Genes, Environment, and... | Buy

This groundbreaking volume synthesizes the results of the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders, which yielded longitudinal data on more than 9,000 individuals. The authors trace how risk for depression, anxiety, eating disorders, antisocial behavior, alcoholism, and substance abuse emerges from the interplay of a variety of genetic and environmental influences. Major questions addressed include whether risk is disorder-specific, how to distinguish between correlational and causal genetic and environmental factors, sex differences in risk, and how risk and protective factors interact over time.

Kenneth S. Kendler, MD, is the Banks Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry and Professor of Human Genetics at the Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University. Since 1983, he has been engaged in studies of the genetics of psychiatric and substance use disorders, and he has been the director of the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders since its inception. Dr. Kendler's work has utilized the methods of both large-scale population-based twin studies and molecular genetics. He has published over 430 peer-reviewed articles, has received a number of national and international awards, is a member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, serves on several editorial boards, and is Editor of Psychological Medicine. Since 1996, Dr. Kendler has served as Director of the Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics.

Carol A. Prescott, PhD, is Professor of Psychology at the University of Southern California. From 1992 to 2005, she was on the faculty of the Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics of Virginia Commonwealth University, where she served as Co-Director of the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. Dr. Prescott has published extensively on genetic influences on alcoholism and other forms of psychopathology. She serves as Associate Editor for Behavior Genetics and Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. Her honors include election to membership in the Society for Multivariate Experimental Psychology and the Theodore Reich Prize from the International Society on Psychiatric Genetics.

