General Zoology : Complete Version

by Lytle

• ISBN13: 9780697136695
• ISBN10: 0697136698
• Edition: 12th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1996-01-01
• Publisher: BROWN WM C CO PUBLISHERS

Table of Contents

Preface	x
Laboratory Safety	xiii
Comparative Safety of Preservatives	xv
Handling and Care of Animals in the Laboratory	xvi
Part I Animal Cells, Tissues, and Development	1	(72)
Microscopy	1	(12)
Objectives	1	(1)
The Compound Microscope	1	(6)
Parts of the Microscope	1	(1)
Magnification	2	(1)
Resolving Power	3	(1)
Illumination	3	(1)
Focusing	4	(1)
Procedure for Use of the Compound Microscope	4	(1)
Returning the Microscope After Use	5	(1)
Special Precautions	5	(1)
Exercises Using the Compound Microscope	5	(1)
Estimating Magnification	6	(1)
Measuring Microscopic Objects	6	(1)
Measurements Using an Ocular Micrometer	6	(1)
The Stereoscopic Microscope	7	(1)
Exercises Using the Stereomicroscope	8	(1)
Other Types of Microscopes	8	(5)
Phase Contrast Microscopy	8	(1)
Interference Microscopy	8	(1)
Electron Microscopy	9	(2)
Key Terms	11	(2)
Animal Cells and Tissues	13	(20)
Objectives	13	(1)
The Cell Theory	13	(1)
Basic Cell Structure	14	(1)
Animal Tissues	14	(19)
Epithelial Tissue	15	(2)
Connective Tissue	17	(2)
Cartilage	19	(1)
Bone	20	(1)
Muscular Tissue	20	(3)
Nervous Tissue	23	(1)
Vascular Tissue	23	(8)
Key Terms	31	(2)
Mitosis and Meiosis	33	(16)
Objectives	33	(1)
Introduction	33	(1)
Mitosis	33	(6)
The Mitotic Apparatus	34	(2)
Stages of Mitosis	36	(1)
Timing in the Cell Cycle	37	(2)
Meiosis	39	(10)
Principal Stages of Meiosis	44	(1)
Key Terms	44	(5)
Development	49	(24)
Objectives	49	(1)
Introduction	49	(1)
Component Processes of Development	49	(1)
Growth	49	(1)
Determination	49	(1)
Differentiation	49	(1)
Morphogenesis	49	(1)
Gametes	50	(1)
Embryonic Cleavage	50	(2)
Influence of Yolk	50	(1)
Patterns of Cleavage	51	(1)
Determinate and Indeterminate Development	51	(1)
Starfish Embryology	52	(3)
Summary of Early Starfish Development	54	(1)
Frog Development	55	(5)
Chick Development	60	(13)
Extraembryonic Membranes	61	(1)
Whole Mount of 24-Hour Chick Embryo	61	(2)
Whole Mount of 48-Hour Chick Embryo	63	(3)
Whole Mount of 72-Hour Chick Embryo	66	(1)
Later Stages of Chick Development	66	(2)
Living Chick Embryos (Optional Exercise)	68	(3)
Key Terms	71	(2)
Part II Kingdom Protista	73	(22)
Protozoa	73	(22)
Objectives	73	(1)
Introduction	73	(1)
Classification	73	(1)
Phylum Sarcomastigophora	73	(1)
Phylum Ciliophora (Ciliata)	74	(1)
Phylum Apicomplexa	74	(1)
An Amoeba: Amoeba proteus	74	(3)
Phylum Sarcomastigophora	74	(3)
A Solitary Flagellate: Euglena	77	(1)
Phylum Sarcomastigophora	77	(1)
A Holozoic Flagellate: Peranema	78	(1)
A Colonial (?) Flagellate: Volvox	79	(6)
Phylum Sarcomastigophora	79	(2)
Other Mastigophora	81	(4)
A Ciliate: Paramecium caudatum	85	(5)
Phylum Ciliophora (Ciliata)	85	(3)
Other Ciliates	88	(2)
Phylum Apicomplexa	90	(2)
The Malaria Parasite: Plasmodium	90	(2)
Evolution of Multicellular Animals	92	(3)
Key Terms	93	(2)
Part III Kingdom Animalia: Invertebrates	95	(154)
Porifera	95	(12)
Objectives	95	(1)
Introduction	95	(1)
Morphology	96	(1)
Phylogeny	96	(1)
Skeleton	96	(1)
Classification	97	(1)
Class Demospongiae	97	(1)
Class Calcarea (Calcispongiae)	97	(1)
Class Hexactinellida (Hyalospongiae)	97	(1)
Body Organization	98	(5)
Ascon-Type Sponge	98	(1)
Sycon-Type Sponge	99	(4)
Leucon-Type Sponge	103	(1)
Freshwater Sponges	103	(1)
Regeneration and Reconstitution (Optional Exercise)	104	(3)
Procedure	104	(1)
Key Terms	104	(3)
Cnidaria	107	(18)
