Generalist Practice with Organizations and Communities

by Kirst-Ashman, Karen K.; Hull, Jr., Grafton H.

• ISBN13: 9780534506292
• ISBN10: 0534506291
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-06-10
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

1. Introduction to Generalist Practice with Organizations and Communities. 2. Using Micro Skills in the Macro Environment. 3. Using Mezzo Skills in the Macro Environment. 4. Understanding Organizations. 5. Prepare: Decision Making For Organizational Change. 6. Imagine: How To Implement Macro Intervention: Changing Agency Policy. 7. Imagine: Project Implementation and Program Development. 8. Understanding Neighborhoods and Communities. 9. Macro Practice in Communities. 10. Evaluating Macro Practice. 11. Advocacy and Social Action With Populations-At-Risk. 12. Ethics and Ethical Dilemmas in Macro Practice. 13. Working with the Courts. 14. Developing and Managing Agency Resources.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Introduction to Generalist Practice with Organizations and Communities	1	(35)
Why Do You Need the Content in This Book?	2	(2)
The Generalist Intervention Model	4	(3)
A Micro Approach	6	(1)
A Mezzo Approach	6	(1)
A Macro Approach	6	(1)
What Does Generalist Practice Mean?	7	(2)
Defining Generalist Practice: 1. Acquisition of an Eclectic Knowledge Base	9	(5)
Theoretical Foundation: Systems Theories	9	(2)
Human Behavior and the Social Environment (HBSE)	11	(1)
Social Welfare Policy and Services	11	(1)
Social Work Practice	12	(1)
Research	12	(1)
Human Diversity	13	(1)
Promotion of Social and Economic Justice	13	(1)
Populations-at-Risk	14	(1)
Emphasis on Client Empowerment	14	(1)
Assimilation of Professional Values and Ethics	15	(3)
National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Code of Ethics	16	(1)
Awareness of Personal Values	17	(1)
Clarification of Conflicting Ethical Dilemmas	17	(1)
Understanding Oppression	17	(1)
Respect for Diverse Populations	18	(1)
Mastery of a Wide Range of Practice Skills to Target Any Size System	18	(2)
Effective Work Within an Organizational Structure	20	(1)
Appropriate Use of Supervision	21	(1)
A Wide Range of Roles	21	(5)
Enabler	21	(1)
Mediator	22	(1)
Integrator/Coordinator	22	(1)
General Manager	23	(1)
Educator	23	(1)
Analyst/Evaluator	23	(1)
Broker	24	(1)
Facilitator	24	(1)
Initiator	24	(1)
Negotiator	25	(1)
Mobilizer	25	(1)
Advocate	25	(1)
Use of Critical Thinking Skills	26	(1)
Use of a Planned Change Process	27	(5)
Engagement	28	(1)
Assessment: Identifying Issues and Collecting Information	28	(2)
Assessment and Planning in Macro Practice: The Prepare Process	30	(1)
Implementation and Evaluation in Macro Practice: The IMAGINE Process	31	(1)
Termination in Macro Practice	31	(1)
Follow-up in Macro Practice	31	(1)
Postscript	32	(4)
Using Micro Skills in the Macro Environment	36	(44)
Introduction	37	(1)
Assertiveness	37	(1)
Conflict	37	(1)
Working with Supervisors	38	(1)
Beginning Relationships in Macro Practice	38	(1)
A Review of Basic Micro Skills	39	(1)
Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior	39	(7)
Eye Contact	40	(1)
Attentive Listening	40	(3)
Facial Expressions	43	(1)
Body Positioning	43	(1)
Multicultural Sensitivity and Nonverbal Behavior	44	(2)
Warmth, Empathy, and Genuineness	46	(4)
Warmth	46	(1)
Empathy	46	(3)
Genuineness	49	(1)
