General Viticulture

by Winkler, Albert Julius; Cook, James A.; Kliewer, W. M.; Cerruti, Laura

• ISBN13: 9780520025912
• ISBN10: 0520025911
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1975-03-01
• Publisher: Univ of California Pr

Summary

Wherever grapevines are cultivated, this book will be welcome because it fills a long-standing need for a clear, concise treatment of modern viticulture. During the past fifty years, more progress has been made in the science and art of growing grapes for table use and raisin or wine production than in any previous century. This new edition has been revised throughout. The chapters on vine structure, vine physiology, the grape flower and berry set, development and composition of grapes, and means of improving grape quality add to our knowledge of the vine and its functions. The text is designed to enable those concerned with either vine or fruit problems to arrive at considered diagnoses. The student will find the text and the cited references a comprehensive source of information. The grape and allied industries should welcome the updating of the major portion of the book. Here the emphasis is on modern practices in vineyard management in arid and semi-arid regions--with special reference to California. Full and detailed treatment is provided or propagation, supports, training young vines, pruning, cultivation and chemical weed control, irrigation, soil management, diseases and pests, and harvesting, packing and storage. The practices recommended in the book are based on the extensive research conducted in California and elsewhere by the authors and their distinguished colleagues. Examples of practices based on experiments are: methods of propagation which by-pass the usual one-year-in-the-vine-nursery; pruning as related to leaf area and time of leaf functioning, and its effect on berry set and fruit development; virus disease control through thermotherapy and soil fumigation; pests held in check by sanitary, chemical, and biological procedures; irrigation practices as related to soil texture. Tissue analyses are employed as guidelines indicating the mineral deficiencies or excesses of vines. Machine harvesting of raisins (with cane cutting) and some wine grape varieties with problems are described. The regional recommendations for table and raisin varieties are based on log years of observations, while those for wine grapes are the results of studies of the interrelation of variety and the heat summation of the different climatic areas. No one concerned with the cultivation of grapes can afford to be without this book.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Second Edition	xxi
History	1	(15)
Viticulture in California	2	(10)
Viticulture in the Eastern United States	12	(4)
Classification of Grapes	16	(13)
Species	16	(2)
Species Used for Fruiting	18	(2)
Species Used for Rootstocks	20	(1)
Commercial Classes of Grapes	21	(8)
Geographical Distribution of Grape Growing	29	(29)
North America	29	(2)
California	31	(4)
South America	35	(1)
Australasia	36	(2)
Africa	38	(2)
Europe	40	(13)
Asia	53	(2)
Grapes in the Tropics	55	(3)
Climate and Soils	58	(19)
Climatic Regions	60	(11)
Soils for Grapes	71	(6)
Structure of the Vine	77	(13)
The Cell	77	(2)
Tissues	79	(2)
The Parts of the Vine	81	(1)
The Root System	81	(3)
The Shoot System	84	(6)
The Physiology of the Vine	90	(21)
Transpiration	90	(2)
Water Intake by the Roots	92	(2)
Absorption of Mineral Nutrients	94	(1)
Photosynthesis	95	(5)
Respiration	100	(2)
Translocation	102	(2)
Growth	104	(1)
Annual Cycle of the Vine	104	(7)
The Grape Flower and Berry Set	111	(27)
Fruit-Bud Formation	111	(7)
The Cluster and Flowers	118	(8)
Pollination	126	(3)
Setting of the Berries	129	(9)
Development and Composition of Grapes	138	(59)
Stages of Berry Development	141	(2)
Factors Affecting Ripening	143	(1)
Physical Composition of the Fruit	144	(2)
Chemical Composition of the Fruit	146	(51)
Propagation	197	(41)
Cuttings	197	(6)
Layers	203	(2)
Grafts	205	(2)
Bench Grafting	207	(12)
Planting and Care of the Nursery	219	(6)
Field Budding	225	(4)
Grafting to Change Varieties	229	(4)
Other Methods of Grafting and Budding	233	(2)
Propagation by Seeds	235	(3)
Establishing the Vineyard	238	(16)
Choice of a Location	238	(2)
Preparation of the Soil	240	(3)
Planning the Vineyard	243	(3)
Laying Out the Vineyard	246	(2)
Choice of Variety, Planting Stock, and Planting	248	(6)
Supports for Vines	254	(18)
For Varieties Requiring Head-Training and Cane-Pruning	255	(4)
For Cordon-Trained, Spur-Pruned Varieties	259	(1)
For Head-Trained, Spur-Pruned Varieties	260	(2)
Broad-Top Sloping Trellis	262	(2)
Supports for American Vines	264	(1)
Supports for Vines to be Harvested by Machine	264	(8)
Training Young Vines	272	(15)
Forming Head-Trained Vines	272	(3)
Forming the Head for Cane-and Spur-Pruned Vines	275	(5)