Objectives	107	(1)
Introduction	107	(1)
Classification	107	(1)
Class Hydrozoa (Hydroids and Siphonophores)	107	(1)
Class Scyphozoa (True Jellyfish)	108	(1)
Class Cubozoa (Sea Wasps or Box Jellyfish)	108	(1)
Class Anthozoa (Sea Anemones and Corals)	108	(1)
A Hydrozoan Polyp: Hydra	108	(4)
Class Hydrozoa	108	(1)
General Appearance and Morphology	108	(1)
Behavior	109	(1)
Cnidocytes and Nematocysts	109	(1)
Histological Structure	110	(1)
Cellular Structure	111	(1)
Nervous System	111	(1)
Feeding Behavior	111	(1)
Reproduction	112	(1)
Regeneration (Optional Exercise)	112	(1)
A Hydromedusa: Gonionemus	112	(1)
Class Hydrozoa	113	(1)
A Colonial Hydrozoan Polyp: Obelia	113	(3)
Class Hydrozoa	113	(2)
Alternation of Generations	115	(1)
A Polymorphic Hydrozoan: Physalia	116	(1)
Class Hydrozoa	116	(1)
A Scyphozoan Medusa: Aurelia	116	(3)
Class Scyphozoa	116	(2)
Reproduction and Life Cycle	118	(1)
An Anthozoan Polyp: Metridium	119	(1)
Class Anthozoa	119	(1)
Reproduction and Life Cycle	120	(1)
Corals	120	(5)
Class Anthozoa	120	(1)
Key Terms	121	(4)
Introduction to Animal Morphology	125	(8)
Objectives	125	(1)
Introduction	125	(2)
Organization of the Animal Body	125	(1)
Body Symmetry	125	(1)
Grades of Tissue Construction	126	(1)
Body Cavity	126	(1)
Segmentation	127	(1)
Cephalization	127	(1)
Hints for Dissection	127	(6)
Key Terms	129	(4)
Platyhelminthes	133	(18)
Objectives	133	(1)
Introduction	133	(1)
Classification	133	(1)
Class Turbellaria (Free-living Flatworms)	134	(1)
Class Trematoda (Flukes)	134	(1)
Class Monogenea (Flukes)	134	(1)
Class Cestoda (Tapeworms)	134	(1)
Free-living Flatworms: Class Turbellaria	134	(5)
A Planarian: Dugesia	134	(5)
The Flukes: Class Trematoda	139	(5)
The Human Liver Fluke: Clonorchis (Opisthorchis) sinensis	139	(2)
Cercaria Larvae	141	(1)
The Sheep Liver Fluke: Fasciola hepatica	142	(2)
The Tapeworms: Class Cestoda	144	(3)
The Dog Tapeworm: Dipylidium caninum	144	(3)
A Dog and Cat Tapeworm: Taenia pisiformis	147	(1)
Adaptations for Parasitism	147	(4)
Key Terms	149	(2)
Pseudocoelomate Animals	151	(14)
Objectives	151	(1)
Introduction	151	(1)
Classification	151	(2)
Phylum Nematoda (Nemathelminthes or Roundworms)	151	(2)
Phylum Rotifera (Rotifers)	153	(1)
Phylum Gastrotricha (Gastrotrichs)	153	(1)
Phylum Kinorhyncha (Kinorhynchs)	153	(1)
Phylum Priapulida (Priapulids)	153	(1)
Phylum Loricifera (Loriciferans)	153	(1)
Phylum Nematomorpha (Gordiacea or Horsehair Worms)	153	(1)
Phylum Acanthocephala (Spiny-headed Worms)	153	(1)
Phylum Nematoda	153	(5)
A Parasitic Roundworm: Ascaris lumbricoides	153	(4)
A Parasitic Roundworm: Trichinella spiralis	157	(1)
Hookworms: Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus	157	(1)
Pinworm: Enterobius vermicularis	158	(1)
Free-living Nematodes	158	(3)
Caenorhabditis, An Important Research Animal	158	(2)
The Vinegar Eel: Anguillula aceti	160	(1)
Collecting Free-living Nematodes	160	(1)
Some Other Important Nematodes	161	(1)
Phylum Rotifera	161	(4)
A Rotifer: Philodina	161	(2)
Collecting Rotifers	163	(1)
Some Other Common Rotifers	163	(1)
Key Terms	163	(2)
Mollusca	165	(16)
Objectives	165	(1)
Introduction	165	(1)
Classification	165	(2)
Class Monoplacophora	165	(1)
Class Polyplacophora (Amphineura)	165	(1)
Class Aplacophora	166	(1)
Class Scaphopoda	166	(1)
Class Gastropoda	166	(1)
Class Bivalvia (Pelecypoda)	166	(1)
Class Cephalopoda	167	(1)
A Freshwater Mussel	167	(5)
Class Pelecypoda	167	(1)
Feeding, Digestion, and Respiration	168	(3)
Muscles	171	(1)
Circulation	171	(1)
Excretion, Osmoregulation, and Reproduction	171	(1)
