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Ralph H. Petrucci
Ralph Petrucci received his B.S. in Chemistry from Union College, Schenectady, NY, and his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin—Madison. Following ten years of teaching, research, consulting, and directing the NSF Institutes for Secondary School Science Teachers at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, Dr. Petrucci joined the planning staff of the new California State University campus at San Bernardino in 1964. There, in addition to his faculty appointment, he served as Chairman of the Natural Sciences Division and Dean of Academic Planning before retiring from teaching.
F. Geoffrey Herring
Geoff Herring received his B.Sc. and his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry, both from the University of London. He is currently a Professor in the Department of Chemistry of the University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Dr. Herring has research interests in the area of biophysical chemistry and has published over 100 papers in the area of physical chemistry and chemical physics. Recently, Dr. Herring has undertaken studies in the use of information technology and interactive engagement methods in teaching general chemistry with a view to improving student comprehension and learning. Dr. Herring has taught chemistry from undergraduate to graduate levels for 30 years and has twice been the recipient of the Killam Prize for Excellence in Teaching.
Jeffry D. Madura
Jeffry D. Madura received his B.A. from Thiel College and his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from Purdue University. He is currently Professor and Chair in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, PA. Dr. Madura’s research interests are in the area of computational chemistry and biophysical chemistry, and he has published over 70 papers in the area of physical chemistry and chemical physics. Recently, Dr. Madura has undertaken studies in the use of technology and interactive personal response systems in teaching general and physical chemistry with the goal of improving student comprehension and learning. Dr. Madura has taught chemistry from undergraduate to graduate levels for 15 years and has been the recipient of a Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award.
Carey Bissonnette
Carey Bissonnette received his B.Sc. in Chemistry from the University of Waterloo, Ontario and his Ph.D. in Theoretical Chemistry from the University of Camridge. He is currently Continuing Lecturer in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Waterloo. He has won awards for excellence in teaching, including the University of Waterloo’s Distinguished Teacher Award in 2005. Dr. Bissonnette has made extensive use of technology in both the classroom and the laboratory in order to create an interactive environment for his students to learn and explore. For the past several years, he has been actively engaged in undergraduate curriculum development, high school liaison activities, and the coordination of the University’s high school chemistry contests that are written each year by thousands of students around the world.
1 MATTER–ITS PROPERTIES AND MEASUREMENT
1-1 The Scientific Method
1-2 Properties of Matter
1-3 Classification of Matter
1-4 Measurement of Matter: SI (Metric) Units
1-5 Density and Percent Composition: Their Use in Problem Solving
1-6 Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements
1-7 Significant Figures
2 ATOMS AND THE ATOMIC THEORY
2-1 Early Chemical Discoveries and the Atomic Theory
2-2 Electrons and Other Discoveries in Atomic Physics
2-3 The Nuclear Atom
2-4 Chemical Elements
2-5 Atomic Mass
2-6 Introduction to the Periodic Table
2-7 The Concept of the Mole and the Avogadro Constant
2-8 Using the Mole Concept in Calculations
3 CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
3-1 Types of Chemical Compounds and their Formulas
3-2 The Mole Concept and Chemical Compounds
3-3 Composition of Chemical Compounds
3-4 Oxidation States: A Useful Tool in Describing Chemical Compounds
3-5 Naming Compounds: Organic and Inorganic Compounds
3-6 Names and Formulas of Inorganic Compounds
3-7 Names and Formulas of Organic Compounds
4 CHEMICAL REACTIONS
4-1 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations
4-2 Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry
4-3 Chemical Reactions in Solution
4-4 Determining the Limiting Reactant
4-5 Other Practical Matters in Reaction Stoichiometry
5 INTRODUCTION TO REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
5-1 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions
5-2 Precipitation Reactions