Communicating with Other People in Macro Contexts	50	(3)
Simple Encouragement	50	(1)
Being Sensitive to Cultural Differences	50	(1)
Paraphrasing	50	(1)
Reflective Responding	50	(1)
Clarification	51	(1)
Interpretation	51	(1)
Providing Information	51	(1)
Emphasizing People's Strengths	51	(1)
Summarization	52	(1)
Eliciting Information	52	(1)
The Use of ``Why?''	53	(1)
Overlap of Techniques	53	(1)
Appropriate Assertiveness in the Macro Environment: Empowering Yourself and Others	53	(5)
Nonassertive, Assertive, and Aggressive Communication	58	(4)
The Advantages of Assertiveness	60	(1)
Assertiveness Training	60	(2)
A Final Note on Assertiveness Training	62	(1)
Conflict and Its Resolution	62	(7)
The Pros of Conflict	62	(1)
The Cons of Conflict	63	(1)
Personal Styles for Addressing Conflict	63	(1)
Steps in Conflict Resolution	63	(6)
Working under Supervisors	69	(10)
Administrative Functions of Supervisors	69	(2)
Educational Functions of Supervisors	71	(1)
Other Functions of Supervisors	71	(1)
Using Supervision Effectively	71	(2)
Problems in Supervision	73	(6)
Postscript	79	(1)
Group Skills for Organizational and Community Change	80	(32)
Introduction	81	(1)
Networking	81	(8)
Importance of Networking	82	(3)
Types of Networks	85	(2)
Problems with Networks	87	(1)
Worker Roles in Networking	88	(1)
Working in and with Teams	89	(3)
Characteristics of Effective Teams	89	(3)
Planning and Conducting Meetings	92	(6)
Plan Ahead	92	(1)
Clarify Purpose and Establish Objectives	92	(1)
Select Participants	93	(1)
Select a Time and Place	93	(1)
Prepare an Agenda	94	(1)
Start Meetings on Time	94	(1)
State Ending Time at the Start	95	(1)
Let People Know How Much of Your Time They Can Have	95	(1)
Keep the Group on Target	95	(2)
End the Meeting on Time	97	(1)
Plan for Follow-Up Meetings	97	(1)
Parliamentary Procedure	98	(4)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Parliamentary Procedure	98	(1)
Basic Parliamentary Concepts	98	(1)
Main Motions	99	(3)
Managing Conflict	102	(9)
Types of Conflict	104	(2)
Advanced Conflict Management: Guidelines and Strategies	106	(5)
Postscript	111	(1)
Understanding Organizations	112	(45)
Introduction	113	(1)
Defining Organizations, Social Services, and Social Agencies	113	(2)
Organizations	113	(1)
Social Services	114	(1)
Social Agencies	114	(1)
Organizational Theories	115	(4)
Systems Theories	115	(1)
Classic Scientific Management Theories	115	(1)
Human Relations Theories	116	(1)
Cultural Perspective	116	(2)
Economics Perspective	118	(1)
Contingency Perspective	118	(1)
Which Organizational Theory Is Best?	119	(1)
Social Agencies as Systems	119	(3)
Viewing Organizations from a Systems Perspective	122	(1)
Resource Input	122	(1)
Process Through Organizational Technology	123	(1)
Output	123	(1)
Outcomes	123	(1)
The Nature of Organizations	123	(11)
Agency Settings	123	(2)
Organizational Goals	125	(3)
Organizational Culture	128	(1)
Organizational Structure	128	(5)
Centralized Versus Decentralized Organizations	133	(1)
The Macro Context of Organizations	134	(7)
The Shifting Macro Environment and Shrinking Resources	134	(1)
Necessary Resource Inputs	134	(1)
Legitimation	135	(1)
Client Sources	135	(2)
Relationship with Other Organizations	137	(4)
Social Work Organizations in National and International Contexts	141	(2)
ACOSA	142	(1)
IASSW	142	(1)
IFSW	142	(1)
Methods of Management	143	(1)
