General Chemistry With Qualitative Analysis

by Whitten, Kenneth W.; Davis, Raymond E.; Peck, Larry

• ISBN13: 9780030212178
• ISBN10: 0030212170
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-08-19
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

This best-selling text is summarized by "classic text, modern presentation." Its emphasis on fundamental skills and concepts and clearly explained problem-solving strategies continues to be a strength. The revision builds on the highly praised style and applications to everyday life that have earned this text a reputation as the voice of authority in general chemistry.

Table of Contents

To the Instructor	xvii
Supplements	xxii
Acknowledgments	xxiv
To the Student	xxvii
The Foundations of Chemistry	1	(45)
Matter and Energy	4	(2)
States of Matter	6	(1)
Chemical and Physical Properties	6	(3)
Chemical and Physical Changes	9	(1)
Mixtures, Substances, Compounds, and Elements	10	(6)
Chemistry in Use The Resources of the Ocean	11	(5)
Measurements of Chemistry	16	(2)
Units of Measurement	18	(2)
Use of Numbers	20	(6)
The Unit Factor Method (Dimensional Analysis)	26	(4)
Percentage	30	(1)
Density and specific Gravity	31	(3)
Heat and Temperature	34	(3)
Heat Transfer and the Measurement of Heat	37	(9)
Key terms	40	(1)
Exercises	41	(5)
Chemical Formulas and Composition Stoichiometry	46	(42)
Atoms and Molecules	48	(3)
Chemical Formulas	51	(2)
Ions and Ionic Compounds	53	(2)
Names and Formulas of Some Ionic Compounds	55	(2)
Atomic Weights	57	(1)
The Mole	57	(6)
Chemistry in Use Avogadro's Number	61	(2)
Formula Weights, Molecular Weights, and Moles	63	(3)
Percent Composition and Formulas of Compounds	66	(4)
Chemistry in Use Names of the Elements	68	(2)
Derivation of Formulas from Elemental composition	70	(4)
Determination of Molecular Formulas	74	(3)
Some Other Interpretations of Chemical Formulas	77	(3)
Purity of Samples	80	(8)
Key Terms	82	(1)
Exercises	82	(6)
Chemical Equations and Reaction Stoichiometry	88	(33)
Chemical Equations	90	(2)
Calculations Based on Chemical Equations	92	(4)
The Limiting Reactant Concept	96	(3)
Percent Yields from Chemical Reactions	99	(2)
Sequential Reactions	101	(2)
Concentrations of Solutions	103	(4)
Dilution of Solutions	107	(3)
Using Solutions in Chemical Reactions	110	(11)
Key Terms	112	(1)
Exercises	113	(8)
Some Types of chemical Reactions	121	(54)
The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids	123	(6)
Chemistry in Use The discovery of Phosphorus	128	(1)
Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction	129	(5)
Reactions in Aqueous solutions	134	(6)
Oxidation Numbers
Classifying chemical Reactions	140	(1)
Oxidation--Reduction Reactions: An Introduction	140	(4)
Combination Reactions	144	(2)
Decomposition Reactions	146	(1)
Displacement Reactions	147	(6)
Chemistry in Use Troublesome Displacement Reactions	149	(4)
Metathesis Reactions	153	(7)
Summary of Reaction Types	160	(2)
Naming Inorganic Compounds	160	(2)
Naming Binary Compounds	162	(3)
Naming Ternary Acids and Their Salts	165	(10)
Key Terms	167	(1)
Exercises	168	(7)
The Structure of Atoms	175	(59)
Subatomic Particles	177	(1)
Fundamental Particles	177	(1)
The discovery of Electrons	178	(2)
Canal Rays and Protons	180	(1)
Rutherford and Nuclear Atom	181	(2)
Atomic Number	183	(1)
Neutrons	184	(1)
Mass Number and Isotopes	184	(2)
Mass Spectrometry and Isotopic Abundance	186	(5)
Chemistry in Use Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis	188	(3)
The Atomic Weight Scale and Atomic Weights	191	(2)
The Electronic Structures of Atoms	193	(1)
Electromagnetic Radiation	193	(4)
The Photoelectric Effect	197	(1)
Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Atom	198	(6)
Enrichment The Bohr Theory and the Balmer-Rydberg Equation	201	(3)
The Wave nature of the Electron	204	(1)
The Quantum Mechanical Picture of the Atom	205	(3)
Enrichment The Schrodinger Equation	207	(1)
Quantum Numbers	208	(1)
Atomic Orbitals	209	(5)
Electron configurations	214	(8)
Enrichment Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism	218	(4)
The Periodic Table and Electron configurations	222	(12)
Key Terms	225	(2)
Exercises	227	(7)
Chemical Periodicity	234	(35)
More About the Periodic Table	235	(5)
Chemistry in Use The Periodic Table	237	(1)
Chemistry in Use Glenn Seaborg: A Human Side to the Modern Periodic Table	238	(1)
Periodic Properties of the Elements	239	(1)
Atomic Radii	240	(2)
Ionization Energy	242	(3)
Electron Affinity	245	(3)
Ionic Radii	248	(2)
Electronegativity	250	(1)
Chemical Reactions and Periodicity	251	(1)
Hydrogen and the Hydrides	251	(4)
Oxygen and the Oxides	255	(14)
Key Terms	264	(1)
Exercises	265	(4)
Chemical Bonding	269	(36)
Lewis Dot Formulas of Atoms	271	(1)
Ionic Bonding	272	(1)
Formation of Ionic compounds	272	(7)
Enrichment Introduction to Energy Relationships in Ionic Bonding	277	(1)
Covalent Bonding	278	(1)
Formation of Covalent Bonds	279	(1)
Lewis Formulas for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions	280	(1)
The Octet Rule	281	(6)
Resonance	287	(4)
Enrichment Formal Charges	289	(2)
Limitations of the Octet Rule for Lewis Formulas	291	(5)
Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds	296	(1)
Dipole Moments	297	(1)
The Continuous Range of Bonding Types	298	(7)
Key Terms	299	(1)
Exercises	300	(5)
Molecular Structure and Covalent Bonding Theories	305	(47)
A Preview of the Chapter	307	(2)
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory	309	(1)
Polar Molecules: The Influence of Molecular Geometry	310	(3)
Valence Bond (VB) Theory	313	(1)
Molecular Shapes and Bonding	314	(1)
Linear Electronic Geometry: AB2 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)	314	(2)
Trigonal Planar Electronic Geometry: AB3 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)	316	(2)
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB4 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)	318	(5)
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB3U Species (One Lone Pair of Electrons on A)	323	(5)
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB2U2 Species (Two Lone Pairs of Electrons of A)	328	(2)
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: ABU3 Species (Three Lone Pairs of Electrons of A)	330	(1)
Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB5, AB4U, AB3U2, and AB2U3	331	(4)
OctahedraL Electronic Geometry: AB6, AB5U, and AB4U2	335	(5)
Compounds Containing Double Bonds	340	(2)
Compounds Containing Triple Bonds	342	(1)
A Summary of Electronic and Molecular Geometries	343	(9)
Key Terms	345	(1)
Exercises	346	(6)
Molecular Orbitals in chemical Bonding	352	(19)
Molecular Orbitals	354	(3)
Molecular Orbital Energy Level Diagrams	357	(1)
Bond Order and Bond Stability	358	(1)
Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules	359	(3)
Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules	362	(3)
Delocalization and the Shapes of Molecular Orbitals	365	(6)
Key Terms	368	(1)
Exercises	368	(3)
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions I: Acids, Bases, and Salts	371	(28)
Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Acids and Bases	373	(1)
The Arrhenius Theory	374	(1)
The Hydronium Ion (Hydrated Hydrogen Ion)	374	(1)
Bronsted-Lowry Theory	375	(3)
The Autoionization of Water	378	(1)
