Genetical Analysis of Quantitative Traits

by Kearsey; M

• ISBN13: 9780748740826
• ISBN10: 0748740821
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2004-08-16
• Publisher: ROUTLEDGE

Summary

This clearly written and accessible text provides a guide to the experimental and analytical methodologies available for studying quantitative traits, together with a review of the genetic control of quantitative traits.The book also includes discussions of the ways in which theory can be applied to breeding and evolution.Throughout the book, the authors take full account of developments in analytical techniques.A clear account of quantitative genetics is provided which will be invaluable for advanced undergraduates, post-graduate students, lecturers and researchers entering the field.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Dedication	xiii
Introduction	1	(17)
Qualitative, single gene differences	2	(2)
What are quantitative traits?	4	(2)
Who studies quantitative traits?	6	(2)
Why are quantitative traits important?	8	(2)
What do we need to know about quantitative traits?	10	(3)
Historical development of quantitative genetics	13	(5)
Summary	16	(1)
References	16	(1)
Further reading	17	(1)
Basic generations -- means	18	(20)
Single gene model with additive and dominance effects	19	(2)
Two gene model with additive and dominance effects	21	(1)
Multiple gene model with additive and dominance effects	22	(3)
Extension to other generations	25	(2)
Relationships between generation means	27	(3)
Estimating genetical parameters	30	(3)
Interpretation: heterosis and potence ratio	33	(5)
Summary	36	(1)
References	36	(2)
Basic generations -- variances	38	(15)
Variation in the non-segregating generations	38	(1)
Environmental variation	39	(2)
Estimating environmental variance	41	(1)
Variation in the segregating generations	42	(3)
Estimation of genetical components	45	(3)
Heritability, h2	48	(1)
Relationships between [a] and V*A, and [d] and V*D	49	(1)
Dominance ratio	50	(1)
Variances and means	51	(1)
Conclusions from the analysis of basic generations	51	(2)
Summary	51	(1)
References	52	(1)
Further reading	52	(1)
Selfing and full-sib mating	53	(24)
Selfing: F3 families	54	(3)
Selfing: F4 families and beyond	57	(4)
Applications of selfing theory	61	(2)
Variation between inbred lines derived from an F2	63	(2)
Sib-mating an F2	65	(5)
Sib-mating: regression of offspring onto the parents	70	(2)
Further inbreeding by full-sib mating	72	(1)
Estimation of variance components by weighted least squares	73	(1)
Unequal family sizes	74	(3)
Summary	75	(1)
References	75	(2)
Half-sib mating designs	77	(24)
The North Carolina Experiment I: NCI	77	(5)
The North Carolina Experiment II: NCII	82	(2)
General and specific combining ability	84	(1)
Multiple NCIIs	85	(1)
The North Carolina Experiment III: NCIII	86	(6)
The Triple Test Cross: TTC	92	(3)
The diallel cross	95	(2)
HS designs using inbred lines from an F2 as parents	97	(4)
Summary	98	(1)
References	99	(2)
Genes, genetic markers and maps	101	(32)
Genetic markers	102	(1)
Structural and regulatory genes	102	(1)
Mutations in structural genes	103	(4)
Molecular genetic markers	107	(4)
Chiasmata, crossing over and genetic exchange	111	(6)
Chiasma frequency and recombination frequency	117	(3)
Estimation of recombination frequency	120	(7)
Mapping functions	127	(3)
Segregation distortion	130	(3)
Summary	131	(1)
References	132	(1)
Further reading	133	(1)
Gene counting and location	133	(32)
Reasons for locating QTL	133	(1)
Background to methodology	134	(3)
QTL and marker loci in segregating generations	137	(14)
Handling more than one QTL on a chromosome	151	(5)
Biometrical methods of gene counting	156	(4)
General conclusions on QTL counting and locating	160	(5)
Summary	162	(1)
References	162	(2)
Further reading	164	(1)
Designer chromosomes	165	(21)
Chromosome engineering	165	(3)
Locating a QTL within the substituted region	168	(2)
Detecting substitution effects	170	(2)
Manipulating whole chromosomes	172	(1)