Working in a Bureaucracy	143	(3)
Value Discrepancies Between Workers and ``The System''	143	(1)
How to Survive in a Bureaucracy	144	(2)
A Total Quality Approach to Management	146	(8)
Defining Total Quality Management	147	(1)
Clients as Customers	147	(1)
Customer Feedback	147	(1)
Quality as the Primary Goal	147	(1)
Employee Empowerment	148	(2)
Use of Teams and Teamwork: Melding Mezzo and Macro Practice	150	(2)
A Total Quality Approach to Leadership	152	(1)
Establishing a Culture of Quality	152	(1)
TQM Tools	153	(1)
Beyond Quality: The Learning Organization	153	(1)
Common Problems Encountered in Organizations	154	(1)
Impersonal Behavior	154	(1)
Rewards and Recognition	154	(1)
Agency Policy and Worker Discretion	155	(1)
Traditions and Unwritten Rules	155	(1)
Postscript	155	(2)
Prepare--Decision Making for Organizational Change	157	(31)
Introduction	158	(1)
Change in Organizations	159	(6)
Undertaking Specific Projects	159	(1)
Initiating and Developing Programs	160	(2)
Changing Agency Policies	162	(3)
Beginning the Change Process	165	(1)
The Process of Organizational Change	166	(2)
Step 1: Prepare--Identify Problems to Address	168	(4)
Substep 1: Decide to Seriously Evaluate the Potential for Macro-Level Intervention	169	(1)
Substep 2: Define and Prioritize Problems	169	(1)
Substep 3: Translate Problems into Needs	170	(2)
Substep 4: Determine Which Need or Needs You Will Address	172	(1)
Step 2: Prepare--Review Your Macro and Personal Reality	172	(5)
Substep 1: Evaluate Macro Variables Working For or Against You in the Macro Change Process	172	(3)
Substep 2: Review Your Personal Reality--Strengths and Weaknesses That May Act For or Against Successful Change Efforts	175	(2)
Step 3: Prepare--Establish Primary Goals	177	(1)
Step 4: Prepare: Identify Relevant People of Influence	178	(3)
Rationales for Internal Advocacy	181	(1)
Step 5: Prepare--Assess Potential Costs and Benefits to Clients and Agency	181	(1)
Step 6: Prepare--Review Professional and Personal Risk	182	(3)
Could I Lose My Job?	182	(1)
Will My Career Path Be Affected?	183	(1)
Will I Strain Interpersonal Relationships at Work?	184	(1)
A Strengths Perspective on Risks	184	(1)
Step 7: Prepare--Evaluate the Potential Success of a Macro Change Process	185	(2)
Substep 1: Review the Prepare Process and Weigh the Pros and Cons of Proceeding	185	(1)
Substep 2: Identify Possible Macro Approaches to Use, Estimate Their Effectiveness, and Select the Most Appropriate One	186	(1)
Postscript	187	(1)
Imagine--How to Implement Macro Intervention: Changing Agency Policy	188	(25)
Introduction	189	(1)
The Planned Change Process and Organizational Change	189	(1)
Imagine: A Process for Organizational Change	190	(14)
Imagine: Start with an Innovative Idea	190	(1)
Imagine: Muster Support and Formulate an Action System	191	(5)
Imagine: Identify Assets	196	(1)
Imagine: Specify Goals, Objectives, and Action Steps to Attain Them	196	(2)
Imagine: Implement the Plan	198	(1)
Imagine: Neutralize Opposition	198	(6)
Imagine: Evaluate Progress	204	(1)
Application of Imagine to Macro Intervention	204	(9)
Changing Agency Policy	205	(1)
Formal and Informal Agency Policies	205	(1)
Types of Changes in Agency Policy	205	(8)
Imagine--Project Implementation and Program Development	213	(35)
Introduction	214	(1)
Initiating and Implementing a Project	215	(8)
Imagine: Develop an Innovative Idea	216	(1)