Amphoterism	378	(2)
Chemistry in Use Everyday Salts of Ternary Acids	379	(1)
Strengths of Acids	380	(4)
Acid-Base Reactions in Aqueous Solutions	384	(2)
Acidic and Basic Salts	386	(1)
The Lewis Theory	387	(4)
The Preparation of Acids	391	(8)
Key Terms	392	(1)
Exercises	393	(6)
Reactions of Aqueous Solutions II: Calculations	399	(34)
Aqueous Acid-Base Reactions	400	(1)
Calculations Involving Molarity	401	(4)
Titrations	405	(3)
The Mole Method and Molarity	408	(3)
Equivalent weights and Normality	411	(5)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	415	(1)
The Half-Reaction Method	416	(1)
Adding H+, OH-, or H2O to Balance Oxygen or Hydrogen	417	(3)
Change-in-Oxidation-Number Method	420	(5)
Stoichiometry of Redox Reactions	425	(8)
Key Terms	427	(1)
Exercises	428	(5)
Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory	433	(50)
Comparison of solids, Liquids, and Gases	435	(1)
Composition of the Atmosphere and Some Common Properties of Gases	435	(1)
Pressure	436	(5)
Chemistry in Use The Greenhouse Effect	438	(3)
Boyle's Law: The Volume-Pressure Relationship	441	(3)
Charles's Law: The Volume-Temperature Relationship; The Absolute Temperature Scale	444	(2)
Standard Temperature and Pressure	446	(1)
The Combined Gas Law Equation	446	(2)
Avogadro's Law and the Standard Molar Volume	448	(2)
Summary of Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas Equation	450	(4)
Determination of Molecular Weights and Molecular Formulas of Gaseous Substances	454	(2)
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures	456	(6)
Mass--Volume Relationships in Reactions Involving Gases	462	(2)
The Kinetic--Molecular Theory	464	(6)
Enrichment Kinetic-Molecular Theory, the Ideal Gas Equation, and Molecular Speeds	467	(3)
Diffusion and Effusion of Gases	470	(1)
Real Gases: Deviations from Ideality	471	(12)
Key Terms	474	(1)
Exercises	475	(8)
Liquids and Solids	483	(58)
Kinetic--Molecular Description of Liquids and Solids	486	(1)
Intermolecular Attractions and Phase Changes	487	(6)
The Liquid State	492	(1)
Viscosity	493	(1)
Surface Tension	493	(1)
Capillary Action	494	(1)
Evaporation	495	(1)
Vapor Pressure	496	(2)
Boiling Points and Distillation	498	(1)
Heat Transfer Involving Liquids	499	(4)
Enrichment The Clausius-Equation	501	(2)
The Solid State	503	(1)
Melting Point	503	(1)
Heat Transfer Involving Solids	503	(3)
Sublimation and the Vapor Pressure of Solids	506	(1)
Phase Diagrams (P versus T)	507	(3)
Amorphous Solids and Crystalline Solids	510	(2)
Enrichment X-Ray Diffraction	510	(2)
Structures of Crystals	512	(4)
Bonding in Solids	516	(12)
Chemistry in Use Semiconductors	518	(10)
Band Theory of Metals	528	(13)
Key Terms	531	(2)
Exercises	533	(8)
Solutions	541	(49)
The Dissolution Process	543	(1)
Spontaneity of the Dissolution Process	543	(2)
Dissolution of solids in Liquids	545	(3)
Dissolution of Liquids in Liquids (Miscibility)	548	(1)
Dissolution of Gases in Liquids	549	(1)
Rates of Dissolution and Saturation	550	(2)
Effect of Temperature of Solubility	552	(2)
Effect of Pressure of Solubility	554	(1)
Molality and Mole Fraction	554	(3)
Colligative Properties of solutions	556	(1)
Lowering of Vapor Pressure and Raoult's Law	557	(4)
Fractional Distillation	561	(2)
Boiling Point Elevation	563	(1)
Freezing Point Depression	564	(2)
Determination of Molecular Weight by Freezing Point Depression of Boiling Point Elevation	566	(2)
Colligative Properties and Dissociation of Electrolytes	568	(2)
Osmotic Pressure	570	(8)
Colloids	575	(1)
Chemistry in Use Water Purification and Hemodialysis	576	(2)
The Tyndall Effect	578	(1)
The Adsorption Phenomenon	578	(1)
