Geographical Information Systems and Computer Cartography

by Jones,Chris B.

• ISBN13: 9780582044395
• ISBN10: 0582044391
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 1997-07-30
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

A concise text presenting the fundamental concepts in Geographical Information Systems (GIS), emphasising an understanding of techniques in management, analysis and graphic display of spatial information. Divided into five parts - the first part reviews the development and application of GIS, followed by a summary of the characteristics and representation of geographical information. It concludes with an overview of the functions provided by typical GIS systems. Part Two introduces co-ordinate systems and map projections, describes methods for digitising map data and gives an overview of remote sensing. Part Three deals with data storage and database management, as well as specialised techniques for accessing spatial data. Spatial modelling and analytical techniques for decision making form the subject of Part Four, while the final part is concerned with graphical representation, emphasising issues of graphics technology, cartographic design and map generalisation.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii	(3)
Acknowledgements	xvi
Part 1 Introduction	1	(58)
Chapter 1 Origins and applications	3	(15)
Introduction	3	(1)
Cartography and GIS	4	(1)
The relationship of GIS to other fields	5	(1)
Uses of geographical information systems	6	(1)
Surveying and monitoring	7	(5)
Utilities maintenance	12	(1)
Navigation	12	(1)
Public administration	13	(3)
Marketing and retailing	16	(1)
Summary	16	(1)
Further reading	17	(1)
Chapter 2 Geographical information concepts and spatial models	18	(21)
Introduction	18	(1)
Semantics	18	(2)
Statistics	20	(1)
Spatial information	20	(6)
Temporal information	26	(1)
Conceptual models of spatial information	26	(3)
Representations of geographic information	29	(8)
Summary	37	(1)
Further reading	38	(1)
Chapter 3 GIS functionality: an overview	39	(20)
Introduction	39	(1)
Data acquisition	39	(2)
Preliminary data processing	41	(4)
Data storage and retrieval	45	(1)
Spatial search and analysis	46	(10)
Graphics and interaction	56	(2)
Summary	58	(1)
Further reading	58	(1)
Part 2 Acquisition and Preprocessing of Geo-referenced Data	59	(88)
Chapter 4 Coordinate systems, transformations and map projections	61	(21)
Introduction	61	(2)
The shape of the earth	63	(1)
Planar rectangular coordinates	64	(1)
Measurements with rectangular coordinate systems	65	(1)
Polar coordinates on the plane	66	(1)
Spherical coordinates	66	(2)
Geometry of the spheroid	68	(1)
Geometric transformations in rectangular coordinate systems	69	(1)
Changing between rectangular coordinate systems	70	(2)
Map projections	72	(6)
Choosing a map projection	78	(1)
Analytical transformations	78	(1)
Rubber sheet transformations	79	(1)
Global hierarchical tessellations	80	(1)
Summary	81	(1)
Further reading	81	(1)
Chapter 5 Digitising, editing and structuring map data	82	(11)
Introduction	82	(1)
Manual digitising	82	(4)
Error detection and correction	86	(3)
Integration of digital map data from multiple maps and sources	89	(1)
Semi-automatic line-following digitisers	90	(1)
Full-document scanners	90	(2)
Summary	92	(1)
Further reading	92	(1)
Chapter 6 Primary data acquisition from ground and remote surveys	93	(28)
Introduction	93	(1)
Ground-based surveys	94	(3)
Remote sensing	97	(15)
Image processing of remotely sensed data	112	(7)
Summary	119	(1)
Further reading	120	(1)
Chapter 7 Data quality and data exchange standards	121	(11)
Introduction	121	(1)
Accuracy	121	(1)
Precision	122	(1)
Spatial resolution	122	(1)
Scale	123	(1)
Error	123	(3)
Sources of inaccuracy	126	(1)
Data transfer standards	127	(3)
Summary	130	(1)
Further reading	131	(1)
Chapter 8 Vector to raster and raster to vector conversions	132	(15)
Introduction	132	(1)
Vector to raster conversion	132	(6)
Raster to vector conversion	138	(7)
Summary	145	(1)
Further reading	145	(2)
Part 3 Data Storage and Retrieval	147	(48)
Chapter 9 Computer data storage	149	(12)
Introduction	149	(1)
Units of stored information	149	(1)
Two simple file structures for storing vector data	150	(2)
Raster data storage	152	(2)
Character files and binary files	154	(1)
File organisations	155	(2)
Linked lists and chains	157	(2)
Trees	159	(1)
B-trees	159	(1)
Summary	160	(1)
Further reading	160	(1)
Chapter 10 Database management systems	161	(16)
Introduction	161	(1)
Desirable characteristics of database management systems	161	(2)
Components of a database management system	163	(1)
Understanding the data: conceptual modelling	164	(2)
Semantic modelling	166	(2)
Logical models for database implementation	168	(1)
The relational model	169	(4)
Object-oriented databases	173	(1)
Deductive databases	174	(1)
Spatial query languages	175	(1)
Summary	175	(1)
Further reading	176	(1)
Chapter 11 Spatial data access methods for points, lines and polygons	177	(18)
Introduction	177	(1)
General principles of spatial data access and search	178	(1)
Regular decomposition	178	(6)
Object-directed decomposition	184	(2)
Multi-resolution spatial data access methods	186	(1)
Geometric intersection and determination of topological relationships	187	(5)
Summary	192	(1)
Further reading	193	(2)
Part 4 Spatial Data Modelling and Analysis	195	(36)
Chapter 12 Surface modelling and spatial interpolation	197	(17)
Introduction	197	(1)
Surface representation methods	198	(9)
Simple weighted interpolation from point samples	207	(1)
Spatial autocorrelation	208	(2)
Kriging	210	(1)
Areal interpolation	211	(1)
Summary	212	(1)
Further reading	213	(1)
Chapter 13 Techniques in spatial decision support	214	(17)
Introduction	214	(1)
Land suitability and multi-criteria evaluation	215	(3)
Linear programming	218	(3)
Rule-based systems	221	(3)
Network analyses	224	(3)
Spatial interaction modelling	227	(2)
Genetic algorithms	229	(1)
Summary	229	(1)
Further reading	230	(1)
Part 5 Graphics and Cartography	231	(2)
Chapter 14 Computer graphics technology for display and interaction	233	(19)
Introduction	233	(1)
Screen display technologies	234	(5)
Hard copy devices	239	(3)
Colour specification and transformation	242	(4)
Interactive input devices	246	(3)
Graphics programming software systems	249	(2)
Summary	251	(1)
Further reading	251	(1)
Chapter 15 Cartographic communication and visualisation	252	(19)
Introduction	252	(1)
Graphic symbology	252	(1)
Graphic variables	253	(4)
Issues in map design	257	(2)
Text placement	259	(3)
Visualisation of 3D data	262	(5)
Interactive cartography	267	(2)
Summary	269	(1)
Further reading	270	(1)
Chapter 16 Map generalisation	271	(19)
Introduction	271	(2)
Semantic generalisation	273	(1)
Geometric generalisation	274	(3)
Process control	287	(2)
Summary	289	(1)
Further reading	289	(1)
References	290	(13)
Index	303