Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences

by Cengel, Yunus A.; Turner, Robert H.

• ISBN13: 9780072390544
• ISBN10: 0072390549
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-07-01
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill College

Author Biography

Robert H. Turner is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR).

Table of Contents

Preface	xxv
Nomenclature	xxxiii
Introduction and Overview	1	(32)
Introduction to Thermal-Fluid Sciences	2	(1)
Thermodynamics	3	(1)
Heat Transfer	4	(3)
Fluid Mechanics	7	(1)
A Note on Dimensions and Units	8	(5)
Closed and Open Systems	13	(1)
Properties of a System	14	(1)
Solving Engineering Problems	15	(3)
Problem Solving Technique	18	(3)
Conservation of Mass Principle	21	(5)
Summary	26	(7)
References and Suggested Reading	27	(1)
Problems	28	(5)
PART I THERMODYNAMICS	33	(376)
Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics	35	(34)
State and Equilibrium	36	(1)
Processes and Cycles	37	(1)
Forms of Energy	38	(4)
Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics	42	(4)
Pressure	46	(5)
The Manometer	51	(3)
Barometer and the Atmospheric Pressure	54	(2)
Summary	56	(13)
References and Suggested Reading	57	(1)
Problems	58	(11)
Properties of Pure Substances	69	(58)
Pure Substance	70	(1)
Phases of a Pure Substance	70	(1)
Phase-Change Processes of Pure Substances	71	(5)
Property Diagrams for Phase-Change Processes	76	(7)
Vapor Pressure and Phase Equilibrium	83	(3)
Property Tables	86	(10)
The Ideal-Gas Equation of State	96	(5)
Other Equations of State	101	(4)
Specific Heats	105	(1)
Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases	106	(5)
Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Solids and Liquids	111	(2)
Summary	113	(14)
References and Suggested Reading	115	(1)
Problems	115	(12)
Energy Transfer by Heat, Work, and Mass	127	(26)
Heat Transfer	128	(1)
Energy Transfer by Work	129	(3)
Mechanical Forms of Work	132	(10)
Nonmechanical Forms of Work	142	(1)
Flow Work and the Energy of a Flowing Fluid	142	(3)
Summary	145	(8)
References and Suggested Reading	146	(1)
Problems	146	(7)
The First Law of Thermodynamics	153	(64)
The First Law of Thermodynamics	154	(4)
Energy Balance for Closed Systems	158	(11)
Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems	169	(4)
Some Steady-Flow Engineering Devices	173	(12)
Energy Balance for Unsteady-Flow Processes	185	(5)
Summary	190	(27)
References and Suggested Reading	192	(1)
Problems	192	(25)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics	217	(60)
Introduction to the Second Law	218	(1)
Thermal Energy Reservoirs	219	(1)
Heat Engines	219	(6)
Energy Conversion Efficiencies	225	(4)
Refrigerators and Heat Pumps	229	(6)
Perpetual-Motion Machines	235	(2)
Reversible and Irreversible Processes	237	(3)
The Carnot Cycle	240	(2)
The Carnot Principles	242	(2)
The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale	244	(2)
The Carnot Heat Engine	246	(3)
The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump	249	(2)
Household Refrigerators	251	(4)
Summary	255	(22)
References and Suggested Reading	257	(1)
Problems	257	(20)
Entropy	277	(58)
Entropy	278	(3)
The Increase of Entropy Principle	281	(3)
Entropy Change of Pure Substances	284	(4)
Isentropic Processes	288	(1)
Property Diagrams Involving Entropy	289	(2)
What Is Entropy?	291	(3)
The T ds Relations	294	(2)
Entropy Change of Liquids and Solids	296	(3)
The Entropy Change of Ideal Gases	299	(6)
Reversible Steady-Flow Work	305	(4)
Minimizing the Compressor Work	309	(4)
Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-Flow Devices	313	(6)
Summary	319	(16)
References and Suggested Reading	322	(1)
Problems	322	(13)
Power and Refrigeration Cycles	335	(74)
Basic Considerations in the Analysis of Power Cycles	336	(2)
Carnot Cycle and Its Value in Engineering	338	(1)
Air-Standard Assumptions	339	(1)
An Overview of Reciprocating Engines	340	(2)
Otto Cycle	342	(5)