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids	579	(11)
Chemistry in Use Why Does Red Wine Go with Red Meat?	582	(1)
Key Terms	583	(1)
Exercises	584	(6)
Chemical Thermodynamics	590	(56)
Heat Changes and Thermochemistry	592	(1)
The First Law of Thermodynamics	592	(2)
Some Thermodynamic Terms	594	(2)
Enthalpy Changes	596	(1)
Calorimetry	596	(2)
Thermochemical Equations	598	(3)
Standard States and Standard Enthalpy changes	601	(1)
Standard Molar Enthalpies of formation, δH0F	602	(2)
Hess's Law	604	(5)
Bond Energies	609	(3)
Changes in Internal Energy, δE	612	(6)
Relationship Between δH and δE	618	(2)
Spontaneity of Physical and chemical Changes	620	(1)
The Two Aspects of spontaneity	620	(1)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics	621	(1)
Entropy, S	621	(7)
Free Energy Change, δG, and Spontaneity	628	(3)
The Temperature Dependence of Spontaneity	631	(15)
Key Terms	635	(1)
Exercises	636	(10)
Chemical Kinetics	646	(61)
The Rate of a Reaction	648	(7)
Factors That Affect Reaction Rates	654	(1)
Nature of the Reactants	655	(1)
Concentrations of Reactants: The Rate-Law Expression	656	(8)
Concentration Versus Time: The Integrated Rate Equation	664	(12)
Enrichment Calculus Derivation of Integrated Rate Equations	670	(2)
Enrichment Using Integrated Rate Equations to Determine Reaction Order	672	(4)
Collision Theory of Reaction Rates	676	(1)
Transition State Theory	677	(3)
Reaction Mechanisms and the Rate-Law Expression	680	(4)
Temperature: The Arrhenius Equation	684	(4)
Catalysts	688	(19)
Chemistry in Use Ozone	694	(4)
Key Terms	698	(1)
Exercises	698	(9)
Chemical Equilibrium	707	(45)
Basic concepts	708	(3)
The Equilibrium constant	711	(4)
Variation of Kc with the Form of the Balanced Equation	715	(1)
The Reaction Quotient	716	(1)
Uses of the Equilibrium constant, Kc	717	(4)
Factors that Affect Equilibria	721	(7)
The Haber Process: A Practical Application of Equilibrium	728	(1)
Application of Stress to a System at Equilibrium	729	(4)
Partial Pressures and the Equilibrium Constant	733	(1)
Relationship Between Kp and Kc	734	(3)
Heteregeneous Equilibria	737	(1)
Relationship Between δG0rxn and the Equilibrium Constant	738	(4)
Evaluation of Equilibrium Constants at Different Temperatures	742	(10)
Key Terms	744	(1)
Exercises	744	(8)
Ionic Equilibria I: Acids and Bases	752	(40)
A Review of Strong Electrolytes	754	(1)
The Autoionization of Water	754	(2)
The pH and pOH Scales	756	(5)
Ionization Constants for Weak Monoprotic Acids and Bases	761	(11)
Polyprotic Acids	772	(4)
Solvolysis	776	(1)
Salts of Strong Bases and Strong Acids	777	(1)
Salts of Strong Bases and Weak Acids	777	(3)
Salts of Weak Bases and Strong Acids	780	(3)
Chemistry in Use Taming Acids with Harmless Salts	782	(1)
Salts of Weak Bases and Weak Acids	783	(1)
Salts that Contain Small, Highly charged Cations	784	(8)
Key Terms	786	(1)
Exercises	787	(5)
Ionic Equilibria II: Buffers and Titration Curves	792	(30)
The Common Ion Effect and Buffer solutions	793	(7)
Buffering Action	800	(3)
Preparation of Buffer Solutions	803	(5)
Chemistry in Use Fun with Carbonates	806	(2)
Acid-Base Indicators	808	(2)
Titration Curves	810	(1)
Strong Acid/Strong Base Titration Curves	810	(3)
Weak Acid/Strong Base Titration Curves	813	(3)
Weak Acid/Weak Base Titration Curves	816	(1)
Summary of Acid-Base Calculations	816	(6)
Key Terms	818	(1)
Exercises	818	(4)
Ionic Equilibria III: The Solubility Product Principle	822	(25)
Solubility Product Constants	823	(3)
Determination of Solubility Product Constants	826	(2)
Uses of Solubility Product constants	828	(6)
Fractional Precipitation	834	(3)
