Gateway to Memory : An Introduction to Neural Network Modeling of the Hippocampus and Learning

by Mark A. Gluck and Catherine E. Myers

• ISBN13: 9780262571524
• ISBN10: 0262571528
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-08-01
• Publisher: MIT PRESS

Summary

This book is for students and researchers who have a specific interest in learning and memory and want to understand how computational models can be integrated into experimental research on the hippocampus and learning. It emphasizes the function of brain structures as they give rise to behavior, rather than the molecular or neuronal details. It also emphasizes the process of modeling, rather than the mathematical details of the models themselves. The book is divided into two parts. The first part provides a tutorial introduction to topics in neuroscience, the psychology of learning and memory, and the theory of neural network models. The second part, the core of the book, reviews computational models of how the hippocampus cooperates with other brain structures--including the entorhinal cortex, basal forebrain, cerebellum, and primary sensory and motor cortices--to support learning and memory in both animals and humans. The book assumes no prior knowledge of computational modeling or mathematics. For those who wish to delve more deeply into the formal details of the models, there are optional "mathboxes" and appendices. The book also includes extensive references and suggestions for further readings.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Acknowledgments	xv
I Fundamentals
Introduction	3	(8)
Computational Models as Tools	3	(2)
Goals and Structure of This Book	5	(6)
The Hippocampus in Learning and Memory	11	(32)
Introduction	11	(3)
Human Memory and the Medical Temporal Lobes	14	(10)
Medial Temporal Lobe Damage and Memory Loss	14	(3)
Anterograde Versus Retrograde Amnesia	17	(4)
Preserved Learning in Amnesia	21	(3)
Animal Learning Studies of Hippocampal Function	24	(7)
Episodic Memory in Animals	26	(2)
Spatial Navigation and the Hippocampus	28	(3)
Importance of Well-Characterized Learning Behaviors	31	(1)
Classical Conditioning and the Hippocampus	31	(9)
Hippocampal Lesions and Simple Conditioning	34	(2)
The Hippocampus and Complex Conditioning	36	(4)
Is a Unified Theory of Hippocampal Function in Learning Possible?	40	(3)
Summary	41	(2)
Association in Neural Networks	43	(38)
What is a Neural Network?	44	(7)
Neurons and Information Processing in the Brain	44	(3)
Information Processing in Neural Network Models	47	(2)
Application of Network Models to Motor-Reflex Conditioning	49	(2)
Neural Network Models of Learning	51	(10)
The Widrow-Hoff Learning Rule	52	(9)
Relationship to Animal Learning	61	(14)
The Blocking Effect	62	(3)
The Rescorla-Wagner Model of Conditioning	65	(3)
Broad Implications of the Rescorla-Wagner Model	68	(1)
Error-Correction Learning and the Brain	69	(6)
Limitations of Error-Correction Learning	75	(6)
Sensory Preconditioning	75	(1)
Latent Inhibition	76	(2)
Implications of the Limitations of Error-Correction Learning	78	(1)
Summary	79	(2)
Representation and Generalization in Neural Networks	81	(30)
Representation and Generalization	82	(4)
Generalization in One-Layer Networks	84	(2)
Two Challenges for Generalization in Networks	86	(1)
When Similar Stimuli Map to Similar Outcomes	86	(8)
Application of Distributed Representations to Learning	87	(3)
Stimulus Generalization and Distributed Representations in Multilayer Networks	90	(1)
Integrating Distributed Representations with Error-Correction Learning	91	(3)
The Limits of Similarity-Based Generalization	94	(1)
When Similar Stimuli Map to Different Outcomes	94	(17)
Multilayered Networks and Configuration	97	(2)
Configuration and Combinatorial Explosion	99	(3)
Learning New Representations in Multilayer Networks	102	(3)
Computational Limitations of Backpropagation	105	(4)
Psychological and Biological Validity of Backpropagation	109	(1)
Summary	110	(1)
Unsupervised Learning: Autoassociative Networks and the Hippocampus	111	(34)
Autoassociative Networks	114	(3)
Hippocampal Anatomy and Autoassociation	117	(7)