Diesel Cycle	347	(3)
Brayton Cycle	350	(7)
The Brayton Cycle with Regeneration	357	(2)
The Carnot Vapor Cycle	359	(1)
Rankine Cycle	360	(4)
Deviation of Actual Vapor Power Cycles from Idealized Ones	364	(2)
How Can We Increase the Efficiency of the Rankine Cycle?	366	(4)
The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle	370	(3)
Refrigerators and Heat Pumps	373	(2)
The Reversed Carnot Cycle	375	(1)
The Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle	376	(4)
Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycles	380	(2)
Heat Pump Systems	382	(2)
Summary	384	(25)
References and Suggested Reading	386	(1)
Problems	387	(22)
PART II FLUID MECHANICS	409	(192)
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics	411	(16)
Classification of Fluid Flows	412	(2)
Behavior of Fluids Passing Solid Walls	414	(1)
History of Fluid Mechanics	414	(1)
Viscosity	415	(3)
Surface Tension and Capillary Effect	418	(5)
Summary	423	(4)
References and Suggested Reading	424	(1)
Problems	424	(3)
Fluid Statics	427	(22)
Introduction	428	(1)
Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Plane Surfaces	428	(6)
Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Curved Surfaces	434	(3)
Buoyancy and Stability	437	(5)
Summary	442	(7)
References and Suggested Reading	443	(1)
Problems	443	(6)
Bernoulli, Energy, and Momentum Equations	449	(60)
Mechanical Energy and Pump Efficiency	450	(4)
The Bernoulli Equation	454	(8)
Applications of the Bernoulli Equation	462	(6)
Energy Equation for Flow Systems	468	(8)
The Reynolds Transport Theorem	476	(5)
The Linear Momentum Equation	481	(10)
Summary	491	(18)
References and Suggested Reading	493	(1)
Problems	493	(16)
Flow in Pipes	509	(44)
Introduction	510	(1)
Laminar and Turbulent Flow	511	(3)
Fully Developed Laminar Flow in Pipes	514	(6)
Fully Developed Turbulent Flow in Pipes	520	(6)
Minor Losses	526	(6)
Piping Networks and Pump Selection	532	(7)
Summary	539	(14)
References and Suggested Reading	541	(1)
Problems	541	(12)
Flow Over Bodies: Drag and Lift	553	(48)
Introduction	554	(2)
Drag and Lift	556	(4)
Friction and Pressure Drag	560	(4)
Drag Coefficients of Common Geometries	564	(7)
Flow Over Flat Plates	571	(4)
Flow Across Cylinders and Spheres	575	(3)
Lift	578	(10)
Summary	588	(13)
References and Suggested Reading	590	(1)
Problems	591	(10)
PART III HEAT TRANSFER	601	(426)
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer	603	(26)
Introduction	604	(1)
Conduction	604	(2)
Thermal Conductivity	606	(5)
Convection	611	(2)
Radiation	613	(2)
Simultaneous Heat Transfer Mechanisms	615	(5)
Summary	620	(9)
References and Suggested Reading	621	(1)
Problems	621	(8)
Steady Heat Conduction	629	(70)
Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls	630	(9)
Thermal Contact Resistance	639	(4)
Generalized Thermal Resistance Networks	643	(3)
Heat Conduction in Cylinders and Spheres	646	(6)
Critical Radius of Insulation	652	(3)
Thermal Insulation	655	(9)
Heat Transfer from Finned Surfaces	664	(14)
Summary	678	(21)
References and Suggested Reading	681	(1)
Problems	682	(17)
Transient Heat Conduction	699	(42)
Lumped System Analysis	700	(5)
Transient Heat Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long Cylinders, and Spheres	705	(11)
Transient Heat Conduction in Semi-infinite Solids	716	(3)
Transient Heat Conduction in Multidimensional Systems	719	(7)
Summary	726	(15)
References and Suggested Reading	728	(1)
Problems	728	(13)
Forced Convection	741	(42)
Physical Mechanism of Forced Convection	742	(2)
Thermal Boundary Layer	744	(1)
Flow Over Flat Plates	745	(6)
Flow Across Cylinders and Spheres	751	(4)
General Considerations for Flow in Pipes	755	(4)
Thermal Entry Length	759	(1)
Forced Convection in Pipe Flow	760	(8)
Summary	768	(15)
References and Suggested Reading	769	(1)
Problems	770	(13)
Natural Convection	783	(32)
Physical Mechanism of Natural Convection	784	(3)
Natural Convection Over Surfaces	787	(5)