Simultaneous Equilibria Involving slightly Soluble Compounds	837	(3)
Dissolving Precipitates	840	(7)
Key Terms	843	(1)
Exercises	843	(4)
Electrochemistry	847	(53)
Electrical conduction	850	(1)
Electrodes	850	(1)
Electrolytic Cells	851	(1)
The Electrolysis of Molten Sodium Chloride (the Downs Cell)	851	(1)
The Electrolysis of Aqueous Sodium Chloride	852	(2)
The Electrolysis of Aqueous Sodium Sulfate	854	(1)
Faraday's Law of Electrolysis	855	(2)
Commercial Applications of Electrolytic Cells	857	(1)
Voltaic or Galvanic Cells	858	(1)
The Construction of Simple Voltaic Cells	858	(1)
The Zinc-Copper Cell	859	(3)
Chemistry in Use A Spectacular View of One Mole of Electrons	860	(2)
The Copper-Silver Cell	862	(2)
Standard Electrode Potentials	864	(1)
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode	864	(1)
The Zinc-SHE Cell	864	(2)
The Copper-SHE Cell	866	(1)
Standard Electrode Potentials	867	(1)
Uses of Standard Electrode Potentials	868	(3)
Standard Electrode Potentials for Other Half-Reactions	871	(2)
Corrosion	873	(1)
Corrosion Protection	874	(3)
Effect of Concentrations (or Partial Pressures) on Electrode Potentials	877	(1)
The Nernst Equation	877	(4)
Using Electrochemical Cells to Determine Concentrations	881	(3)
Enrichment Concentration Cells	882	(2)
The Relationship of E0cell to δG0 and K	884	(2)
Primary Voltaic Cells	886	(1)
Dry Cells	886	(2)
Secondary Voltaic Cells	888	(1)
The Lead Storage Battery	888	(1)
The Nickel-Cadmium (Nicad) Cell	889	(1)
The Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell	890	(10)
Key Terms	892	(1)
Exercises	893	(7)
Metals I: Metallurgy	900	(19)
Occurrence of the Metals	902	(1)
Metallurgy	902	(1)
Pretreatment of Ores	903	(2)
Reduction to the Free Metals	905	(1)
Refining of Metals	906	(2)
Metallurgies of Specific Metals	908	(1)
Magnesium	908	(1)
Aluminum	909	(2)
Iron	911	(1)
Copper	912	(3)
Gold	915	(4)
Key Terms	916	(1)
Exercises	916	(3)
Metals II: Properties and Reactions	919	(22)
The Alkali Metals (Group IA)	921	(1)
Group IA Metals: Properties and Occurrence	921	(1)
Reactions of the Group IA Metals	922	(2)
Uses of Group IA Metals and Their Compounds	924	(4)
Chemistry in Use Trace Elements and Life	925	(3)
The Alkaline Earth Metals (Group IIA)	928	(1)
Group IIA Metals: Properties and Occurrences	928	(1)
Reactions of the Group IIA Metals	928	(2)
Uses of Group IIA Metals and Their compounds	930	(1)
The Post-Transition Metals	931	(1)
Group IIIA: Periodic Trends	931	(5)
Chemistry in Use The Most Valuable Metal in the world	934	(1)
The d-Transition Metals	935	(1)
General Properties	936	(1)
Oxidation States	936	(1)
Chromium Oxides and Hydroxides	937	(4)
Key Terms	939	(1)
Exercises	939	(2)
Some Nonmetals and Metalloids	941	(30)
The Noble Gases (Group VIIIA)	943	(1)
Occurrence, Uses, and Properties	943	(1)
Xenon Compounds	943	(2)
The Halogens (Group VIIA)	944	(1)
Properties	945	(1)
Occurrence, Production, and Uses	946	(2)
Reactions of the Free Halogens	948	(1)
The Hydrogen Haldies and Hydrohalic Acids	948	(2)
The Oxoacids (Ternary Acids) of the Halogens	950	(1)
Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium	951	(1)
Occurrence, Properties, and Uses	951	(2)
Reactions of Group VIA Elements	953	(1)
Hydrides of Group VIA Elements	954	(1)
Group VIA Oxides	954	(2)
Oxoacids of Sulfur	956	(2)
Nitrogen and Phosphorus	957	(1)
Occurrence of Nitrogen	958	(1)
Hydrogen compounds of Nitrogen	959	(1)
Nitrogen Oxides	960	(3)
Chemistry in Use Nitrogen Oxides and Photochemical Smog	962	(1)
Some Oxoacids of Nitrogen and Their Salts	963	(1)
Phosphorus	964	(2)
Silicon	965	(1)
Silicon and the Silicates	966	(5)
Key Terms	967	(1)
Exercises	967	(4)
Coordination compounds	971	(30)
