Geologic Maps : A Practical Guide to the Preparation and Interpretation of Geology Maps for Geologists, Geographers, Engineers and Planners

by Spencer, Edgar W.

• ISBN13: 9780130115836
• ISBN10: 0130115835
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

This workbook is designed to help readers who have no previous training in map interpretation learn how to prepare, read, and interpret geologic maps. The discussion of the types of geologic features found on geologic maps is followed by well-developed exercises based on a set of full- color geologic maps. Reorganizes material, with the inclusion of many new maps and new exercises. Adds new chapters devoted to the preparation of geologic maps, identification and classification of sedimentary rocks, and use of aerial photographs. Adds portions of geologic maps reproduced in full color. An invaluable workbook/reference book for professionals in this field.

Table of Contents

Preface	vii
Maps and Images Used in the Study of Earth	1	(12)
Base Maps	1	(1)
Oblique Aerial Photographs	1	(1)
Vertical Aerial Photographs	2	(1)
Orthophotographs	3	(1)
Landsat Satellite Images	3	(1)
Side-Looking Airborne Radar(SLAR) Images	4	(2)
Geologic Maps	6	(2)
Geologic Cross Sections	8	(1)
Geologic Block Diagrams	8	(1)
Structure Contour Maps	9	(1)
Tectonic Maps	9	(1)
Types of Information You Can Obtain from Maps and Images	9	(2)
Topographic Maps	10	(1)
Geologic Maps	10	(1)
Land-Use Maps Derived from Geologic Maps	11	(1)
Professional Uses of Geologic Maps	11	(2)
Geologists	11	(1)
Civil and Environmental Engineers and Engineering Geologists	12	(1)
Planners and Architects	12	(1)
Soil Scientists	12	(1)
Base Maps	13	(12)
Map Projections	13	(3)
Mercator Projection	14	(1)
Transverse Mercator Projection	14	(1)
Polyconic Projection	14	(2)
Lambert Conformal Conic Projection	16	(1)
Topographic Maps	16	(9)
Location	17	(1)
Location by Means of the Public Land Survey	17	(1)
Ground Distance and Map Distance	18	(1)
Map Scales	18	(2)
Map Scales	20	(1)
True and Magnetic North---Declination	20	(2)
Bearings and Azimuths	22	(1)
Preparing a Topographic Profile	22	(2)
Selecting Graph Paper to Show Vertical Exaggeration	24	(1)
Bearings	24	(1)
Draw Topographic Profiles	24	(1)
Preparation of Geologic Maps	25	(16)
Preliminary Preparations	25	(1)
Define the Map Area	25	(1)
Collect and Review Existing Information	25	(1)
Select a Base Map	26	(1)
Making a Reconnaissance Survey of the Area	26	(1)
Obtain Permission to Enter Private Property	26	(1)
Collecting and Recording Observations	26	(4)
Decide Where to Collect Data	26	(2)
Record Observations	28	(1)
Determine Your Location	28	(1)
A Pace-and-Compass Survey	29	(1)
Describing the Outcrop	30	(2)
Stratigraphic Units Used on Geologic Maps of Bedrock	30	(2)
Making Measurements with Compasses	32	(3)
Pointers on Making Measurements	34	(1)
Common Problems in Measuring Strike and Dip	35	(1)
Compiling Field Observations on the Base Map	35	(3)
Interpreting the Data	38	(1)
Field Checking Your Interpretation	39	(1)
Preparing the Final Map	39	(2)
Final Map Checklist	39	(2)
Identification and Description of Sedimentary Rocks	41	(8)
Field Description of Sedimentary Rocks	41	(2)
Stratification	41	(1)
Composition	41	(1)
Texture	42	(1)
Color	42	(1)
Sedimentary Rock Types	42	(1)
Environments of Deposition	43	(1)
Primary Features in Sedimentary Rocks	44	(1)
Textural Variations in Sedimentary Rocks	44	(2)
Primary Features Found on Bedding Surfaces	46	(3)
Use of Aerial Photographs in Mapping	49	(8)
Vertical Aerial Photography	49	(1)
Vertical Photographs	49	(3)
Stereographic Photography	49	(2)
Interpretation of Aerial Photographs-Coconino Country, Arizona	51	(1)
Identifying Surficial and Bedrock Materials on Aerial Photographs	52	(5)
Interpretation of Aerial Photographs---Owl Creek, Wyoming	54	(1)
Interpretation of Aerial Photographs---Lookout Ridge, Alaska	55	(2)
Interpretation of Surficial Geologic Maps	57	(5)
Uses of Surficial Geologic Maps	57	(1)
Types of Unconsolidated Materials Shown on Geologic Maps	58	(4)
Surficial Deposits	58	(1)
Surficial Deposits---Ouray Quadrangle, Colorado	59	(1)
Surficial Deposits---Davis Mesa Quadrangle, Colorado	59	(1)
Surficial Deposits---Montvale Quadrangle, Virginia	59	(3)
Introduction to Geologic Maps of Bedrock	62	(11)
Primary Shape of Sedimentary Rock Bodies	63	(5)
Kilauea Crater, Hawaii	65	(3)
