Geology : An Introduction to Physical Geology

by Chernicoff, Stanley; Whitney, Donna

• ISBN13: 9780131474642
• ISBN10: 0131474642
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-04
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This book teaches whateveryoneneeds to know about geology and how science and scientists work. Readers will discover a new appreciation for their surroundings, learning how to prepare for any number of geologic and environmental threats and how our Earth can continue providing all of our needs for food, shelter, and material well-being as long as we donrs"t squander these resources.The latest discoveries in the geosciences are covered, including Earth systems interactions, continental tectonics and mountain-building, a vastly expanded treatment of the geologic timescale and the evolution of life, and more. Up-to-the-minute examples of exciting geological processes are presented, such as the most recent volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunami, floods, and discoveries on Mars and on the Earthrs"s own seafloors.For anyone interested in exploring how physical geology impacts the world around us.

Table of Contents

Preface	xviii
To the Student	xxiii
PART 1 Forming the Earth	1	(288)
A First Look at Planet Earth---Its Origins, Systems, and Tectonic Plates	2	(36)
What Is Geology?	6	(1)
The Earth as a System	6	(4)
The Lithosphere	8	(1)
The Hydrosphere	8	(1)
The Atmosphere	8	(1)
The Biosphere	8	(1)
Japan's Mount Usu---An Example of Earth Systems Interactions	8	(1)
The Earth Systems' Power Supply	9	(1)
A Final Comment About Earth Systems	10	(1)
Geologists---How They Do Their Work	10	(1)
How the Science of Geology First Developed	10	(1)
The Earth in Space	11	(10)
The Probable Origin of the Sun and Its Planets	11	(1)
Highlight What Killed the Dinosaurs?	12	(3)
The Early Days of Planet Earth	15	(2)
Thermal Energy in the Earth	17	(1)
Cycling Rocks	18	(1)
Time and Geology	19	(2)
Plate Tectonics---A First Look	21	(8)
Plate Tectonics---Its Basic Concepts	22	(1)
Moving Plates and Their Dynamic Boundaries	23	(6)
In Support of Plate Tectonics---A Theory Develops	29	(6)
Alfred Wegener and Continental Drift	29	(1)
Geology at a Glance: Plate Boundaries	30	(1)
Plate Boundaries	30	(4)
The Driving Force Behind Plate Motion	34	(1)
The Earth's Plate-Tectonic Future	34	(1)
A Preview of Things to Come	35	(1)
Chapter 1 Summary	36	(2)
Key Terms	37	(1)
Questions for Review	37	(1)
Learning Actively	37	(1)
Online Study Guide	37	(1)
Minerals	38	(32)
What Is a Mineral?	40	(5)
The Structure of Atoms	40	(2)
Making Minerals---How Atoms Bond	42	(3)
A Mineral's Structure	45	(1)
What Controls a Mineral's Composition and Structure?	45	(1)
Identifying Minerals	46	(8)
In the Field	47	(5)
Highlight Diamonds, Diamonds, Diamonds	52	(1)
In the Laboratory	53	(1)
The Earth's Rock-Forming Minerals	54	(7)
The Silicates and Their Structures	55	(5)
Highlight The Pros and Cons of Swelling Minerals	60	(1)
Nonsilicates	60	(1)
Finding and Naming Minerals	61	(4)
Geology at a Glance: Rock-forming Silicates	63	(1)
Rock Forming Silicates	63	(1)
Highlight Martian Minerals, Water, and Life	64	(1)
Gemstones---The Earth's Most Valuable Minerals	65	(2)
How Gemstones Form	65	(1)
Synthetic Gems---Can We Imitate Nature?	66	(1)
Highlight The Curse of the Hope Diamond	66	(1)
Minerals as Clues to the Past	67	(1)
Chapter 2 Summary	68	(2)
Key Terms	68	(1)
Questions for Review	69	(1)
Learning Actively	69	(1)
Online Study Guide	69	(1)
Igneous Rocks and Processes	70	(30)
A Brief Introduction to Igneous Rocks and Processes	72	(1)
Melting Rocks and Crystallizing Magma	72	(13)
The Creation of Magma	73	(2)
Motion of Magma	75	(1)
The Crystallization of Magma	76	(3)
Igneous Textures	79	(3)
Igneous Compositions	82	(2)
Geology at a Glance: Igneous Rocks	84	(1)
Igneous Rocks	84	(1)
Intrusive Rock Formations	85	(5)
Tabular Plutons	85	(2)
Other Plutons and Batholiths	87	(1)
Highlight Tabular Plutons Save the Union	88	(2)
Plate Tectonics and Igneous Rock	90	(4)
The Origin of Basalts and Gabbros	91	(1)
The Origin of Andesites and Diorites	92	(1)