5-3 Acid-Base Reactions
5-4 Oxidation-Reduction: Some General Principles
5-5 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations
5-6 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
5-7 Stoichiometry of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions: Titrations
6 GASES
6-1 Properties of Gases: Gas Pressure
6-2 The Simple Gas Laws
6-3 Combining the Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas Equation and the General Gas Equation
6-4 Applications of the Ideal Gas Equation
6-5 Gases in Chemical Reactions
6-6 Mixtures of Gases
6-7 Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases
6-8 Gas Properties Relating to the Kinetic-Molecular Theory
6-9 Nonideal (Real) Gases
7 THERMOCHEMISTRY
7-1 Getting Started: Some Terminology
7-2 Heat
7-3 Heats of Reaction and Calorimetry
7-4 Work
7-5 The First Law of Thermodynamics
7-6 Heats of Reaction: ΔU and ΔH
7-7 Indirect Determination of ΔH: Hess’s Law
7-8 Standard Enthalpies of Formation
7-9 Fuels as Sources of Energy
8 ELECTRONS IN ATOMS
8-1 Electromagnetic Radiation
8-2 Atomic Spectra
8-3 Quantum Theory
8-4 The Bohr Atom
8-5 Two Ideas Leading to a New Quantum Mechanics
8-6 Wave Mechanics
8-7 Quantum Numbers and Electron Orbitals
8-8 Interpreting and Representing the Orbitals of the Hydrogen Atom
8-9 Electron Spin: A Fourth Quantum Number
8-10 Multielectron Atoms
8-11 Electron Configurations
8-12 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
9 THE PERIODIC TABLE AND SOME ATOMIC PROPERTIES
9-1 Classifying the Elements: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
9-2 Metals and Nonmetals and their Ions
9-3 Sizes of Atoms and Ions
9-4 Ionization Energy
9-5 Electron Affinity
9-6 Magnetic Properties
9-7 Periodic Properties of the Elements
10 CHEMICAL BONDING I: BASIC CONCEPTS
10-1 Lewis Theory: An Overview
10-2 Covalent Bonding: An Introduction
10-3 Polar Covalent Bonds and Electrostatic Potential Maps
10-4 Writing Lewis Structures
10-5 Resonance
10-6 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
10-7 Shapes of Molecules
10-8 Bond Order and Bond Lengths
10-9 Bond Energies
11 CHEMICAL BONDING II: ADDITIONAL ASPECTS
11-1 What a Bonding Theory Should Do
11-2 Introduction to the Valence-Bond Method
11-3 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
11-4 Multiple Covalent Bonds
11-5 Molecular Orbital Theory
11-6 Delocalized Electrons: Bonding in the Benzene Molecule
11-7 Bonding in Metals
11-8 Some Unresolved Issues; Can Electron Charge-Density Plots Help?
12 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES: LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS
12-1 Intermolecular Forces
12-2 Some Properties of Liquids
12-3 Some Properties of Solids
12-4 Phase Diagrams
12-5 Network Covalent Solids and Ionic Solids
12-6 Crystal Structures
12-7 Energy Changes in the Formation of Ionic Crystals
13 SOLUTIONS AND THEIR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
13-1 Types of Solutions: Some Terminology
13-2 Solution Concentration
13-3 Intermolecular Forces and the Solution Process
13-4 Solution Formation and Equilibrium
13-5 Solubilities of Gases
13-6 Vapor Pressures of Solutions
13-7 Osmotic Pressure
13-8 Freezing-Point Depression and Boiling-Point Elevation of Nonelectrolyte Solutions
13-9 Solutions of Electrolytes
13-10 Colloidal Mixtures
14 CHEMICAL KINETICS
14-1 The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
14-2 Measuring Reaction Rates
14-3 Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rates: The Rate Law
14-4 Zero-Order Reactions
14-5 First-Order Reactions
14-6 Second-Order Reactions
14-7 Reaction Kinetics: A Summary
14-8 Theoretical Models for Chemical Kinetics
14-9 The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates
14-10 Reaction Mechanisms
14-11 Catalysis
15 PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
15-1 Dynamic Equilibrium
15-2 The Equilibrium Constant Expression
15-3 Relationships Involving Equilibrium Constants
15-4 The Magnitude of an Equilibrium Constant
15-5 The Reaction Quotient, Q: Predicting The Direction of Net Change
15-6 Altering Equilibrium Conditions: Le Châtelier’s Principle
15-7 Equilibrium Calculations: Some Illustrative Examples
16 ACIDS AND BASES
16-1 Arrhenius Theory: A Brief Review
16-2 Brønsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases
16-3 Self-Ionization of Water and the pH Scale
16-4 Strong Acids and Strong Bases
16-5 Weak Acids and Weak Bases
16-6 Polyprotic Acids
16-7 Ions as Acids and Bases
16-8 Molecular Structure and Acid-Base Behavior
16-9 Lewis Acids and Bases
17 ADDITIONAL ASPECTS OF ACID—BASE EQUILIBRIA
17-1 Common-Ion Effect in Acid-Base Equilibria
17-2 Buffer Solutions