Imagine: Muster Support	216	(1)
Imagine: Identify Assets	217	(1)
Imagine: Specify Goals, Objectives, and Action Steps to Attain Them	217	(1)
Imagine: Implement the Plan	218	(4)
Imagine: Neutralize Opposition	222	(1)
Imagine: Evaluate Progress	223	(1)
Developing a Program	223	(14)
Imagine: Develop an Innovative Idea	226	(1)
Imagine: Muster Support	227	(4)
Imagine: Identify Assets	231	(2)
Imagine: Specify Goals, Objectives, and Action Steps to Attain Them	233	(1)
Imagine: Implement the Plan	233	(2)
Imagine: Neutralize Opposition	235	(1)
Imagine: Evaluate Progress and Effectiveness	235	(2)
Program Development: A Case Example	237	(10)
Imagine: Develop an Innovative Idea	237	(1)
Imagine: Muster Support	237	(1)
Imagine: Identify Assets	238	(2)
Imagine: Specify Goals, Objectives, and Action Steps to Attain Them	240	(7)
Imagine: Implement the Plan	247	(1)
Imagine: Neutralize Opposition	247	(1)
Imagine: Evaluate Progress	247	(1)
Postscript	247	(1)
Understanding Neighborhoods and Communities	248	(36)
Introduction	249	(1)
The Role of Social Workers in Neighborhoods and Communities	250	(3)
Defining Community and Neighborhood	253	(5)
Functions of Communities	253	(3)
Types of Communities	256	(2)
Using the Systems Perspective	258	(1)
The Community as an Ecological and Social System	259	(2)
Additional Perspectives on the Community	261	(3)
Competition	262	(1)
Centralization	262	(1)
Concentration	263	(1)
Invasion	263	(1)
Succession	263	(1)
Concepts Characterize Real Life	263	(1)
Community Resource Systems	264	(2)
Demographic Development of Communities	266	(2)
Urbanization and Suburbanization	266	(1)
Gentrification	267	(1)
Rural Communities	267	(1)
Where Is the Best Place to Live?	268	(1)
Social Stratification	268	(1)
Community Economic Systems	269	(2)
Community Political Systems	271	(2)
Formal Organizations and Informal Political Processes	271	(2)
Power in the Community	273	(2)
Defining Power	273	(1)
Types of Power	273	(1)
Sources of Power	274	(1)
Power and Conflict	274	(1)
Neighborhoods	275	(6)
Functions of Neighborhoods	275	(2)
Types of Neighborhoods	277	(1)
Neighborhoods as Helping Networks	278	(1)
Neighborhood Organizations	278	(2)
Community and Neighborhood Resources	280	(1)
Putting It All Together: Assessing Communities and Neighborhoods	281	(3)
Macro Practice in Communities	284	(26)
Introduction	285	(1)
Change in Communities	285	(2)
A Philosophical Perspective on Macro Practice: Pursuit of Social and Economic Justice	287	(1)
Perspectives on the Community	287	(1)
Approaches to Community Change	288	(1)
Beginning the Change Process	288	(22)
Engagement in the Community	289	(1)
Prepare: Assessing Potential for Community Change	289	(10)
Imagine: A Process for Community Change	299	(11)
Evaluating Macro Practice	310	(29)
Introduction	311	(1)
Overview of Evaluation	311	(1)
Purposes of Program Evaluation: A Summary	312	(1)
Key Concepts in Evaluation	312	(5)
Control Group	312	(1)
Experimental Group	313	(1)
Dependent Variable	313	(1)
Independent Variable	313	(1)
Sampling	313	(1)
Random Sample	313	(1)
Experimental Design	313	(1)
Quasi-Experimental Designs	313	(1)
Baseline	314	(1)
Mean	314	(1)
Median	314	(1)
Mode	315	(1)
Standard Deviation	315	(1)
Reliability	316	(1)
Validity	316	(1)
Descriptive Statistics	316	(1)
Inferential Statistics	316	(1)
Outcome	316	(1)
Statistical Significance	316	(1)
Chi-Square Test	317	(1)
