Image Processing (II): Generation of Thematic Information	p. 237
Continuous Variables	p. 238
Inductive and Deductive Models in Remote Sensing	p. 239
Principal Component Analysis	p. 243
Spectral Vegetation Indices (VIs)	p. 249
Ratio-Based VIs	p. 251
Optimized VIs	p. 256
Orthogonal-Based VIs	p. 260
Extraction of Subpixel Information	p. 265
Digital Image Classification	p. 271
Introduction	p. 271
Training Phase	p. 273
Basic Concepts	p. 273
Supervised Classification	p. 275
Unsupervised Classification	p. 278
Mixed Methods	p. 281
Analysis of the Training Statistics	p. 282
Assignment Phase	p. 287
Minimum Distance Classifier	p. 287
Parallelepiped Classifier	p. 288
Maximum Likelihood Classifier	p. 289
Decision Tree Classifier	p. 294
Neural Networks	p. 296
Fuzzy Classification	p. 300
Hyperspectral Classification	p. 302
Contextual Classifiers	p. 305
Classification Outputs	p. 308
Mapping Products	p. 309
Statistical Products	p. 310
Techniques of Multitemporal Analysis	p. 310
Temporal Domain in Remote Sensing Studies	p. 310
Prerequisites for Multitemporal Analysis	p. 312
Multitemporal Matching	p. 313
Radiometric Calibration	p. 314
Methods for Seasonal Analysis	p. 315
Change Detection Techniques	p. 319
Multitemporal Color Composites	p. 320
Image Differencing	p. 321
Multitemporal Ratios	p. 321
principal Components	p. 323
Regression Analysis	p. 325
Change Vector Analysis	p. 325
Defining Change Thresholds	p. 326
Multitemporal Analysis of Classified Images	p. 327
Analysis of Landscape Patterns	p. 329
Remote Sensing and Landscape Ecology	p. 329
Spatial Metrics for Interval-Scale Images	p. 330
Global Metrics for Continuous Data	p. 330
Local Metrics for Continuous Data	p. 333
Spatial Metrics for Classified Images	p. 335
Global Metrics for Classified Data	p. 335
Local Metrics for Classified Data	p. 336
Landscape Structural Dynamics	p. 338
Review Questions	p. 339
Accuracy Assessment	p. 343
Relevance of Validating Results	p. 343
Methods to Estimate Accuracy	p. 344
Sources of Error	p. 345
Sensor Limitations	p. 345
Method of Analysis	p. 346
Landscape Complexity	p. 346
Verification Process	p. 349
Sampling Design	p. 350
Error Distribution	p. 350
Sampling Unit	p. 350
Sampling Strategies	p. 351
Sample Size	p. 352
Gathering Information	p. 354
Measuring Error in Interval-Scale Variables	p. 356
Measuring Error in Classified Images	p. 356
The Confusion Matrix	p. 356
Global Accuracy	p. 357
User Accuracy and Producer Accuracy	p. 360
Kappa Statistic	p. 361
Normalizing the Confusion Matrix	p. 363
Validation of Binary Classes	p. 365
Verification of Multitemporal Analysis	p. 365
Review Questions	p. 368
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems	p. 371
The Need for GIS	p. 371
Trends in GIS and Remote Sensing Development	p. 371
Common Technical Requirements	p. 373
GIS as Input for Remote Sensing Interpretation	p. 374
Remote Sensing as Input for GIS	p. 375
Availability of Geographic Information	p. 375
Generation of Input Variables	p. 376
Updating the Information	p. 376
Integration of Satellite Images and GIS	p. 377
Review Questions	p. 381
Appendix	p. 383
References	p. 387
Index	p. 419
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