Coordination compounds	972	(3)
Ammine complexes	975	(2)
Important Terms	977	(2)
Nomenclature	979	(2)
Structures	981	(1)
Isomerism in Coordination compounds	981	(1)
Structural (Constitutional) Isomers	982	(2)
Stereoisomers	984	(7)
Bonding in Coordination compounds	991	(1)
Crystal Field Theory	991	(3)
Color and the Spectrochemical Series	994	(7)
Key Terms	997	(1)
Exercises	998	(3)
Nuclear Chemistry	1001	(38)
The Nucleus	1003	(1)
Neutron--Proton Ratio and Nuclear Stability	1004	(1)
Nuclear Stability and Binding Energy	1005	(3)
Radioactive Decay	1008	(2)
Equations for Nuclear Reactions	1010	(1)
Neutron-Rich Nuclei (Above the Band of Stability)	1010	(1)
Neutron-Poor Nuclei (Below the Band of Stability)	1010	(1)
Nuclei with Atomic Number Greater Than 83	1011	(1)
Detection of Radiation	1011	(2)
Rates of Decay and Half-Life	1013	(2)
Disintegration Series	1015	(2)
Uses of Radionuclides	1017	(4)
Artificial Transmutations of Elements	1021	(4)
Nuclear Fission	1025	(1)
Nuclear Fission Reactors	1026	(6)
Chemistry in Use Managing Nuclear Wastes	1030	(2)
Nuclear Fission	1032	(7)
Key Terms	1034	(1)
Exercises	1035	(4)
Organic Chemistry I: Formulas, Names, and Properties	1039	(67)
Saturated Hydrocarbons	1043	(1)
Alkanes and Cycloalkanes	1043	(5)
Naming Saturated Hydrocarbons	1048	(5)
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons	1053	(1)
Alkenes	1053	(5)
Chemistry in Use Petroleum	1054	(4)
Alkynes	1058	(2)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons	1060	(1)
Benzene	1060	(2)
Other Aromatic Hydrocarbons	1062	(2)
Hydrocarbons: A Summary	1064	(1)
Functional Groups	1064	(1)
Organic Halides	1064	(2)
Alcohols and Phenols	1066	(5)
Ethers	1071	(1)
Aldehydes and Ketones	1072	(2)
Amines	1074	(2)
Carboxylic Acids	1076	(3)
Some Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids	1079	(6)
Chemistry in Use Butter, Margarine and Trans Fats	1083	(2)
Summary of Functional Groups	1085	(1)
Fundamental Classes of Organic Reactions	1085	(1)
Substitution Reactions	1085	(3)
Addition Reactions	1088	(2)
Elimination Reactions	1090	(1)
Polymerization Reactions	1091	(15)
Key Terms	1097	(1)
Exercises	1098	(8)
Organic Chemistry II: Shapes, Selected Reactions, and Biopolymers	1106	(35)
Shapes of Organic Molecules	1107	(1)
Constitutional Isomers	1108	(1)
Stereoisomers	1109	(4)
Conformations	1113	(2)
Selected Reactions	1114	(1)
Reactions of Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases	1115	(3)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	1118	(5)
Chemistry in Use Chemical communication	1119	(4)
Formation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives	1123	(1)
Hydrolysis of Esters	1124	(2)
Biopolymers	1125	(1)
Carbohydrates	1126	(4)
Polypeptides and Proteins	1130	(4)
Nucleic Acids	1134	(7)
Key Terms	1137	(1)
Exercises	1138	(3)
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS	1141	(90)
Metals in Qualitative Analysis	1142	(13)
The Metals of Analytical Group I	1143	(2)
The Metals of Analytical Group II	1145	(2)
The Metals of Analytical Group IV	1147	(3)
The Metals of Analytical Group V	1150	(5)
Exercises	1154	(1)
Introduction to Laboratory Work	1155	(9)
Basic Ideas of Qualitative Analysis	1156	(1)
Cations of Analytical Group I	1157	(1)
Cations of Analytical Group II	1157	(1)
Cations of Analytical Group III	1158	(1)
Cations of Analytical Group IV	1158	(1)
Cations of Analytical Group V	1158	(1)
Comments of Laboratory Manipulations	1158	(1)
Capillary Pipets	1158	(1)
Stirring Rods	1159	(1)
Reagents	1159	(1)
Precipitation	1159	(2)
Centrifugation of Precipitates and Transfer of the Liquid (Centrifugate)	1161	(1)
Washing Precipitates	1161	(1)