Storage Versus Retrieval	120	(2)
Capacity, Consolidation, and Catastrophic Interference	122	(2)
Autoencoders: Autoassociation with Representation	124	(15)
A New Interpretation of Autoassociators	124	(4)
Autoencoders: Multilayer Autoassociators	128	(1)
Predictive Autoencoders	129	(10)
Interim Summary: Where Are We Now?	139	(6)
II Modeling Memory
Cortico-Hippocampal Interaction in Associative Learning	145	(44)
The Hippocampal Region and Adaptive Representations	146	(19)
The Cortico-Hippocampal Model	148	(3)
Representational Differentiation	151	(6)
Representational Compression	157	(3)
Limitations of the Cortico-Hippocampal Model	160	(3)
Neurophysiological Support for the Cortico-Hippocampal Model	163	(2)
Schmajuk and DiCarlo (S-D) Model	165	(10)
Comparison with Gluck and Myers's Cortico-Hippocampal Model	169	(6)
Relationship of Models to Qualitative Theories	175	(6)
Stimulus Configuration	175	(2)
Contextual Learning	177	(1)
Stimulus Selection	177	(1)
Intermediate-Term and Working Memory	178	(2)
Cognitive Mapping	180	(1)
``Flexible'' Memory	180	(1)
Implications for Human Memory and Memory Disorders	181	(8)
Summary	184	(2)
Appendix 6.1 Simulation Details	186	(3)
Cortico-Hippocampal Interaction and Contextual Processing	189	(26)
Overview of Contextual Processing	189	(4)
Computational Models	193	(14)
Context as ``Just Another CS''	193	(3)
Combining the Associative and Occasion-Setting Properties of Context	196	(9)
Occasion-Setting Properties of Phasic Cues	205	(2)
Relationship of Computational Models to Qualitative Theories	207	(4)
Implications for Human Memory and Memory Disorders	211	(4)
Summary	214	(1)
Stimulus Representation in Cortex	215	(44)
Cortical Representation and Plasticity	216	(7)
Computational Models	223	(27)
Competitive Learning and Topographic Maps	223	(9)
Piriform Cortex	232	(5)
Piriform-Hippocampal Interactions	237	(4)
Integrating Piriform Cortex with the Cortico-Hippocampal Model	241	(9)
Relationship of Computational Models to Qualitative Theories	250	(4)
Implications for Human Memory and Memory Disorders	254	(5)
Summary	256	(1)
Appendix 8.1 Simulation Details	257	(2)
Entorhinal Cortex	259	(46)
Anatomy and Physiology of the Hippocampal Region	260	(5)
Computational Models	265	(26)
Entorhinal Cortex and Redundancy Compression	266	(17)
Stimulus Competition in Entorhinal Cortex	283	(3)
Backprojections from Entorhinal Cortex	286	(5)
Relationship to Qualitative Theories: Stimulus Buffering and Configuration	291	(3)
Implications for Human Memory and Memory Disorders	294	(11)
Behavioral Measures of Hippocampal Atrophy	297	(5)
Entorhinal Versus Hippocampal Atrophy in AD	302	(1)
Summary	303	(1)
Appendix 9.1 Simulation Details	303	(2)
Cholinergic Modulation of Hippocampal-Region Function	305	(40)
Acetylcholine as a Neuromodulator	306	(5)
Neuromodulation	307	(1)
Acetylcholine (ACh) and Memory Function	308	(3)
Computational Models	311	(23)
Acetylcholine in the Hippocampal Autoassociator	311	(7)
Cholinergic Modulation of Cortico-Hippocampal Interaction	318	(13)
Who Modulates the Modulator?	331	(3)
Other Theories and Issues	334	(4)
Septohippocampal GABAergic Projections	334	(2)
Cholinergic Modulation in Cortex	336	(2)
Implications for Human Memory and Memory Disorders	338	(7)
Basal Forebrain Damage Following Cerebral Aneurysm	338	(3)
Cholinergic Depletion in Alzheimer's Disease	341	(1)
Summary	342	(1)
Appendix 10.1 Simulation Details	342	(3)
Emergent Themes	345	(5)
Hippocampal Function Can Best Be Understood in Terms of How the Hippocampus Interacts and Cooperates with the Functioning of Other Brain Systems	345	(1)
Partial Versus Complete Lesions May Differ in More Than Just Degree	345	(2)
Disrupting a Brain System Has Different Effects Than Removing It	347	(1)
Studies of the Simplest Forms of Animal Learning May Bootstrap Us Toward Understanding More Complex Aspects of Learning and Memory in Humans	347	(1)
Keep It Simple. Keep It Useful. Keep It Testable.	348	(2)
Keep It Simple	348	(1)
Keep It Useful	349	(1)
Keep It Testable	349	(1)
Conclusion	350	(1)
Glossary	351	(22)
Notes	373	(18)
References	391	(32)
Author Index	423	(16)
Subject Index	439