Gas Adsorption Equilibria

by KELLER, JURGEN U.; STAUDT, REINER

• ISBN13: 9780387235974
• ISBN10: 0387235973
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-11-30
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

This book is intended to present for the first time experimental methods to measure equilibria states of pure and mixed gases being adsorbed on the surface of solid materials. It has been written for engineers and scientists from industry and academia who are interested in adsorption based gas separation processes and/or in using gas adsorption for characterization of the porosity of solid materials.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Acknowledgements	xiii
Introduction	1	(1)
Introduction	1	(1)
Gas Adsorption Processes in Separation Technology	2	(4)
Experimental Methods	6	(4)
What Is Not Considered	10	(7)
References	11	(6)
Basic Concepts	17	(62)
Introduction	17	(1)
Adsorption Phenomena	18	(7)
Sorbent Materials	25	(6)
Characterization of Porous Solids	31	(21)
Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry	32	(2)
Helium Measurements	34	(9)
Gas Adsorption (N2, Ar, CO2)	43	(9)
Mass and Volume of Adsorbed Phases	52	(18)
Models for the Void Volume (Vs) of a Sorbent Material and the Volume (Va) of a Sorbate	56	(10)
Outline of Calorimetric-Dielectric Measurements of Absolute Masses of Adsorbates	66	(4)
List of Symbols	70	(9)
References	72	(7)
Volumetry / Manometry	79	(38)
Introduction	79	(2)
Volumetric Measurement of Pure Gas Adsorption Equilibria (N=1)	81	(7)
Experimental	81	(1)
Theory	82	(3)
Uncertainties or Errors of Measurements	85	(2)
Example	87	(1)
Thermovolumetry	88	(3)
Volumetric Measurement of Multicomponent Gas Adsorption Equilibria (N > 1)	91	(6)
Experimental	91	(1)
Theory	92	(2)
Uncertainties or Errors of Measurements	94	(1)
Example	95	(2)
Volumetric -- Calorimetric Measurements The Sensor Gas Calorimeter (SGC)	97	(12)
Experimental	99	(4)
Outline of Theory and Calibration	103	(3)
Example	106	(3)
Pros and Cons of Volumetry / Manometry	109	(2)
Advantages	109	(1)
Disadvantages	109	(2)
List of Symbols	111	(6)
References	114	(3)
Gravimetry	117	(64)
Introduction	117	(3)
Gravimetric Measurements of Pure Gas Adsorption Equilibria (N = 1)	120	(33)
Two Beam Balances	120	(1)
Experimental	120	(2)
Theory	122	(5)
Uncertainties or Errors of Measurements	127	(2)
Single Beam Balances	129	(1)
Experimental	129	(2)
Theory	131	(3)
Uncertainties or Errors of Measurements	134	(1)
Examples	135	(18)
Thermogravimetry	153	(4)
Gravimetric Measurement of Multicomponent Gas Adsorption Equilibria (N>1)	157	(10)
Experimental	157	(1)
Theory	158	(3)
Uncertainties or Errors of Measurement	161	(1)
Examples	162	(5)
Pros and Cons of Gravimetry	167	(4)
Advantages	167	(3)
Disadvantages	170	(1)
List of Symbols and Abbreviations	171	(10)
References	175	(6)
Volumetric -- Gravimetric Measurements	181	(54)
Introduction	181	(1)
Volumetric -- Gravimetric Measurements of Binary Coadsorption Equilibria	182	(23)
Experimental	182	(3)
Theory	185	(6)
Uncertainties or Errors of Measurement	191	(2)
Examples	193	(12)
Densimetric -- Gravimetric Measurements of Binary Coadsorption Equilibria	205	(20)
Experimental	205	(3)
Theory	208	(5)
Uncertainties or Errors of Measurement	213	(1)
Example	214	(4)
Densimetric-Volumetric Measurements of Binary Coadsorption Equilibria	218	(4)
Volumetric-Densimetric Measurements of Wall Adsorption	222	(3)
Pros and Cons of Volumetric-Gravimetric Measurements of Binary Coadsorption Equilibria	225	(4)
Advantages	225	(1)
Disadvantages	226	(1)
Comparison of Densimetric-Gravimetric and Densimetric-Volumetric Binary Coadsorption Measurements	227	(2)
List of Symbols and Abbreviations	229	(6)
References	232	(3)
Oscillometry	235	(52)
Introduction	235	(2)
Measurement of Pure Gas Adsorption Equilibria (N = 1) by Slow Oscillations of a Rotational Pendulum	237	(19)
Experimental	237	(3)
Outline of Theory	240	(1)
The Motion of the Pendulum in Vacuum	241	(2)
The Motion of the Pendulum in Sorptive Gas	243	(8)
Uncertainties or Errors of Measurement	251	(1)
Examples	252	(4)
Oszillometric -- Gravimetric Measurements of Gas Absorption in Swelling Materials	256	(9)
Introductory Remarks	256	(1)
Experimental	257	(3)
Theory	260	(3)
Example	263	(2)
Oscillometric -- Manometric Measurements of Gas Absorption in Swelling Materials	265	(10)
Introductory Remarks	265	(1)
Experimental	266	(5)
Theory	271	(1)
Example	272	(3)
Pros and Cons of Oscillometry	275	(2)
Advantages	275	(1)
Disadvantages	275	(2)
List of Symbols	277	(10)
References	282	(5)
Impedance Spectroscopy	287	(72)
Introduction	287	(2)
Dielectric Measurements of Gas Adsorption Systems	289	(43)
Experimental	289	(10)
Theory	299	(1)
Basic Concepts	299	(3)
Polarization of Dielectrics	302	(4)
Models for the Complex Permittivity of Dielectric Sorbent-Sorbate Systems	306	(10)
Uncertainties of Dielectric Measurements of Adsorption Systems	316	(2)
Examples	318	(14)
Dielectric-Manometric and Dielectric-Gravimetric Measurements of Pure Gas Adsorption Equilibria	332	(17)
Experimental	332	(4)
Examples	336	(6)
Impedance Measurements in Adsorption Reactors	342	(7)
Pros and Cons of Impedance Spectroscopy	349	(2)
Advantages	349	(1)
Disadvantages	350	(1)
List of Symbols	351	(8)
References	353	(6)
Adsorption Isotherms	359	(56)
Introduction	359	(4)
Simple Molecular Isotherms	363	(19)
Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm	363	(1)
Classical Form	363	(9)
Heterogeneous Surfaces	372	(5)
Admolecules with Interactions	377	(5)
Empirical Isotherms	382	(12)
Freundlich-Ostwald-Boedecker (FOB)	382	(2)
Virial Expansions	384	(2)
Toth's Isotherm	386	(1)
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Isotherm (BET)	387	(4)
Dubinin-Polanyi Theory	391	(2)
Integral Equation Approach	393	(1)
Thermodynamic Isotherms	394	(8)
Gibbs's Approach	394	(1)
Internal Variable Approach	395	(7)
Conclusions	402	(2)
List of Symbols	404	(11)
References	407	(8)
Subject Index	415	(6)
Author Index	421