Generalised Phase Contrast

by Gluckstad, Jesper; Palima, Darwin

• ISBN13: 9789048128389
• ISBN10: 9048128382
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-09-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

This books offers a comprehensive introduction to the Generalized Phase Contrast (GPC) method, a powerful phase-contrast technique developed for the visualisation of phase disturbances. Phase visualization is typically achieved through interferometry and a number of interferometric techniques can be classed as common path interferometry (CPI). The Generalised Phase Contrast approach, developed by the authors, provides a straightforward methodology for the optimisation of a broad range of different CPI types and supports and enhances the more empirical methods for CPI optimisation that are generally employed. This book outlines the considerable improvements this method offers over previous schemes leading to a variety of powerful applications in optics and photonics, including an overview of the range of current and potential applications of the GPC in imaging, optical manipulation and optical encryption. Written for active researchers in optics, optoelectronics, applied physics and engineering, the book will be of particular value to those working optical manipulation, optical encryption and related subjects where measurement of optical phase is an important issue.

Table of Contents

Introduction	p. 1
The Generalized Phase Contrast Method	p. 2
From Phase Visualization to Wavefront Engineering	p. 3
GPC-an Enabling Technology	p. 4
GPC as Information Processor	p. 5
References	p. 5
Generalized Phase Contrast	p. 7
Zernike Phase Contrast	p. 8
Towards a Generalized Phase Contrast Method	p. 9
References	p. 11
Foundation of Generalized Phase Contrast: Mathematical Analysis of Common-Path Interferometers	p. 13
Common-Path Interferometer: a Generic Phase Contrast Optical System	p. 13
Field Distribution at the Image Plane of a CPI	p. 15
Assumption on the Phase Object's Spatial Frequency Components	p. 16
The SRW Generating Function	p. 18
The Combined Filter Parameter	p. 21
Summary and Links	p. 24
References	p. 25
Phasor Chart for CPI-Analysis	p. 27
Input Phase to Output Intensity Mapping	p. 27
Modified Phasor Chart Based on Complex Filter Parameter	p. 30
Summary and Links	p. 32
References	p. 33
Wavefront Sensing and Analysis Using GPC	p. 35
GPC Mapping for Wavefront Measurement	p. 36
Optimal Unambiguous Intensity-to-Phase Mapping	p. 39
Optimising the Linearity of the Intensity-to-Phase Mapping	p. 41
Generalising Henning's Phase Contrast Method	p. 43
Linear Phase-to-intensity Mapping over the Entire Phase Unity Circle	p. 46
Accurate Quantitative Phase Imaging Using Generalized Phase Contrast	p. 49
The Synthetic Reference Wave in Quantitative Phase Microscopy	p. 50
Limitations of the Plane Wave Model of the SRW	p. 51
GPC-Based Phase-Shifting Interferometry	p. 53
Robustness of the GPC Model of the SRW	p. 55
GPC-Based Quantitative Phase Imaging	p. 55
Summary and Links	p. 58
Reference	p. 59
GPC-Based Wavefront Engineering	p. 61
GPC Framework for Light Synthesis	p. 62
Optimizing Light Efficiency	p. 64
Dark Background Condition for a Lossless Filter	p. 65
Optimal Filter Phase Shift	p. 66
Optimal Input Phase Encoding	p. 66
Phase Encoding for Binary Output Intensity Patterns	p. 68
Ternary Input Phase Encoding	p. 68
Binary Input Phase Encoding	p. 69
Generalized Optimization for Light Synthesis	p. 71
Dealing with SRW Inhomogeneity	p. 74
Filter Aperture Correction	p. 74
Input Phase Encoding Compensation	p. 76
Input Amplitude Profile Compensation77
Generalized Phase Contrast with Rectangular Apertures	p. 80
Phase-to-Intensicy Mapping	p. 81
Approximating the Reference Wave	p. 83
Projection Design Illustration	p. 84
Comparison of Generalized Phase Contrast and Computer-Generated Holography for Laser Image Projection	p. 85
Pattern Projection and Information Theory	p. 86
Performance Benchmarks	p. 88
Practical SLM Devices: Performance Constraints	p. 92
Final Remarks	p. 95
Wavelength Dependence of GPC-Based Pattern Projection	p. 95
Summary and Links	p. 100
References	p. 101
Shaping Light by Generalized Phase Contrast	p. 103
Binary Phase Modulation for Efficient Binary Projection	p. 104
Experimental Demonstration	p. 105
Ternary-Phase Modulation for Binary Array Illumination	p. 107
Ternary-Phase Encoding	p. 108
Experimental Results	p. 109
Dynamically Reconfigurable Optical Lattices	p. 115
Dynamic Optical Lattice Generation	p. 115
Dynamic Optical Obstacle Arrays	p. 117
Photon-Efficient Grey-Level Image Projection	p. 119
