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Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach , 2/e is extensively updated with relevant, cutting-edge coverage of modern genetics and is supported by MasteringGenetics, the most widely-used homework and assessment program in genetics. Featuring expanded assignment options, MasteringGenetics complements the book’s problem-solving approach, engages students, and improves results by helping them master concepts and problem-solving skills.
Dr. Sanders received his Bachelors degree in Anthropology from San Francisco State University and his Master’s and Ph.D. degrees in Biological Anthropology from the University of California, Los Angeles. Following graduation, he spent four years at the University of California, Berkeley as a post-doctoral researcher studying inherited susceptibility to human breast and ovarian cancer. At UC Berkeley he also taught his first genetics courses. Since coming to the University of California, Davis, Dr. Sanders has maintained a full-time teaching schedule and promotes academic achievement by undergraduate students in numerous ways, including as an active student advisor, through his on-going role as the director of a long-standing undergraduate student program, and by past service as the Associate Dean for Undergraduate Academic Programs in the College of Biological Sciences.
John L. Bowman is a Professor in the School of Biological Sciences at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia and an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Plant Biology at the University of California, Davis in the US. He received a B.S. in Biochemistry at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois in 1986 and a Ph.D. in Biology from the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California. His Ph.D. research focused on how the identities floral organs are specified in Arabidopsis (described in Chapter 20). He conducted postdoctoral research at Monash University on the regulation of floral development. From 1996-2006 his laboratory at UC Davis focused on the developmental genetics of plant development, focusing on how leaves are patterned. From 2006-2011 he was a Federation Fellow at Monash University where his laboratory is studying land plant evolution using a developmental genetics approach. At UC Davis he taught genetics, 'from Mendel to cancer', to undergraduate students, and continues to teach genetics courses at Monash University.
1 The Molecular Basis of Heredity, Variation, and Evolution
1.1 Modern Genetics Is in Its Second Century
1.2 The Structure of DNA Suggests a Mechanism for Replication
1.3 DNA Transcription and Messenger RNA Translation Express Genes
1.4 Evolution Has a Molecular Basis
Case Study The Modern Human Family Mystery
Summary • Keywords • Problems
2 Transmission Genetics
2.1 Gregor Mendel Discovered the Basic Principles of Genetic Transmission
2.2 Monohybrid Crosses Reveal the Segregation of Alleles
2.3 Dihybrid and Trihybrid Crosses Reveal the Independent Assortment of Alleles
2.4 Probability Theory Predicts Mendelian Ratios
2.5 Chi-Square Analysis Tests the Fit between Observed Values and Expected Outcomes
2.6 Autosomal Inheritance and Molecular Genetics Parallel the Predictions of Mendel’s Hereditary Principles
Case Study Inheritance of Sickle Cell Disease in Humans
3 Cell Division and Chromosome Heredity
3.1 Mitosis Divides Somatic Cells
3.2 Meiosis Produces Gametes for Sexual Reproduction
3.3 The Chromosome Theory of Heredity Proposes That Genes Are Carried on Chromosomes
3.4 Sex Determination Is Chromosomal and Genetic
3.5 Human Sex-Linked Transmission Follows Distinct Patterns
3.6 Dosage Compensation Equalizes the Expression of Sex-Linked
Genes
Case Study The (Degenerative) Evolution of the Mammalian Y Chromosome
4 Inheritance Patterns of Single Genes and Gene Interaction
4.1 Interactions between Alleles Produce Dominance Relationships
4.2 Some Genes Produce Variable Phenotypes
4.3 Gene Interaction Modifies Mendelian Ratios
4.4 Complementation Analysis Distinguishes Mutations in the Same Gene from Mutations in Different Genes
Case Study Complementation Groups in a Human Cancer-Prone Disorder
5 Genetic Linkage and Mapping in Eukaryotes
5.1 Linked Genes Do Not Assort Independently
