Gas Pipeline Hydraulics

by Menon; E. Shashi

• ISBN13: 9780849327858
• ISBN10: 0849327857
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-05-24
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

In your day-to-day planning, design, operation, and optimization of pipelines, wading through complex formulas and theories is not the way to get the job done. Gas Pipeline Hydraulics acts as a quick-reference guide to formulas, codes, and standards encountered in the gas industry. Based on the author's 30 years of experience in manufacturing and the oil and gas industry, the book presents a step-by-step introduction to the concepts in a practical approach illustrated by real-world examples, case studies, and a wealth of problems at the end of each chapter.Avoiding overly complex equations and theorems, Gas Pipeline Hydraulics demonstrates the calculation of pressure drop using various commonly accepted formulas. The author extends this discussion to determine total pressure required under various configurations, the necessity of pressure regulators and control valves, the comparative pros and cons of adding compressor stations versus pipe loops, mechanical strength of the pipeline, and thermal hydraulic analysis. He also introduces transient pressure analysis along with references for more in-depth study. The text concludes with the economic aspects of pipeline systems.Containing valuable appendices that provide conversions from USCS to SI units, tables of properties of natural gas, commonly used pipe sizes, and allowable internal and hydrotest pressures, this is the most easy-to-use, hands-on reference for gas pipelines available.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Gas Properties
1.1 Mass and Weight	1	(1)
1.2 Volume	2	(1)
1.3 Density, Specific Weight, and Specific Volume	3	(1)
1.4 Specific Gravity	3	(1)
1.5 Viscosity	4	(5)
1.6 Ideal Gases	9	(5)
1.7 Real Gases	14	(2)
1.8 Natural Gas Mixtures	16	(3)
1.9 Pseudo-Critical Properties from Gas Gravity	19	(1)
1.10 Impact of Sour Gas and Non-Hydrocarbon Components	20	(1)
1.11 Compressibility Factor	21	(6)
1.11.1 Standing-Katz Method	22	(1)
1.11.2 Dranchuk, Purvis, and Robinson Method	23	(1)
1.11.3 American Gas Association (AGA) Method	23	(1)
1.11.4 California Natural Gas Association (CNGA) Method	24	(3)
1.12 Heating Value	27	(1)
1.13 Summary	27	(1)
Problems	28	(1)
References	29	(2)
Chapter 2 Pressure Drop Due to Friction
2.1 Bernoulli's Equation	31	(1)
2.2 Flow Equations	32	(1)
2.3 General Flow Equation	33	(2)
2.4 Effect of Pipe Elevations	35	(2)
2.5 Average Pipe Segment Pressure	37	(1)
2.6 Velocity of Gas in a Pipeline	37	(3)
2.7 Erosional Velocity	40	(3)
2.8 Reynolds Number of Flow	43	(2)
2.9 Friction Factor	45	(2)
2.10 Colebrook-White Equation	47	(3)
2.11 Transmission Factor	50	(4)
2.12 Modified Colebrook-White Equation	54	(3)
2.13 American Gas Association (AGA) Equation	57	(4)
2.14 Weymouth Equation	61	(3)
2.15 Panhandle A Equation	64	(4)
2.16 Panhandle B Equation	68	(2)
2.17 Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) Equation	70	(4)
2.18 Spitzglass Equation	74	(2)
2.19 Mueller Equation	76	(1)
2.20 Fritzsche Equation	77	(1)
2.21 Effect of Pipe Roughness	78	(2)
2.22 Comparison of Flow Equations	80	(1)
2.23 Summary	81	(1)
Problems	82	(1)
References	83	(2)
Chapter 3 Pressure Required to Transport
3.1 Total Pressure Drop Required	85	(1)
3.2 Frictional Effect	86	(1)
3.3 Effect of Pipeline Elevation	86	(4)
3.4 Effect of Changing Pipe Delivery Pressure	90	(3)
3.5 Pipeline with Intermediate Injections and Deliveries	93	(11)
3.6 Series Piping	104	(7)
3.7 Parallel Piping	111	(10)
3.8 Locating Pipe Loop	121	(2)
3.9 Hydraulic Pressure Gradient	123	(3)