Nervous Coordination	172	(1)
Helix, the Garden Snail (Demonstration)	172	(2)
Class Gastropoda	172	(2)
A Squid: Loligo	174	(3)
Class Cephalopoda	174	(1)
External Anatomy	175	(1)
Internal Anatomy (Demonstration)	176	(1)
Reproduction	177	(1)
Octopus (Demonstration)	177	(4)
Class Cephalopoda	177	(1)
Key Terms	177	(4)
Annelida	181	(14)
Objectives	181	(1)
Introduction	181	(1)
Classification	181	(1)
Class Polychaeta (Polychaete Worms)	181	(1)
Class Oligochaeta (Bristleworms)	182	(1)
Class Hirudinea (Leeches)	182	(1)
A Marine Annelid: Nereis virens	182	(4)
Class Polychaeta	182	(2)
Other Polychaetes	184	(2)
The Earthworm	186	(4)
Class Oligochaeta	186	(1)
External Anatomy	186	(1)
Internal Anatomy	187	(3)
Cross Sections	190	(1)
Leeches	190	(5)
Class Hirudinea	190	(2)
External Anatomy	192	(1)
Internal Anatomy (Demonstration)	192	(1)
Key Terms	192	(3)
Arthropoda	195	(36)
Objectives	195	(1)
Introduction	195	(1)
Classification	196	(1)
Subphylum Trilobita (Trilobitomorpha)	196	(1)
Subphylum Chelicerata	196	(1)
Subphylum Crustacea	196	(1)
Subphylum Uniramia	197	(1)
Subphylum Chelicerata	197	(8)
The Horseshoe Crab: Limulus	197	(1)
The Spider: Argiope	198	(7)
Subphylum Crustacea, Class Branchiopoda	205	(2)
A Water Flea: Daphnia	205	(2)
Subphylum Crustacea, Class Malacostraca	207	(8)
The Crayfish: Procambarus	207	(8)
Subphylum Uniramia, Class Insecta	215	(9)
A Cockroach: Periplaneta americana	215	(6)
A Grasshopper: Romalea microptera	221	(3)
Insect Metamorphosis	224	(3)
Phylum Onychophora	227	(4)
External Anatomy	227	(1)
Internal Anatomy	227	(1)
Key Terms	227	(4)
Echinodermata	231	(10)
Objectives	231	(1)
Introduction	231	(1)
Classification	231	(2)
Subphylum Echinozoa	231	(1)
Subphylum Crinozoa	232	(1)
Subphylum Asterozoa	232	(1)
The Common Starfish: Asterias	233	(3)
Class Asteroidea	233	(3)
A Sea Urchin	236	(1)
Class Echinoidea	236	(1)
Some Common Echinoids	236	(1)
A Sea Cucumber	236	(5)
Class Holothuroidea	236	(1)
Some Common Holothuroidea	237	(1)
Key Terms	238	(3)
Chordata	241	(8)
Objectives	241	(1)
Introduction	241	(1)
Classification	241	(1)
Group Acrania (Protochordata)	241	(1)
Group Craniata	241	(1)
Subphylum Urochordata, Tunicates or Sea Squirts	242	(2)
The Tunicate Larva	242	(1)
The Adult Tunicate	243	(1)
A Lancelet: Branchiostoma	244	(5)
Subphylum Cephalochordata	244	(1)
Cross Sections	245	(1)
Key Terms	246	(3)
Part IV Kingdom Animalia: Vertebrates	249	(108)
Shark Anatomy	249	(18)
Objectives	249	(1)
The Dogfish Shark: Squalus acanthias	249	(18)
External Anatomy	249	(1)
Internal Anatomy	250	(15)
Key Terms	265	(2)
Perch Anatomy	267	(12)
Objectives	267	(1)
The Yellow Perch: Perca flavescens	267	(12)
External Anatomy	267	(1)
Internal Anatomy	268	(8)
Key Terms	276	(3)
Frog Anatomy	279	(26)
Objectives	279	(1)
Rana pipiens or Rana catesbeiana	279	(26)
External Anatomy and Behavior	279	(8)
Internal Anatomy	287	(14)
Key Terms	301	(4)
Fetal Pig Anatomy	305	(32)
Objectives	305	(1)
The Fetal Pig: Sus scrofa	305	(32)
External Anatomy	306	(1)
Skeletal System	307	(4)
Muscular System	311	(1)
General Internal Anatomy	311	(1)
Neck Region	311	(6)
The Coelom and Its Divisions	317	(1)
The Urogenital System	317	(5)
Circulatory System	322	(9)
Nervous System	331	(4)
Key Terms	335	(2)
Rat Anatomy	337	(20)
Objectives	337	(1)
Introduction	337	(20)
External Anatomy	337	(1)
Skeletal System	338	(1)
Muscular System (Optional)	338	(1)
Internal Anatomy	338	(2)
Digestive System	340	(3)
Respiratory System	343	(1)
Circulatory System	343	(6)
Urogenital System	349	(1)
Nervous System	350	(4)
Key Terms	354	(3)
Credits	357	(2)
Index	359