Matching the Phase-to-Intensity Mapping Scheme to Device Constraints	p. 120
Efficient Experimental Image Projection Using Practical Device Constraints	p. 122
Photon-Efficient Grey-Level Image Projection with Next-Generation Devices	p. 124
Reshaping Gaussian Laser Beams	p. 130
Patterning Gaussian Beams with GPC as Phase-Only Aperture	p. 132
Homogenizing the Output Intensity	p. 134
Gaussian-to-F3attop Conversion	p. 137
Achromatic Spatial Light Shaping and Image Projection	p. 140
Summary and Links	p. 144
References	p. 144
GPC-Based Programmable Optical Micromanipulation	p. 151
Multiple-Beam GPC-Trapping for Two-Dimensional Manipulation of Particles with Various Properties	p. 152
Probing Growth Dynamics in Microbial Cultures of Mixed Yeast Species Using GPC-Based Optical Micromanipulation	p. 164
Three-Dimensional Trapping and Manipulation in a GPC System	p. 167
Real-Time Autonomous 3D Control of Multiple Particles with Enhanced GPC Optical Micromanipulation System	p. 172
GPC-Based Optical Micromanipulation of Particles in Three Dimensions with Simultaneous Imaging in Two Orthogonal Planes	p. 176
AJ1-GPC Scheme for Three-Dimensional Multi-Particle Manipulation Using a Single Spatial Light Modulator	p. 180
GPC system with Two Parallel Input Beams	p. 181
Single-SLM Full-GPC Optical Trapping System	p. 184
GPC-Based Optical Actuation of Microfabricated Tools	p. 186
Design and Fabrication of Micromachine Elements	p. 187
Actuation of Microtools by Multiple Counterpropagating-Beam Traps	p. 188
Autonomous Cell Handling by GPC in a Microfluidic Flow	p. 191
Experimental Setup	p. 192
Experimental Demonstration	p. 193
Autonomous Assembly of Micropuzzles Using GPC	p. 197
Design and Fabrication of Micropuzzle Pieces	p. 198
Optical Assembly of Micropuzzle Pieces	p. 200
Optical Forces in Three-Dimensional GPC-Trapping	p. 203
Optical Forces on a Particle Illuminated by Counterpropagating Beams	p. 203
Top-Hat Field Distribution and Propagation	p. 206
Numerical Calculation of Force Curves	p. 207
Summary and Links	p. 212
References	p. 213
Alternative GPC Schemes	p. 217
GPC Using a Light-Induced Spatial Phase Filter	p. 218
Self-Induced PCF on a Kerr Medium	p. 219
Kerr Medium with Saturable Nonlinearity	p. 221
Expetimental Demonstration	p. 224
GPC Using a Variable Liquid-Crystal Filter	p. 226
Experimental Demonstration	p. 228
Multibeam-Illuminated GPC With a Plurality of Phase Filtering Regions	p. 229
Miniaturized GPC Implementation via Planar Integrated Micro-Optics	p. 231
Experimental Demonstration	p. 234
GPC in Combination with Matched Filtering	p. 236
The mGPC Method: Incorporating Optical Correlation into a GPC Filter	p. 237
Optimizing the mGPC Method	p. 239
Summary and Links	p. 244
References	p. 245
Reversal of the GPC Method	p. 247
Amplitude Modulated Input in a Common-Path Interferometer	p. 248
CPI Optimization for the Reverse Phase Contrast Method	p. 250
Experimental Demonstration of Reverse Phase Contrast	p. 255
Experimental Setup	p. 256
Matching the Filter Size to the Input Aperture	p. 257
RPC-Based Phase Modulation Using a Fixed Amplitude Mask	p. 258
RPC-Based Phase Modulation Using an SLM as Dynamic Amplitude Mask	p. 262
Reverse Phase Contrast Implemented on a High-Speed DMD	p. 263
Setup	p. 264
Results and Discussion	p. 266
Summary and Links	p. 268
References	p. 270
Optical Encryption and Decryption	p. 273
Phase-Only Optical Cryptography	p. 274
Miniaturization of the GPC Method via Planar Integrated Micro-Optics	p. 276
Miniaturized GPC Method for Phase-Only Optical Decryption	p. 278
Phase Decryption in a Macro-Optical GPC	p. 280
Envisioning a Fully Integrated Miniaturized System	p. 281
Decrypting Binary Phase Patterns by Amplitude	p. 283
Principles and Experimental Considerations	p. 284
Numerical simulations	p. 291
Summary and Links	p. 296
References	p. 297
Concluding Remarks and Outlook	p. 299
Formulating Generalized Phase Contrast in a Common-Path Interferometer	p. 299
Sensing and Visualization of Unknown Optical Phase	p. 300
Synthesizing Customized Intensity Landscapes	p. 301
Projecting Dynamic Light for Programmable Optical Trapping and Micromanipulation	p. 301
Exploring Alternative Implementations	p. 302
Creating Customized Phase Landscapes: Reversed Phase Contrast Effect	p. 303
Utilizing GPC and RFC in Optical Cryptography	p. 303
Gazing at the Horizon Through a Wider Window	p. 304
Jones Calculus in Phases-Only Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulators	p. 305
Spatial Phase Modulation	p. 306
Sparial Polarization Modulation	p. 307
Spatial Polarization Modulation with Arbitrary Axis	p. 309
Reference	p. 310
Index	p. 311
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