Forming Cordon-Trained Vines	280	(5)
Training Grapevines on Arbors and Walls	285	(2)
Pruning	287	(51)
Pruning and Training	287	(1)
Vigor and Capacity	288	(1)
The Response of the Vine to Pruning and Crop	288	(7)
Possible Compromises in the Use of Longer Pruning	295	(2)
Principles of Pruning	297	(5)
Dormant Pruning	302	(11)
Summer or Herbaceous Pruning	313	(6)
Classification of Pruning Systems	319	(2)
Commercial Systems of Pruning	321	(8)
Systems of Pruning American Grapes	329	(3)
Choice of a Pruning System	332	(2)
Pruning Grapevines on Arbors	334	(4)
Means of Improving Grape Quality	338	(33)
Thinning	338	(7)
Girdling	345	(9)
Topping and Pinching	354	(1)
Plant Growth Regulators	355	(10)
Sprinkler Cooling Grapevines	365	(6)
Cultivation, Chemical Weed Control, and Erosion Control	371	(14)
Purposes of Cultivation	371	(2)
Cultivation in Unirrigated Vineyards	373	(1)
Cultivation in Irrigated Vineyards	374	(1)
Tillage Implements for Vineyards	374	(2)
Weed Control with Oil	376	(1)
Chemical Weed Control	377	(2)
Recent Research with Herbicides	379	(2)
Soil Erosion Control	381	(4)
Irrigation	385	(25)
The Soil and Soil Moisture	385	(3)
How Soils Are Wetted	388	(1)
The Soil as a Reservoir for Water	389	(1)
Absorption of Water by Vines	389	(1)
Vine Responses to Soil Moisture Conditions	390	(1)
Symptoms of Insufficient Moisture	391	(1)
Possible Effects of Too Much Water	392	(1)
Quantity of Water Needed by Vineyards	393	(1)
General Principles of Vineyard Irrigation	394	(3)
Time and Frequency of Irrigations	397	(2)
Quantity of Water Required for an Irrigation	399	(1)
Quality of Irrigation Water	399	(3)
Distribution of Water	402	(8)
Fertilizer Elements Required by the Vine	410	(29)
Chemical Elements Essential to Plant Growth	410	(1)
Functions of the Elements	411	(1)
Nitrogen	412	(2)
Cover crops	414	(1)
Potassium	415	(3)
Zinc	418	(2)
Boron	420	(3)
Phosphorus	423	(1)
Magnesium	424	(1)
Iron	425	(1)
Manganese	426	(1)
Sulfur	426	(1)
Copper	427	(1)
Molybdenum	427	(1)
Calcium	428	(1)
Sodium	428	(1)
Nitrogen, Potassium, and Phosphorus Removed from the Soil	429	(1)
Response to Major Fertilizer Applications Elsewhere	429	(2)
Determining the Need for Fertilizer	431	(3)
Rate and Manner of Applying Fertilizers	434	(5)
Grape Diseases and Disorders	439	(64)
Fungi Attacking Both the Vine and Its Fruit	440	(12)
Fungi Attacking the Fruit	452	(7)
Fungi Attacking the Roots of Grapevines	459	(6)
Bacterial Diseases	465	(2)
Rickettsia-Like Disease	467	(3)
Micoplasma-Like Disease	470	(1)
Virus Diseases	470	(1)
Virus Diseases Spread in the Soil	471	(6)
Virus Diseases Apparently Air-Borne	477	(4)
Virus Diseases, Mode of Spread Undetermined	481	(2)
Virus-Like Condition	483	(1)
Spread and Control of Virus Diseases	483	(3)
Nonparasitic Disorders	486	(4)
Weather Injuries	490	(13)
Grape Pests	503	(53)
Insects That Attack Leaves	504	(16)
Insects That Attack Flowers and Fruit	520	(11)
Insects That Attack Buds and Young Shoots	531	(4)
Insects That Attack Permanent Parts of the Vine	535	(4)
Insects That Attack Roots	539	(10)
Raisin Insects	549	(3)
Rodent Pests and Deer	552	(1)
Birds	553	(3)
Harvesting and Packing Table Grapes	556	(19)
Standards for Maturity	556	(4)
Harvesting	560	(3)
Packing	563	(4)
Containers	567	(1)
Arrangement in the Container	568	(3)
Maintaining the Quality of Harvested Grapes	571	(4)
Harvesting Wine Grapes	575	(18)
Vineyard Sampling	576	(1)
Criteria for Harvesting	577	(2)
Proper Maturity	579	(1)
Care in Harvesting and Handling	579	(2)
Harvesting Procedure	581	(4)
Machine Harvesting Wine Grapes	585	(8)
Precooling, Fumigation, and Storage of Table Grapes	593	(29)
Precooling	594	(4)
Fumigation with Sulfur Dioxide	598	(4)
Fumigation with Bisulfite	602	(3)
Factors Affecting Absorption of Sulfur Dioxide	605	(1)
Precautions in Fumigation	606	(2)
Cold Storage of Grapes	608	(4)
Refrigeration System	612	(1)
Varieties for Cold Storage	612	(1)
Deterioration of Grapes in Storage and Transit	613	(3)
Predicting Decay in Storage	616	(2)
Transport	618	(4)
Raisins	622	(35)
Raisin Grapes and Trade Names	623	(1)
Kinds of Raisins and Their Production	624	(5)
Handling Raisins After Drying	629	(3)
Handling Rain Damaged Raisins	632	(1)
Other Drying Methods	632	(7)
Factors of Quality in Raisins	639	(5)
Influence of Grape Maturity on the Yeld and Composition of Raisins	644	(2)
Relation of Grape Maturity to Raisin Quality	646	(2)
Other Constituents of Raisins	648	(2)
When to Harvest	650	(7)
Grape Varieties	657	(38)
The Variety Situation	658	(1)
Raisin Grape Varieties	659	(2)
Table Grape Varieties	661	(6)
Red Wine Grape Varieties	667	(10)
White Wine Grape Varieties	677	(6)
Grape Varieties of American Origin	683	(1)
French Hybrids for American Vineyards	684	(1)
Muscadina Grapes	685	(1)
Phylloxera-Resistant Rootstock Varieties	686	(3)
Nematode-Resistant Rootstock Varieties	689	(6)
Index	695