5.2 Genetic Linkage Mapping Is Based on Recombination Frequency between Genes
5.3 Three-Point Test-Cross Analysis Maps Genes
5.4 Recombination Results from Crossing Over
5.5 Linked Human Genes Are Mapped Using Lod Score Analysis
5.6 Recombination Affects Evolution and Genetic Diversity
5.7 Genetic Linkage in Haploid Eukaryotes Is Identified by Tetrad Analysis
5.8 Mitotic Crossover Produces Distinctive Phenotypes
Case Study Mapping the Gene for Cystic Fibrosis
6 Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages
6.1 Bacteria Transfer Genes by Conjugation
6.2 Interrupted Mating Analysis Produces Time-of-Entry Maps
6.3 Conjugation with F¢ Strains Produces Partial Diploids
6.4 Bacterial Transformation Produces Genetic Recombination
6.5 Bacterial Transduction Is Mediated by Bacteriophages
6.6 Bacteriophage Chromosomes Are Mapped by Fine-Structure Analysis
6.7 Lateral Gene Transfer Alters Genomes
Case Study The Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance and Change in Medical Practice
7 DNA Structure and Replication
7.1 DNA Is the Hereditary Molecule of Life
7.2 The DNA Double Helix Consists of Two Complementary and Antiparallel Strands
7.3 DNA Replication Is Semiconservative and Bidirectional
7.4 DNA Replication Precisely Duplicates the Genetic Material
7.5 Molecular Genetic Analytical Methods Make Use of DNA Replication Processes
Case Study Use of PCR and DNA Sequencing to Analyze Huntington Disease Mutations
8 Molecular Biology of Transcription and RNA Processing
8.1 RNA Transcripts Carry the Messages of Genes
8.2 Bacterial Transcription Is a Four-Stage Process
8.3 Archaeal and Eukaryotic Transcription Displays Structural Homology and Common Ancestry
8.4 Post-Transcriptional Processing Modifies RNA Molecules
Case Study Sexy Splicing: Alternative mRNA Splicing and Sex Determination in Drosophila
9 The Molecular Biology of Translation
9.1 Polypeptides Are Composed of Amino Acid Chains That Are Assembled at Ribosomes
9.2 Translation Occurs in Three Phases
9.3 Translation Is Fast and Efficient
9.4 The Genetic Code Translates Messenger RNA into Polypeptide
9.5 Experiments Deciphered the Genetic Code
9.6 Translation Is Followed by Polypeptide Folding, Processing, and Protein Sorting
Case Study Antibiotics and Translation Interference
10 The Integration of Genetic Approaches: Understanding Sickle Cell Disease
10.1 An Inherited Hemoglobin Variant Causes Sickle Cell Disease
10.2 Genetic Variation Can Be Detected by Examining DNA, RNA, and Proteins
10.3 Sickle Cell Disease Evolved by Natural Selection in Human Populations
Case Study Transmission and Molecular Genetic Analysis of Thalassemia
11 Chromosome Structure
11.1 Viruses Are Infectious Particles Containing Nucleic Acid Genomes
11.2 Bacterial Chromosomes Are Organized by Proteins
11.3 Eukaryotic Chromosomes Are Organized into Chromatin
11.4 Chromatin Compaction Varies along the Chromosome
11.5 Chromatin Organizes Archaeal Chromosomes
Case Study Fishing for Chromosome Abnormalities in Cancer Cells
12 Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Homologous Recombination
12.1 Mutations Are Rare and Occur at Random
12.2 Gene Mutations Modify DNA Sequence
12.3 Gene Mutations May Arise from Spontaneous Events
12.4 Mutations May Be Induced by Chemicals or Ionizing Radiation
12.5 Repair Systems Correct Some DNA Damage
12.6 Proteins Control Translesion DNA Synthesis and the Repair of Double-Strand Breaks
12.7 DNA Double-Strand Breaks Initiate Homologous Recombination
12.8 Gene Conversion Is Directed Mismatch Repair in Heteroduplex DNA
Case Study Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Is Caused by Inheritance of Mutations of p53
13 Chromosome Aberrations and Transposition
13.1 Nondisjunction Leads to Changes in Chromosome Number
13.2 Changes in Euploidy Result in Various Kinds of Polyploidy
13.3 Chromosome Breakage Causes Mutation by Loss, Gain, and Rearrangement of Chromosomes
13.4 Chromosome Breakage Leads to Inversion and Translocation of Chromosomes
13.5 Transposable Genetic Elements Move throughout the Genome
13.6 Transposition Modifies Bacterial Genomes
13.7 Transposition Modifies Eukaryotic Genomes
Case Study Human Chromosome Evolution
14 Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria and Bacteriophage