List of Sidebars	p. xi
List of Abbreviations	p. xiii
Introduction	p. 1
Overture	p. 2
Structure	p. 4
The Development of the VATSPSUD	p. 5
Background
The Scientific and Social Context of the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders	p. 11
Biometrical Genetics	p. 11
Psychiatric Twin Studies	p. 12
Psychiatric Epidemiology	p. 13
A New Paradigm for Twin Studies	p. 15
Genes	p. 16
The Social and Political Context of the VATSPSUD	p. 17
Our Philosophy of Science	p. 18
Methodology Used in the VATSPSUD	p. 20
Organization and Terminology	p. 20
Samples	p. 21
Selection and Recruitment	p. 22
The Female-Female Twin Study	p. 22
The Female-Female-Parent Study	p. 25
The Male-Male/Male-Female Twin Study	p. 25
Representativeness of Our Samples	p. 27
Assessment	p. 28
Overview	p. 28
Assessment of Zygosity	p. 30
Assessment Procedures	p. 31
Twinning and Twin Models	p. 34
Representativeness of Twins	p. 36
Analysis Basics	p. 37
Twin-Pair Similarity	p. 37
Basics of Twin Models	p. 40
Structural Models and Model Fitting	p. 41
Statistical Significance and Precision	p. 43
Path Diagrams	p. 45
Genetic Risk
Internalizing Disorders	p. 51
Major Depression	p. 51
Genetic and Environmental Influences	p. 53
Discussion and Implications	p. 57
Panic Disorder	p. 58
Genetic and Environmental Influences	p. 59
Discussion and Implications	p. 62
Generalized Anxiety Disorder	p. 63
Discussion and Implications	p. 65
Phobias	p. 66
Theories of Etiology	p. 67
Genetic and Environmental Influences	p. 70
Discussion and Implications	p. 73
Summary	p. 74
Externalizing and Substance Use Disorders	p. 81
Antisocial Behavior	p. 82
Results from Twin-Pair Models	p. 84
Genetic Influences: Evidence and Implications	p. 86
Shared Environmental Influences	p. 87
Substance Abuse and Dependence	p. 87
Alcohol	p. 88
Nicotine	p. 93
Caffeine	p. 95
Illicit Substances	p. 97
Genetic Mechanisms	p. 100
The Role of Environmental Factors in Liability to Substance Use Disorders	p. 102
Bulimia	p. 103
Twin Model Assumptions	p. 114
Random Mating	p. 114
Equal Environment Assumption	p. 115
Similarity of Environmental Exposures	p. 116
Parental Treatment	p. 121
Physical Resemblance	p. 122
Perceived versus True Zygosity	p. 122
Summary	p. 124
Environmental Risk
Childhood Experiences and Risk for Psychopathology	p. 129
Is Parenting Received in Childhood Associated with Adult Psychopathology?	p. 130
Interactions among Parent Dimensions	p. 135
Interpretations	p. 136
Is Parental Loss a Risk Factor for Psychiatric Disorders?	p. 137
Is Childhood Sexual Abuse Associated with Psychiatric Disorders?	p. 142
Summary	p. 144
Adult Experiences and Risk for Psychopathology	p. 148
Stressful Life Events	p. 148
Severity and Number of Events	p. 153
Independence versus Dependence of Events	p. 154
Psychological Dimensions of Events and Episode Type	p. 156
Causality	p. 160
Social Support	p. 162
Summary	p. 165
A Closer Look at Genetic and Environmental Influences
Sex Differences	p. 169
Types of Sex Differences	p. 169
Major Depression	p. 172
Anxiety Disorders	p. 174
Antisocial Behavior	p. 175
Alcoholism	p. 176
Nicotine Dependence	p. 177
Illicit Substance Abuse and Dependence	p. 178
Summary	p. 179
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Stability and Change	p. 181
Stability and Change in Major Depression in Women	p. 182
Implications	p. 185
Influences on the Development of Antisocial Behavior	p. 188
Stability and Change in Alcohol Consumption in Women	p. 192
Effects of Age and Cohort	p. 194
Summary	p. 196
The Genetics of What?: Comorbidity, General versus Specific Effects, and Risk Indicators	p. 199
Studying the Sources of Comorbidity	p. 200
Comorbidity of Major Depression and Generalized Anxiety	p. 201
Comorbidity of Major Depression and Social Phobia	p. 202
Mechanisms for Comorbidity: Alcoholism and Major Depression	p. 203
Common and Specific Risk Factors for Multiple Disorders	p. 207
Common and Specific Influences on Phobia Subtypes	p. 208
Common and Specific Influences on Substance Use Disorders	p. 211
Multivariate Analyses of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders	p. 213
Risk Indicators	p. 216
Novelty Seeking as an Indicator of Risk for Cannabis Use and Abuse	p. 217
Mediators of Risk	p. 219
Drinking Motivations as Mediators versus Indicators of Risk for Alcoholism	p. 220
Neuroticism as an Indicator or Mediator of Risk for Depression	p. 224
Summary	p. 226
Three Extensions of the Twin Model	p. 229
Genetic Influences on Conditional Processes	p. 229
Cross-Generational Transmission of Risk	p. 234
Dealing with Unreliability	p. 237
Twin Measurement Model	p. 238
Multiple-Rater Model	p. 240
Conclusions about Unreliability	p. 245
Summary	p. 245
Bringing it All Together
The Genetics of the Environment	p. 251
Stressful Life Events	p. 252
Sources of Individual Differences in Reported Life Events: A Cross-Sectional Study	p. 252
Sources of Individual Differences in Reported Life Events: A Longitudinal Study	p. 255
Social Support	p. 257
Parenting	p. 260
Parenting Received	p. 260
Parenting Given	p. 262
Interpretation of Parenting Studies	p. 262
Summary	p. 263
Mechanisms for Genetic Control of Exposure to the Environment	p. 267
Mechanisms through Which Genetic Factors Influence Exposure to Environmental Stress	p. 267
Stressful Life Events	p. 268
Social Support	p. 270
Implications	p. 270
Are the Genetic Risk Factors for Environmental Adversities Related to Those for Psychiatric Disorders?	p. 271
Summary	p. 273
Is the Relation between Environmental Risk Factors and Psychiatric Disorders Causal?	p. 275
Cotwin-Control Design	p. 276
Does Early Drinking Increase Risk for Alcoholism?	p. 278
Are Stressful Life Events Causal for Depression?	p. 281
Does Smoking Predispose to Depression?	p. 282
Is Childhood Sexual Abuse Causal for Psychiatric Disorders?	p. 283
Childhood Parental Loss and Risk for Alcoholism	p. 284
Summary	p. 289
Genetic Control of Sensitivity to the Environment	p. 291
Examples of Genetic Control of Sensitivity to the Environment	p. 293
Evidence for Genetic Control of Sensitivity to the Environment in the VATSPSUD	p. 294
Genes, Stressful Live Events, and Major Depression	p. 295
Are the Effects of Parental Alcoholism Moderated by Parental Rearing Style?	p. 304
Moderation of Genetic Effects by Environmental Risk Factors	p. 307
Family Dysfunction and the Heritability of Neuroticism	p. 308
Family Dysfunction and the Heritability of Cigarette Smoking	p. 313
Summary	p. 315
Integrative Models	p. 320
Integrative Model for Major Depression in Women	p. 320
Childhood Risk Factors	p. 323
Risk Factors of Early Adolescence	p. 325
Risk Factors of Late Adolescence	p. 327
Adult Risk Factors	p. 327
Pastt-Year Risk Factors	p. 327
Episode of Major Depression in the Past Year	p. 327
Interpretation of Results	p. 329
Integrative Model for Major Depression in Men	p. 333
Methodological Limitations	p. 336
Conclusions	p. 339
The VATSPSUD and the New Molecular Genetics	p. 348
Philosophical Implications	p. 349
References	p. 351
Publications from the VATSPSUD	p. 377
Author Index	p. 391
Subject Index	p. 401
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