Structure Contour Maps	68	(5)
Structure Contours on the Flanks of the Black Hills, Wyoming, Montana, and South Dakota	69	(2)
Structure Contour Map of the Denver Basin, Colorado	71	(1)
Isopach Map of the Lower Ordovician	71	(2)
Geologic Maps of Homoclinal Beds	73	(18)
Patterns of Homoclinal Beds on Geologic Maps	73	(1)
V-Shaped Contact Patterns on Geologic Maps	73	(3)
Determining the Strike and Dip of a Plane from Three Points of Known Elevation	76	(3)
Three-Point Problem	77	(2)
Tracing Plane Contacts through the Topography	79	(2)
Tracing Contacts through the Topography	81	(1)
Layer Thickness and Width on Maps	81	(3)
Layer Thickness and Width	83	(1)
Constructing Cross Sections of Homoclinal Beds	84	(7)
Homoclines---Grand Canyon, Arizona	87	(1)
Homoclines---Davis Mesa Quadrangle, Colorado	88	(1)
Homoclines---Ouray Quadrangle, Colorado	89	(1)
Cross Sections of Homoclinal Beds	89	(2)
Unconformities	91	(7)
Unconformity Patterns on Geologic Maps	91	(7)
Unconformities---Pittsfield East Quadrangle, Massachusetts	92	(2)
Unconformities---Ouray Quadrangle, Colorado	94	(1)
Unconformities---Brownwood and Llano, Texas	94	(1)
Unconformities---Mule Mountain Quadrangle, Arizona	94	(1)
Unconformities---Bull Lake West Quadrangle, Wyoming	94	(2)
Unconformities---Atkinson Creek Quadrangle, Colorado	96	(1)
Unconformities---Grand Canyon, Arizona	96	(1)
Unconformities---Arkansas State Geologic Map	97	(1)
Folds on Geologic Maps	98	(16)
Fold Geometry	98	(1)
Fold Patterns on Geologic Maps	98	(4)
Hints on Reading Maps of Folded Strata	100	(2)
Constructing Cross Sections of Folded Rocks	102	(1)
Freehand Cross Sections	102	(1)
Balanced Cross Sections	102	(1)
Tracing Folds through the Topography	103	(2)
Tracing Folds through the Topography	105	(1)
Structure Contour Maps of Folded Strata	105	(9)
Folds---Northern and Western Flanks of the Black Hills, Wyoming	105	(1)
Structure on the Arkansas State Geologic Map	106	(3)
Folds---Pittsfield Quadrangle, Massachusetts	109	(1)
Folds---Williamsport Quadrangle, Pennsylvania	109	(2)
Folds---Salem Quadrangle, Kentucky	111	(2)
Folds---Maverick Springs Anticline	113	(1)
Faults on Geologic Maps	114	(20)
Fault Nomenclature	114	(3)
Displacement and Separation	117	(1)
Cross-Section Construction in Faulted Areas	117	(1)
High-Angle Faults	117	(8)
Patterns of High-Angle Faults on Geologic Maps	118	(2)
Faults---Mule Mountain Quadrangle, Arizona	120	(1)
Faults---Brownwood and Llano, Texas	120	(3)
Faults---Grand Canyon, Arizona	123	(1)
Faults---Atkinson Creek Quadrangle, Colorado	123	(1)
Faults---Pine Mountain Quadrangle, Colorado	124	(1)
Faults---Salem Quadrangle, Kentucky	124	(1)
Faults---Kilauea Crater, Hawaii	125	(1)
Patterns along Strike-slip Faults	125	(1)
Low-Angle Faults	125	(9)
Faults---Smoky Mountains, Tennessee and North Carolina	128	(3)
Faults---Duffield Quadrangle, Virginia	131	(1)
Faults---Calgary, British Columbia and Alberta, Canada	132	(1)
Faults---Paradise Peak Quadrangle, Nevada	133	(1)
Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks	134	(11)
Appearance of Plutons on Geologic Maps	134	(1)
Nomenclature and Classification of Intrusions	134	(11)
Concordant Plutons	135	(1)
Discordant Plutons	135	(3)
Plutons---Danford Quadrangle, Maine	138	(2)
Igneous Rocks---Paradise Peak Quadrangle, Nevada	140	(1)
Igneous Rocks---Arkansas State Geologic Map	141	(1)
Igneous Rocks---Brownwood and Llano, Texas	141	(1)
Igneous Rocks---Jemez Mountains, New Mexico	141	(1)
Igneous Rocks---Kilauea Crater, Hawaii	142	(1)
Igneous Rocks---Ouray Quadrangle, Colorado	142	(1)
Metamorphic Rocks---Greenville Quadrangle, Maine	143	(2)
SELECTED REFERENCES	145	(2)
INDEX	147
APPENDIX I Safety in the Field	Ap1-1
APPENDIX II Geologic Map Reference Set	Ap2-1
Arkansas State Map	Ap2-2
Atkinson Creek, Colorado	Ap2-4
Davis Mesa, Colorado	Ap2-4
Brownwood and Llano, Texas	Ap2-6
Calgary, Alberta-British Columbia	Ap2-8
Duffield, Virginia	Ap2-10
Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona	Ap2-12
Greenville, Maine	Ap2-14
Jemez Mountains, New Mexico	Ap2-16
Kilauea, Hawaii	Ap2-18
Mule Mountain, Arizona	Ap2-20
Pine Mountain, Colorado	Ap2-20
Pittsfield, Massachusetts	Ap2-20
Ouray, Colorado	Ap2-22
Paradise Peak, Nevada	Ap2-24
Salem, Kentucky	Ap2-26
Smoky Mountains National Park	Ap2-28
Smoky Mountains National Park Cross Section	Ap2-30
Williamsport, Pennsylvania	Ap2-32