3.10 Pressure Regulators and Relief Valves	126	(3)
3.11 Temperature Variation and Gas Pipeline Modeling	129	(3)
3.12 Line Pack	132	(3)
3.13 Summary	135	(1)
Problems	136	(1)
References	137	(2)
Chapter 4 Compressor Stations
4.1 Compressor Station Locations	139	(7)
4.2 Hydraulic Balance	146	(1)
4.3 Isothermal Compression	146	(2)
4.4 Adiabatic Compression	148	(3)
4.5 Polytropic Compression	151	(1)
4.6 Discharge Temperature of Compressed Gas	152	(1)
4.7 Horsepower Required	153	(4)
4.8 Optimum Compressor Locations	157	(6)
4.9 Compressors in Series and Parallel	163	(3)
4.10 Types of Compressors-Centrifugal and Positive Displacement	166	(2)
4.11 Compressor Performance Curves	168	(3)
4.12 Compressor Station Piping Losses	171	(1)
4.13 Compressor Station Schematic	172	(1)
4.14 Summary	173	(1)
Problems	174	(1)
References	175	(2)
Chapter 5 Pipe Loops versus Compression
5.1 Purpose of a Pipe Loop	177	(1)
5.2 Purpose of Compression	178	(1)
5.3 Increasing Pipeline Capacity	179	(10)
5.4 Reducing Power Requirements	189	(3)
5.5 Looping in Distribution Piping	192	(6)
5.6 Summary	198	(1)
Problems	198	(1)
References	199	(2)
Chapter 6 Pipe Analysis
6.1 Pipe Wall Thickness	201	(1)
6.2 Barlow's Equation	202	(1)
6.3 Thick-Walled Pipes	203	(2)
6.4 Derivation of Barlow's Equation	205	(2)
6.5 Pipe Material and Grade	207	(1)
6.6 Internal Design Pressure Equation	207	(2)
6.7 Class Location	209	(1)
6.8 Mainline Valves	210	(1)
6.9 Hydrostatic Test Pressure	211	(31)
6.10 Blowdown Calculations	242	(1)
6.11 Determining Pipe Tonnage	243	(3)
6.12 Summary	246	(1)
Problems	246	(1)
References	247	(2)
Chapter 7 Thermal Hydraulics
7.1 Isothermal versus Thermal Hydraulics	249	(2)
7.2 Temperature Variation and Gas Pipeline Modeling	251	(2)
7.3 Review of Simulation Model Reports	253	(20)
7.4 Summary	273	(1)
Problems	274	(1)
References	274	(1)
Chapter 8 Transient Analysis and Case Studies
8.1 Unsteady Flow	275	(4)
8.1.1 Transient Due to Mainline Valve Closure	276	(1)
8.1.2 Transient Due to Compressor Shutdown	277	(2)
8.2 Case Studies	279	(17)
8.2.1 Offshore Pipeline Case	279	(17)
8.3 Summary	296	(1)
Problems	296	(1)
References	297	(2)
Chapter 9 Valves and Flow Measurements
9.1 Purpose of Valves	299	(1)
9.2 Types of Valves	300	(2)
9.3 Material of Construction	302	(1)
9.4 Codes for Design and Construction	302	(1)
9.5 Gate Valve	303	(2)
9.6 Ball Valve	305	(1)
9.7 Plug Valve	305	(1)
9.8 Butterfly Valve	305	(1)
9.9 Globe Valve	306	(1)
9.10 Check Valve	307	(1)
9.11 Pressure Control Valve	308	(1)
9.12 Pressure Regulator	309	(1)
9.13 Pressure Relief Valve	309	(1)
9.14 Flow Measurement	310	(1)
9.15 Flow Meters	310	(11)
9.15.1 Orifice Meter	310	(20)
9.15.1.1 Meter Tube	313	(1)
9.15.1.2 Expansion Factor	314	(7)
9.16 Venturi Meter	321	(2)
9.17 Flow Nozzle	323	(2)
9.18 Summary	325	(1)
Problems	325	(1)
References	325	(3)
Chapter 10 Pipeline Economics
10.1 Components of Cost	328	(2)
10.2 Capital Costs	330	(6)
10.2.1 Pipeline	330	(2)
10.2.2 Compressor Stations	332	(1)
10.2.3 Mainline Valve Stations	333	(1)
10.2.4 Meter Stations and Regulators	333	(1)
10.2.5 SCADA and Telecommunication System	333	(1)
10.2.6 Environmental and Permitting	334	(1)
10.2.7 Right of Way Acquisitions	334	(1)
10.2.8 Engineering and Construction Management	335	(1)
10.2.9 Other Project Costs	335	(1)
10.3 Operating Costs	336	(3)
10.4 Determining Economic Pipe Size	339	(14)
10.5 Summary	353	(1)
Problems	353	(1)
References	354	(1)
Appendix A Units and Conversions	355	(4)
Appendix B Physical Properties of Various Gases	359	(4)
Appendix C Pipe Properties-U.S. Customary System of Units	363	(10)
Appendix D GASMOD Output Report	373	(6)
Appendix E Summary of Formulas	379	(22)
Index	401