Dissolution and Extraction of Precipitates	1161	(1)
Heating Mixtures and Solutions	1161	(1)
Evaporation	1162	(1)
Known solutions	1162	(1)
Unknown Solutions	1163	(1)
Unknown Reports	1163	(1)
Laboratory Assignments	1163	(1)
Analysis of Cation Group I	1164	(11)
Common Oxidation States of Metals in Cation Group I	1165	(1)
Introduction to the Analytical Procedures	1165	(1)
Preparation of solutions of Analytical Group I Cations	1166	(1)
Separation of Analytical Groups I and II Cations from Group III and Subsequent Group Cations	1166	(2)
Mechanism of sulfide Precipitation	1168	(1)
Precipitation of Analytical Group I Cations	1169	(1)
Dissolution of Analytical Group I Sulfides	1169	(1)
Separation and Identification of Bismuth (III) Ions	1170	(1)
Identification of Copper(II) and Cadmium Ions	1171	(4)
Exercises	1173	(2)
Analysis of Cation Group II	1175	(11)
Common Oxidation States of Metals in Cation Group II	1176	(1)
Introduction to the Analytical Procedures	1177	(1)
Preparation of Solutions of Analytical Group II Cations	1178	(1)
Evaporation with Nitric Acid	1178	(1)
Precipitation of Analytical Group II Cations	1178	(1)
Dissolution of Analytical Group II Sulfides in Sodium Hydroxide Solution	1179	(1)
Reprecipitation of Analytical Group II sulfides	1180	(1)
Separation of Arsenic from Antimony and Tim	1181	(1)
Identification of Arsenic	1182	(1)
Identification of Antimony and Tin	1183	(3)
Exercises	1184	(2)
Analysis of Cation Group III	1186	(15)
Common Oxidation States of the Metals in Analytical Group III	1187	(2)
Precipitation of Analytical Group III Cations	1189	(3)
Separation of Cobalt and Nickel	1192	(1)
Identificatin of Cobalt and Nickel	1192	(2)
Separation of Iron and Manganese from Aluminum, Chromium, and Zinc	1194	(1)
Identification of Manganese and Iron	1195	(1)
Separation and Identification of Aluminum	1196	(2)
Identifcation of Chromium and Zinc	1198	(3)
Exercises	1199	(2)
Analysis of Cation Group IV	1201	(11)
Introduction	1202	(1)
Solubilities of Compounds of Calcium, Strontium, and Barium	1202	(1)
Flame Tests	1203	(2)
Precipitation of Analytical Group IV Cations	1205	(1)
Separation and Identification of Barium Ions	1206	(3)
Separation and Identification of Strontium Ions	1209	(1)
Separation of Identification of Calcium Ions	1209	(3)
Exercises	1210	(2)
Analysis of Cation Group V	1212	(8)
Introduction	1213	(1)
Separation and Identification of Magnesium Ions	1214	(1)
Flame Tests of Sodium and Potassium Ions	1215	(1)
Precipitation Test for Sodium Ions	1216	(1)
Precipitation Test for Potassium Ions	1217	(1)
Test for Ammonium Ions	1218	(2)
Exercises	1219	(1)
Ionic Equilibria in Quantitative Analysis	1220	(11)
Dissolving Precipitates	1221	(2)
Equilibria Involving complex Ions	1223	(3)
Hydrogen Sulfide Equilibria	1226	(2)
Precipitation of Metal Sulfides	1228	(3)
Exercises	1231
Appendix A Some Mathematical Operations	A-1
Appendix B Electron configurations and the Atoms of Elements	A-5
Appendix C Common Units, Equivalences, and Conversion Factors	A-8
Appendix D Physical Constants	A-11
Appendix E Some Physical Constants for a Few Common Substances	A-12
Appendix F Ionization Constants for Weak Acids at 25°C	A-14
Appendix G Ionization Constants for Weak Bases at 25°C	A-15
Appendix H Solubility Product Constants for Some Inorganic Compounds At 25°C	A-16
Appendix I Dissociation Constants for Some Complex Ions	A-18
Appendix J Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous solution at 25°	A-19
Appendix K Selected Thermodynamic Values at 298.15K	A-22
Appendix L Answers to Selected Even-Numbered Numerical Exercises	A-24
Figure Credits	F-1
Glossary/Index	I-1