Natural Convection Inside Enclosures	792	(7)
Combined Natural and Forced Convection	799	(2)
Summary	801	(14)
References and Suggested Reading	802	(1)
Problems	803	(12)
Radiation Heat Transfer	815	(66)
Introduction	816	(1)
Thermal Radiation	817	(2)
Blackbody Radiation	819	(6)
Radiation Properties	825	(7)
Atmospheric and Solar Radiation	832	(5)
The View Factor	837	(12)
Radiation Heat Transfer: Black Surfaces	849	(2)
Radiation Heat Transfer: Diffuse, Gray Surfaces	851	(11)
Radiation Shields and the Radiation Effect	862	(3)
Summary	865	(16)
References and Suggested Reading	868	(1)
Problems	869	(12)
Heat Exchangers	881	(146)
Types of Heat Exchangers	882	(3)
The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient	885	(7)
Analysis of Heat Exchangers	892	(2)
The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method	894	(8)
The Effectiveness-NTU Method	902	(10)
Selection of Heat Exchangers	912	(3)
Summary	915	(14)
References and Suggested Reading	917	(1)
Problems	918	(11)
PART IV APPENDIXES
Appendix 1 Property Tables and Charts (SI Units)	929	(46)
Table A-1 Molar Mass, Gas Constant, and Critical-Point Properties	930	(1)
Table A-2 Ideal-Gas Specific Heats of Various Common Gases	931	(3)
Table A-3 Properties of Common Liquids, Solids, and Foods	934	(2)
Table A-4 Saturated Water-Temperature Table	936	(2)
Table A-5 Saturated Water-Pressure Table	938	(2)
Table A-6 Superheated Water	940	(4)
Table A-7 Compressed Liquid Water	944	(1)
Table A-8 Saturated Ice-Water Vapor	945	(1)
Table A-9 T-s Diagram for Water	946	(1)
Table A-10 Mollier Diagram for Water	947	(1)
Table A-11 Saturated Refrigerant-134a-Temperature Table	948	(1)
Table A-12 Saturated Refrigerant-134a-Pressure Table	949	(1)
Table A-13 Superheated Refrigerant-134a	950	(2)
Table A-14 P-h Diagram for Refrigerant-134a	952	(1)
Table A-15 Properties of Saturated Water	953	(2)
Table A-16 Properties of Liquids	955	(1)
Table A-17 Ideal-Gas Properties of Air	956	(2)
Table A-18 Properties of Gases at 1 atm Pressure	958	(4)
Table A-19 Properties of Solid Metals	962	(3)
Table A-20 Properties of Solid Nonmetals	965	(1)
Table A-21 Properties of Building Materials	966	(2)
Table A-22 Properties of Insulating Materials	968	(1)
Table A-23 Properties of Miscellaneous Materials	969	(1)
Table A-24 Emissivities of Surfaces	970	(2)
Table A-25 Solar Radiative Properties of Materials	972	(1)
Table A-26 Properties of the Atmosphere at High Altitude	973	(1)
Table A-27 The Moody Chart for the Friction Factor for Fully Developed Flow in Circular Tubes	974	(1)
Appendix 2 Property Tables and Charts (English Units)	975	(40)
Table A-1E Molar Mass, Gas Constant, and Critical-Point Properties	976	(1)
Table A-2E Ideal-Gas Specific Heats of Various Common Gases	977	(3)
Table A-3E Properties of Common Liquids, Solids, and Foods	980	(2)
Table A-4E Saturated Water-Temperature Table	982	(1)
Table A-5E Saturated Water-Pressure Table	983	(2)
Table A-6E Superheated Water	985	(4)
Table A-7E Compressed Liquid Water	989	(1)
Table A-8E Saturated Ice-Water Vapor	990	(1)
Table A-9E T-s Diagram for Water	991	(1)
Table A-10E Mollier Diagram for Water	992	(1)
Table A-11E Saturated Refrigerant-134a-Temperature Table	993	(1)
Table A-12E Saturated Refrigerant-134a-Pressure Table	994	(1)
Table A-13E Superheated Refrigerant-134a	995	(2)
Table A-14E P-h Diagram for Refrigerant-134a	997	(1)
Table A-15E Properties of Saturated Water	998	(2)
Table A-16E Properties of Liquids	1000	(1)
Table A-17E Ideal-Gas Properties of Air	1001	(2)
Table A-18E Properties of Gases at 1 atm Pressure	1003	(2)
Table A-19E Properties of Solid Metals	1005	(3)
Table A-20E Properties of Solid Nonmetals	1008	(1)
Table A-21E Properties of Building Materials	1009	(2)
Table A-22E Properties of Insulating Materials	1011	(1)
Table A-23E Properties of Miscellaneous Materials	1012	(1)
Table A-26E Properties of the Atmosphere at High Altitude	1013	(2)
Appendix 3 Introduction to ees	1015	(12)
Index	1027