Problems and Barriers in Program Evaluation	317	(2)
Failure to Plan for Evaluation	317	(1)
Lack of Program Stability	318	(1)
Relationships Between Evaluators and Practitioners	318	(1)
When Evaluation Results Are Unclear	319	(1)
When Evaluation Results Are Not Accepted	319	(1)
When Evaluation Is Not Worth the Effort	319	(1)
Kinds of Evaluations	319	(7)
Formative (or Monitoring) Evaluations	319	(2)
Summative Evaluations	321	(1)
Effectiveness and Efficiency Evaluations	321	(1)
Evaluation Approaches	321	(1)
Quantitative Methods	321	(1)
Qualitative Methods	322	(1)
One-Group Post-Test Designs	322	(1)
Pre-Test/Post-Test Designs	322	(1)
Client Satisfaction Surveys	322	(1)
Goal Attainment Scaling	323	(1)
Target Problem Scaling	324	(1)
Case Studies	325	(1)
Group Comparisons	325	(1)
Quality Assurance Reviews	326	(1)
Summary of Evaluation Designs	326	(1)
Stages in Evaluation	326	(12)
Stage 1: Conceptualization and Goal Setting	326	(2)
Stage 2: Measurement	328	(1)
Stage 3: Sampling	329	(1)
Stage 4: Design	329	(1)
Stage 5: Data Gathering	329	(4)
Stage 6: Data Analysis	333	(2)
Stage 7: Presentation of Data	335	(3)
Ethics and Values in Evaluation	338	(1)
Advocacy and Social Action with Populations-at-Risk	339	(32)
Introduction	340	(1)
Defining Advocacy, Social Action, Empowerment, and Populations-at-Risk	340	(3)
Defining Advocacy	341	(1)
Defining Social Action	341	(1)
Defining Empowerment	342	(1)
Defining Populations-at-Risk	342	(1)
Populations-at-Risk	343	(4)
Factors Contributing to Putting Populations at Risk	343	(1)
Examples of Populations-at-Risk	344	(3)
The Role of Social Workers with Populations at Risk	347	(1)
Advocacy	347	(9)
Concerns about the Use of Advocacy	347	(1)
The Value and Limitations of Advocacy	348	(1)
Agency Commitment to Advocacy	348	(1)
Opportunities for Macro-Level Advocacy	349	(1)
Principles of Macro-Level Advocacy	350	(1)
Guidelines for Macro-Level Advocacy	351	(1)
Advocacy Tactics	352	(4)
Legislative Advocacy	356	(10)
Factors Affecting Legislative Advocacy	358	(1)
Steps in Legislative Advocacy	358	(6)
Other Political Activities	364	(2)
Social Action	366	(4)
Alinsky's Social Action Approach	366	(1)
Concerns about Social Action	367	(1)
Legal Action	367	(3)
Empowerment	370	(1)
Ethics and Ethical Dilemmas in Macro Practice	371	(44)
Introduction	372	(1)
Professional Values and Ethics in Macro Contexts	372	(2)
The NASW Code of Ethics	374	(15)
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibilities to Clients	374	(6)
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibilities to Colleagues	380	(4)
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibilities in Practice Settings	384	(3)
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibility as Professionals	387	(1)
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibility to the Social Work Profession	387	(1)
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibility to the Broader Society	388	(1)
Personal Values	389	(1)
Types of Ethical Issues Confronting Agency Practitioners	389	(1)
Ethical Absolutism Versus Ethical Relativism	390	(1)
Ethical Dilemmas	391	(1)
Facing an Ethical Dilemma: Decision-Making Steps	392	(1)
Step 1: Recognize the Problem	392	(1)
Step 2: Investigate the Variables	392	(1)
Step 3: Get Feedback from Others	393	(1)
Step 4: Appraise the Values That Apply to the Dilemma	393	(1)