17-3 Acid-Base Indicators
17-4 Neutralization Reactions and Titration Curves
17-5 Solutions of Salts of Polyprotic Acids
17-6 Acid-Base Equilibrium Calculations: A Summary
18 SOLUBILITY AND COMPLEX-ION EQUILIBRIA
18-1 Solubility Product Constant, Ksp
18-2 Relationship Between Solubility and Ksp
18-3 Common-Ion Effect in Solubility Equilibria
18-4 Limitations of the Ksp Concept
18-5 Criteria for Precipitation and its Completeness
18-6 Fractional Precipitation
18-7 Solubility and pH
18-8 Equilibria Involving Complex Ions
18-9 Qualitative Cation Analysis
19 SPONTANEOUS CHANGE: ENTROPY AND Gibbs ENERGY
19-1 Spontaneity: The Meaning of Spontaneous Change
19-2 The Concept of Entropy
19-3 Evaluating Entropy and Entropy Changes
19-4 Criteria for Spontaneous Change: The Second Law of Thermodynamics
19-5 Standard Gibbs Energy Change, ΔG°
19-6 Gibbs Energy Change and Equilibrium
19-7 ΔG° and K as Functions of Temperature
19-8 Coupled Reactions
20 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
20-1 Electrode Potentials and their Measurement
20-2 Standard Electrode Potentials
20-3 Ecell, ΔG, and K
20-4 Ecell as a Function of Concentrations
20-5 Batteries: Producing Electricity Through Chemical Reactions
20-6 Corrosion: Unwanted Voltaic Cells
20-7 Electrolysis: Causing Nonspontaneous Reactions to Occur
20-8 Industrial Electrolysis Processes
21 CHEMISTRY OF THE MAIN-GROUP ELEMENTS I: GROUPS 1, 2, 13, AND 14
21-1 Periodic Trends and Charge Density
21-2 Group 1: The Alkali Metals
21-3 Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals
21-4 Group 13: The Boron Family
21-5 Group 14: The Carbon Family
22 CHEMISTRY OF THE MAIN-GROUP ELEMENTS II: GROUPS 18, 17, 16, 15, AND HYDROGEN
22-1 Periodic Trends in Bonding
22-2 Group 18: The Noble Gases
22-3 Group 17: The Halogens
22-4 Group 16: The Oxygen Family
22-5 Group 15: The Nitrogen Family
22-6 Hydrogen: A Unique Element
23 THE TRANSITION ELEMENTS
23-1 General Properties
23-2 Principles of Extractive Metallurgy
23-3 Metallurgy of Iron and Steel
23-4 First-Row Transition Metal Elements: Scandium to Manganese
23-5 The Iron Triad: Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel
23-6 Group 11: Copper, Silver, and Gold
23-7 Group 12: Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury
23-8 Lanthanides
23-9 High-Temperature Superconductors
24 COMPLEX IONS AND COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
24-1 Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds: An Overview
24-2 Ligands
24-3 Nomenclature
24-4 Isomerism
24-5 Bonding in Complex Ions: Crystal Field Theory
24-6 Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds and Crystal Field Theory
24-7 Color and the Colors of Complexes
24-8 Aspects of Complex-Ion Equilibria
24-9 Acid-Base Reactions of Complex Ions
24-10 Some Kinetic Considerations
24-11 Applications of Coordination Chemistry
25 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
25-1 Radioactivity
25-2 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Isotopes
25-3 Nuclear Reactions and Artificially Induced Radioactivity
25-4 Transuranium Elements
25-5 Rate of Radioactive Decay
25-6 Energetics of Nuclear Reactions
25-7 Nuclear Stability
25-8 Nuclear Fission
25-9 Nuclear Fusion
25-10 Effect of Radiation on Matter
25-11 Applications of Radioisotopes
26 STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
26-1 Organic Compounds and Structures: An Overview
26-2 Alkanes
26-3 Cycloalkanes
26-4 Stereoisomerism in Organic Compounds
26-5 Alkenes and Alkynes
26-6 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
26-7 Organic Compounds Containing Functional Groups
26-8 From Molecular Formula to Molecular Structure
27 REACTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
27-1 Organic Reactions: An Introduction
27-2 Organic Acids and Bases
27-3 Introduction to Substitution Reactions
27-4 Introduction to Elimination Reactions
27-5 Reactions of Alcohols
27-6 Introduction to Addition Reactions: Reactions of Alkenes
27-7 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
27-8 Nitration: Substitution of −H with −NO2
27-9 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: The Addition—Elimination Mechanism
27-10 Reactions of Alkanes
27-11 Polymers and Polymerization Reactions
27-12 Synthesis of Organic Compounds
28 CHEMISTRY OF THE LIVING STATE
28-1 Chemical Structure of Living Matter: An Overview
28-2 Lipids
28-3 Carbohydrates
28-4 Proteins
28-5 Aspects of Metabolism
28-6 Nucleic Acids
APPENDIXES
A Mathematical Operations
B Some Basic Physical Concepts
C SI Units
D Data Tables:
E Concept Maps
F Glossary
G Answers to Concept Assessment Questions
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