Fuzzy Database Modeling With XML

Fuzzy Database Modeling with XML aims to provide a single record of current research and practical applications in the fuzzy databases. This volume is the outgrowth of research the author has conducted in recent years. Fuzzy Database Modeling with XML introduces state-of-the-art information to the database research, while at the same time serving the information technology professional faced with a non-traditional application that defeats conventional approaches. The research on fuzzy conceptual models and fuzzy object-oriented databases is receiving increasing attention, in addition to fuzzy relational database models. With rapid advances in network and internet techniques as well, the databases have been applied under the environment of distributed information systems. It is essential in this case to integrate multiple fuzzy database systems. Since databases are commonly employed to store and manipulate XML data, additional requirements are necessary to model fuzzy information with XML. Secondly, this book maps fuzzy XML model to the fuzzy databases. Very few efforts at investigating these issues have thus far occurred. Fuzzy Database Modeling with XML is designed for a professional audience of researchers and practitioners in industry. This book is also suitable for graduate-level students in computer science.

Dedication

v

Table of Contents

vii

List of Figures

xiii

List of Tables

xvii

Foreword

xix

Preface

xxi

Acknowledgements

xxiii

PART I BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1

(48)

Conceptual Data Modeling

3

(18)

Entity-Relationship (ER) and Enhanced ER (EER) Models

3

(5)

ER Model

4

(3)

EER Model

7

(1)

UML Class Model

8

(4)

Class

9

(1)

Relationship

10

(2)

XML

12

(9)

XML Documents

12

(1)

XML DTD Constructs

13

(3)

XML Databases

16

(2)

References

18

(3)

Logical Database Models

21

(14)

The Relational Database Model

22

(8)

Attributes and Domains

22

(1)

Relations and Tuples

22

(1)

Keys

23

(1)

Constraints

23

(2)

The Relational Algebra

25

(2)

Relational Database Design

27

(3)

The Nested Relational Database Model

30

(1)

The Object-Oriented Database Model

31

(4)

Objects and Identifiers

32

(1)

Classes and Instances

32

(1)

Class Hierarchical Structure and Inheritance

33

(1)

References

33

(2)

Fuzzy Sets and Possibility Distributions

35

(14)

Imperfect Information in Database Modeling

35

(3)

Null Values and Partial Values

36

(1)

Probabilistic Values

37

(1)

Fuzzy Sets in Database Modeling

38

(1)

Representations of Fuzzy Sets and Possibility Distributions

38

(1)

Support, Kernel, and α-Cut of a Fuzzy Set

39

(1)

Zadeh's Extension Principle

40

(1)

Operations on Fuzzy Sets

41

(8)

Set Operations of Fuzzy Sets

41

(1)

Arithmetic Operations of Fuzzy Sets

42

(1)

Relational Operations of Fuzzy Sets

42

(4)

Logical Operations of Fuzzy Sets

46

(1)

References

47

(2)

PART II FUZZY CONCEPTUAL DATA MODELING

49

(46)

The Fuzzy Er and Fuzzy EER Models

51

(16)

Introduction

51

(1)

The Fuzzy ER Model

52

(6)

Three Levels of Fuzziness in Entities, Relationships and Attributes

52

(3)

Relationships and Constraints

55

(3)

The Fuzzy EER Model

58

(6)

Fuzzy Attribute

58

(1)

Fuzzy Entity and Relationship

59

(1)

Fuzzy Generalization/Specialization

60

(2)

Fuzzy Category

62

(1)

Fuzzy Aggregation

62

(2)

Summary

64

(3)

References

65

(2)

The Fuzzy UML Data Model

67

(14)

Introduction

67

(1)

The Fuzzy UML Class Model

67

(12)

Fuzzy Class

68

(1)

Fuzzy Generalization

69

(3)

Fuzzy Aggregation

72

(3)

Fuzzy Association

75

(2)

Fuzzy Dependency

77

(2)

Summary

79

(2)