14.1 Transcriptional Control of Gene Expression Requires DNA—Protein Interaction
14.2 The lac Operon Is an Inducible Operon System under Negative and Positive Control
14.3 Mutational Analysis Deciphers Genetic Regulation of the lac Operon
14.4 Transcription from the Tryptophan Operon Is Repressible and Attenuated
14.5 Bacteria Regulate the Transcription of Stress Response Genes and Translation and Archaea Regulate Transcription in a
Bacteria-like Manner
14.6 Antiterminators and Repressors Control Lambda Phage Infection of E. coli
Case Study Vibrio cholerae–Stress Response Leads to Serious Infection
15 Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
15.1 Cis-Acting Regulatory Sequences Bind Trans-Acting Regulatory Proteins to Control Eukaryotic Transcription
Transcriptional Regulatory Interactions
15.2 Chromatin Remodeling and Modification Regulates Eukaryotic Transcription
15.3 RNA-Mediated Mechanisms Control Gene Expression
Case Study Environmental Epigenetics
16 Analysis of Gene Function via Forward Genetics and Reverse Genetics
16.1 Forward Genetic Screens Identify Genes by Their Mutant Phenotypes
16.2 Genes Identified by Mutant Phenotype Are Cloned Using Recombinant DNA Technology
16.3 Reverse Genetics Investigates Gene Action by Progressing from Gene Identification to Phenotype
16.4 Transgenes Provide a Means of Dissecting Gene Function
Case Study Reverse Genetics and Genetic Redundancy in Flower Development
17 Recombinant DNA Technology and Its Applications
17.1 Specific DNA Sequences Are Identified and Manipulated Using Recombinant DNA Technology
17.2 Introducing Foreign Genes into Genomes Creates Transgenic Organisms
17.3 Gene Therapy Uses Recombinant DNA Technology
17.4 Cloning of Plants and Animals Produces Genetically Identical Individuals
Case Study Curing Sickle Cell Disease in Mice
18 Genomics: Genetics from a Whole-Genome Perspective
18.1 Structural Genomics Provides a Catalog of Genes in a Genome
18.2 Annotation Ascribes Biological Function to DNA Sequences
18.3 Evolutionary Genomics Traces the History of Genomes
18.4 Functional Genomics Aids in Elucidating Gene Function
Case Study Genomic Analysis of Insect Guts May Fuel the World
19 Organelle Inheritance and the Evolution of Organelle Genomes
19.1 Organelle Inheritance Transmits Genes Carried on Organelle Chromosomes
19.2 Modes of Organelle Inheritance Depend on the Organism
19.3 Mitochondria Are the Energy Factories of Eukaryotic Cells
19.4 Chloroplasts Are the Sites of Photosynthesis
19.5 The Endosymbiosis Theory Explains Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Evolution
Case Study Ototoxic Deafness: A Mitochondrial Gene—Environment Interaction
20 Developmental Genetics
20.1 Development Is the Building of a Multicellular Organism
20.2 Drosophila Development Is a Paradigm for Animal Development
20.3 Cellular Interactions Specify Cell Fate
20.4 “Evolution Behaves Like a Tinkerer”
20.5 Plants Represent an Independent Experiment in Multicellular Evolution
Case Study Cyclopia and Polydactyly–Different Shh Mutations with Distinctive Phenotypes
21 Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Traits
21.1 Quantitative Traits Display Continuous Phenotype Variation
21.2 Quantitative Trait Analysis Is Statistical
21.3 Heritability Measures the Genetic Component of Phenotypic Variation
21.4 Quantitative Trait Loci Are the Genes That Contribute to Quantitative Traits
Case Study GWAS and Crohn’s Disease
22 Population Genetics and Evolution at the Population, Species, and Molecular Levels
22.1 The Hardy—Weinberg Equilibrium Describes the Relationship of Allele and Genotype Frequencies in Populations
22.2 Natural Selection Operates through Differential Reproductive Fitness within a Population
22.3 Mutation Diversifies Gene Pools
22.4 Migration Is Movement of Organisms and Genes between Populations
22.5 Genetic Drift Causes Allele Frequency Change by Sampling Error
22.6 Inbreeding Alters Genotype Frequencies
22.7 Species and Higher Taxonomic Groups Evolve by the Interplay of Four Evolutionary Processes
22.8 Molecular Evolution Changes Genes and Genomes through Time
Case Study CODIS–Using Population Genetics to Solve Crime and Identify Paternity
Selected References and Readings
Answers to Selected Problems
Glossary
Credits
Index
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