Step 5: Evaluate the Dilemma	393	(1)
Step 6: Identify and Think about Possible Alternatives	393	(1)
Step 7: Weigh the Pros and Cons of Each Alternative	393	(1)
Step 8: Make Your Decision	393	(1)
Ranking Ethical Principles	393	(3)
Reamer's Guide to Ethical Decision Making	393	(2)
Dolgoff, Loewenberg, and Harrington's ``Ethical Principles Screen''	395	(1)
Ethical Dilemmas in Macro Contexts	396	(18)
Distributing Limited Resources	396	(2)
Community Support (or the Lack Thereof) for Service Provision	398	(2)
Relationships with Colleagues	400	(1)
Engaging in Sexual Activities with Clients	401	(1)
Neglecting Child Maltreatment	402	(3)
Incompetence Due to Personal Problems	405	(2)
Conforming to Agency Policy	407	(2)
Breaching Confidentiality in a Macro Context	409	(3)
Co-optation Versus Cooperation	412	(1)
Conflict of Interest	413	(1)
Potential Harm to Participants	413	(1)
Stigmatization Tactics	413	(1)
Furthering Ethical Practice in Agency Settings	414	(1)
Postscript	414	(1)
Working with the Courts	415	(29)
The Significance of the Legal System	416	(1)
Functions of Professional Terminology	417	(1)
Important Legal Terms	417	(7)
Laws	417	(1)
Criminal Law	417	(1)
Civil Law	417	(1)
Violations	418	(1)
Jurisdiction	419	(1)
Allegation	420	(1)
Court Process	420	(1)
Due Process	420	(1)
Stipulation	420	(1)
Burden of Proof	421	(1)
Standards of Proof	421	(1)
Evidence	421	(1)
Witnesses	422	(1)
Guardian Ad Litem	422	(1)
Confidentiality and Privileged Communication	422	(1)
Subpoena	423	(1)
Differences Between Courtroom Protocol and Social Work Practice	424	(2)
Adversarial Versus Conjoint Problem Solving	424	(1)
Formal Versus Informal Atmosphere	425	(1)
Legal Due Process Versus Client Rights	426	(1)
Outcome: Determination of the Charge Versus Rehabilitation	426	(1)
Presentation in Court	426	(1)
Preparation for Testimony	426	(7)
Documentation	427	(1)
Review of Other Documents	427	(1)
Establishment of Expert Witness Status	428	(1)
Review of Testimony with Attorney	428	(1)
Preparation of Witnesses	428	(5)
Phases in the Adjudication Process	433	(3)
Direct Examination of Witnesses	433	(2)
Cross-Examination of Witnesses	435	(1)
Strategies in Cross-Examination	436	(3)
Attacking Direct Examination Testimony	436	(1)
Attacking Credentials	437	(1)
Attacking You as a Person	437	(1)
Attacking the Profession	438	(1)
Other Confrontational Tactics	438	(1)
Suggestions for Cross-Examination Testimony	438	(1)
Stages in the Juvenile Court Process	439	(1)
Developing Issues in Social Work and the Law	439	(5)
Developing and Managing Agency Resources	444	(43)
Introduction	445	(1)
Working with the Media	445	(5)
General Guidelines for Using the Media	446	(1)
Contacts with the Media	447	(1)
Media Interviews	448	(1)
Other Media Communications	449	(1)
Using Technology in Your Agency	450	(6)
Understanding Computer Hardware	450	(1)
Understanding the Software	451	(2)
Agency Software Usage	453	(2)
Using the Internet	455	(1)
General Observations about Computers	456	(1)
Fund-raising	456	(7)
Sources of Funds	457	(6)
Grants and Contracts	463	(1)
Finding Out about Grants and Contracts: Where Are They?	464	(3)
Government Grants	465	(1)
Foundation Grants	465	(2)
Business and Corporate Grants	467	(1)
How to Apply for a Grant	467	(20)
Preapplication Phase	467	(1)
Application Phase	468	(16)
Postapplication Phase	484	(3)
References	487	(20)
Name Index	507	(4)
Subject Index	511