Chromosome substitution methods in different species	173	(9)
Use of chromosome substitution lines	182	(4)
Summary	184	(1)
References	184	(2)
Populations	186	(19)
Problems of studying populations	186	(1)
Solutions	187	(2)
Consequences of definitions of VA and VD	189	(3)
Studies of human populations	192	(2)
The use of twins	194	(3)
Heritabilities of human traits	197	(1)
Genotype--environment correlation	198	(2)
Diallel crosses	200	(1)
Inbreeding in a population	201	(4)
Summary	203	(1)
References	204	(1)
The consequences of linkage	205	(19)
Genetic variation with linkage	205	(3)
Extension to more than two genes	208	(2)
Linkage and random mating an F2	210	(2)
Linkage and inbreeding an F2	212	(1)
Linkage disequilibrium in populations in general	212	(1)
Tests of linkage	213	(2)
Sex linkage	215	(1)
Basic generations of single crosses	216	(3)
Full-sib families	219	(1)
Half-sib designs	220	(4)
Summary	222	(1)
References	223	(1)
Epistasis	224	(17)
Definitions	225	(1)
Relationship with classical epistasis	226	(2)
What is parameter m?	228	(1)
The effects of association and dispersion on epistasis	228	(3)
Deriving the expectations of generation means	231	(1)
Estimates and tests of significance	232	(2)
Determining the type of epistasis for a multigene case	234	(1)
Epistasis and scaling tests	234	(1)
Higher order interactions	235	(1)
Epistasis and variances	236	(5)
Summary	239	(1)
References	240	(1)
Genotype by environment interaction	241	(25)
The nature and causes of G x E	241	(3)
Tests of G x E	244	(1)
Macro-environmental variables	245	(6)
G x E with many lines	251	(1)
Interpretation of G x E analysis	252	(2)
Predictions in the presence of G x E	254	(1)
Conclusions from the genetic analysis of G x E	255	(2)
Selection in heterogeneous environments	257	(2)
Other methods of analysis	259	(3)
G x E -- stability versus flexibility	262	(4)
Summary	263	(1)
References	263	(2)
Further reading	265	(1)
Maternal effects and non-diploids	266	(19)
Maternal effects	266	(1)
Models for generation means	267	(2)
Maternal effects and scaling tests	269	(3)
Generation variances	272	(1)
Maternal effects in FS and HS designs	273	(1)
Haploids and polyploids	274	(1)
Basic generations with haploids	274	(3)
Multiple mating designs with haploids	277	(1)
Basic generations with polyploids	278	(4)
Multiple mating designs with polyploids	282	(3)
Summary	283	(1)
References	283	(2)
Correlated and threshold characters	285	(17)
Correlations between characters	285	(2)
Environmental correlations	287	(1)
Genetic correlations	288	(3)
Genetic covariation and design of experiment	291	(1)
Causes of covariation	292	(2)
General conclusions about correlations	294	(1)
Threshold traits	294	(2)
Handling threshold traits	296	(2)
Two or more thresholds	298	(4)
Summary	300	(1)
References	300	(1)
Further reading	301	(1)
Applications	302	(33)
Choice of breeding objective	302	(2)
The causes of heterosis	304	(4)
Predicting the breeding potential of crosses	308	(6)
Effects of failed assumptions on predictions of RILs and SCHs	314	(1)
Predicting the response to selection	315	(6)
Correlated response to selection	321	(1)
Indirect selection	322	(1)
Multi-trait selection	323	(1)
Marker-based selection	324	(3)
Genetic architecture of populations	327	(2)
Human populations	329	(6)
Summary	332	(1)
References	333	(1)
Further reading	334	(1)
Experimental design	335	(15)
Replication	335	(4)
Power of experiments	339	(3)
Power of biometrical experiments based on Anova	342	(4)
Reliability of the additive genetic variance	346	(1)
Data analysis	347	(3)
Summary	348	(1)
References	349	(1)
Further reading	349	(1)
Appendix A Precision of h2n with FS families	350	(1)
Appendix B Precision of h2n with HS families	351	(1)
Appendix C Statistical tables; F, X2, t	352	(2)
Appendix D Normal deviate and intensity of selection (i)	354	(1)
Appendix E Area under the normal curve	355	(1)
Appendix F The weighted least squares procedure	356	(4)
Symbols	360	(4)
Problems	364	(6)
Answers to problems	370	(9)
Index	379