References

79

(2)

The Fuzzy XML Model

81

(14)

Introduction

81

(1)

The Fuzzy XML Model

82

(6)

The Fuzziness in XML

82

(3)

The Fuzzy Representation Model

85

(3)

Conceptual Design of the Fuzzy XML Model with the Fuzzy UML Model

88

(4)

Transformation of Classes

88

(2)

Transformation of Generalizations

90

(1)

Transformation of Associations

91

(1)

Summary

92

(3)

References

93

(2)

PART III FUZZY DATABASE MODELS

95

(109)

The Fuzzy Relational Databases

97

(54)

Introduction

97

(1)

The Fuzzy Relational Models

98

(1)

Semantic Measures and Data Redundancies

99

(6)

Existing Methods

99

(2)

Semantic Relationship between Fuzzy Data

101

(1)

Evaluation of Semantic Measures

102

(2)

Fuzzy Data Redundancies and Removal

104

(1)

Data Integrity Constraints

105

(7)

Fuzzy Functional Dependencies

107

(1)

Fuzzy Multivalued Dependencies

108

(1)

Reference Rules for Fuzzy Data Dependencies

109

(3)

Fuzzy Algebraic Operations

112

(7)

Fuzzy Relational Algebra

112

(6)

Properties of Fuzzy Relational Algebra

118

(1)

Flexible Query with SQL

119

(4)

Updating Fuzzy Relational Databases

123

(7)

Insertion Operation

123

(5)

Deletion Operation

128

(1)

Modification Operation

129

(1)

Integration of Multiple Fuzzy Relational Databases

130

(15)

Background

130

(3)

Conflicts and Resolutions in Fuzzy Multidatabases with Compatible Keys

133

(8)

Entity Identification in Fuzzy Multidatabases with Incompatible Keys

141

(4)

Summary

145

(6)

References

146

(5)

The Fuzzy Nested Relational Databases

151

(8)

Introduction

152

(1)

The Fuzzy Nested Relational Models

152

(1)

Algeria Operations

153

(4)

Traditional Relational Operations

154

(2)

Nest and Unnest Operations

156

(1)

Summary

157

(2)

References

158

(1)

The Fuzzy Object-Oriented Databases

159

(28)

Introduction

159

(1)

Fuzzy Objects and Fuzzy Classes

160

(7)

Fuzzy Objects

160

(1)

Fuzzy Classes

161

(1)

Fuzzy Object-Class Relationships

162

(5)

Fuzzy Inheritance Hierarchies

167

(2)

Flexible Constraints

169

(10)

Constraints and Classification

170

(2)

Flexible Constraint Comparison

172

(3)

Operations on Flexible Constraints

175

(4)

The Fuzzy Object-Oriented Model

179

(1)

Query and Operations

180

(4)

Fuzzy Product

181

(1)

Fuzzy Join

181

(1)

Fuzzy Union

182

(1)

Fuzzy Query

182

(2)

Summary

184

(3)

References

185

(2)

Conceptual Design of Fuzzy Databases

187

(17)

Introduction

187

(1)

Transformation from the Fuzzy EER Model to the Fuzzy Nested Relational Databases

188

(6)

Transformation of Entities

189

(1)

Transformation of Relationships

190

(1)

Transformation of Generalizations

191

(1)

Transformation of Specializations

192

(1)

Transformation of Categorization

193

(1)

Transformation of Aggregations

193

(1)

Transformation from the Fuzzy UML Model to the Fuzzy Object-Oriented Databases

194

(5)

Transformation of Classes

194

(2)

Transformation of Aggregations

196

(1)

Transformation of Associations

197

(2)

Mapping the Fuzzy XML Model into the Fuzzy Relational Database Model

199

(5)

DTD Tree and Mapping to the Relational Database Schema

199

(2)

Mapping the Fuzzy XML Model into the Fuzzy Relational Database Model

201

(3)

Summary

204

(1)

References

204

(3)

Index

207

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