Geology at a Glance: Plutons	93	(1)
Plutons	93	(1)
The Origin of Rhyolites and Granites	94	(1)
Igneous Rocks of the Moon	94	(2)
The Economic Value of Igneous Rocks	96	(1)
Highlight Making Gold in an Active Volcano	97	(1)
Chapter 3 Summary	97	(3)
Key Terms	98	(1)
Questions for Review	98	(1)
Learning Actively	99	(1)
Online Study Guide	99	(1)
Volcanoes and Volcanism	100	(42)
Volcanoes and Life	102	(1)
The Nature and Origin of Volcanoes	103	(3)
The Causes of Volcanism	104	(2)
The Products of Volcanism	106	(10)
Types of Lava	106	(7)
Secondary Volcanic Effects	113	(2)
Highlight Hawaii's Dreaded VOG---Coping with ``Natural'' Air Pollution	115	(1)
Eruptive Styles and Associated Landforms	116	(12)
Effusive Eruptions	116	(1)
Highlight Loihi---Growing Pains of the Next Hawaiian Island	117	(4)
Pyroclastic Eruptions	121	(1)
Highlight Iceland---Where Hot Volcanoes Meet Cold Glaciers	122	(6)
Plate Tectonics and Volcanism	128	(4)
Highlight The Toba Eruption---A Volcano's Possible Role in Human Evolution	130	(1)
Geology at a Glance: Volcanoes and Volcanic Rock	131	(1)
Volcanoes and Volcanic Rock	131	(1)
Coping with Volcanic Hazards	132	(6)
Regions at Risk in the U.S.	132	(1)
Highlight Living in the Shadow of Vesuvius	133	(2)
Defense Plans	135	(3)
Extraterrestrial Volcanism	138	(1)
Chapter 4 Summary	139	(3)
Key Terms	140	(1)
Questions for Review	140	(1)
Learning Actively	141	(1)
Online Study Guide	141	(1)
Weathering---The Breakdown of Rocks	142	(28)
Weathering Processes	144	(12)
Mechanical Weathering---Disintegrating Rocks	144	(3)
Chemical Weathering---Decomposing Rocks	147	(3)
Highlight Coping with Acid Rain	150	(2)
Factors That Influence Chemical Weathering	152	(2)
Geology at a Glance: Weathering	154	(1)
Weathering	154	(1)
Some Products of Chemical Weathering	155	(1)
Soils and Soil Formation	156	(11)
Influences on Soil Formation	157	(1)
Highlight Rock Weathering and Global Climates	158	(2)
Typical Soil Profile	160	(3)
Classifying Soils	163	(3)
Highlight Using Soils to Predict the Next Large Earthquake	166	(1)
Weathering in Extraterrestrial Environments	167	(1)
Chapter 5 Summary	168	(2)
Key Terms	168	(1)
Questions for Review	169	(1)
Learning Actively	169	(1)
Online Study Guide	169	(1)
Sedimentary Processes, Environments, and Rocks	170	(34)
The Origins of Sedimentary Rocks	172	(7)
Sediment Transport and Texture	172	(1)
Sedimentary Structures	173	(5)
Lithification---Turning Sediment into Sedimentary Rock	178	(1)
Classifying Sedimentary Rocks	179	(12)
Detrital Sedimentary Rocks	179	(1)
Highlight Finding ``Blueberries'' on Mars	180	(2)
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks	182	(5)
Highlight When the Mediterranean Sea Was a Desert	187	(4)
``Reading'' Sedimentary Rocks	191	(9)
Depositional Environments	191	(2)
Geology at a Glance: Sedimentary Rocks	193	(1)
Sedimentary Rocks	193	(1)
Sedimentary Facies	194	(1)
Sedimentary Rocks and Plate Tectonics	195	(1)
Highlight Telling the Earth's History from Its Seafloor Mud	196	(2)
Sedimentary Rocks from a Distance	198	(2)
Chapter 6 Summary	200	(4)
Key Terms	200	(1)
Questions for Review	201	(1)
Learning Actively	202	(1)
Online Study Guide	203	(1)
Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks	204	(26)
What Is Metamorphism?	207	(1)
What Drives Metamorphism?	207	(3)
Heat	207	(1)
Pressure	208	(2)
Circulating Fluids	210	(1)
What Controls the Mineralogy of a Metamorphic-Rock?	210	(1)
Types of Metamorphism	210	(3)
Contact Metamorphism	210	(1)
Regional Metamorphism	211	(1)
Other Types of Metamorphism	212	(1)
Common Metamorphic Rocks	213	(6)
Highlight Shock Metamorphism, Buckyballs . . . and the Origin of Life on Earth?	214	(1)
Metamorphism of Mud	214	(1)
Geology at a Glance Types of Metamorphism	215	(3)
Metamorphism of Sandstones and Limestones	218	(1)
Metamorphism of Igneous Rocks	218	(1)
A Non-foliated Metamorphic Rock---Hornfels	219	(1)
Temperatures and Pressures of Metamorphism	219	(4)
Metamorphic Grade	219	(1)
Index Minerals and Metamorphic Zones	220	(1)
Experimenting with Rocks	220	(1)
Pressure-Temperature Paths and Plate Tectonics	221	(2)
Plate Tectonics and Metamorphic Rocks	223	(1)
Metamorphic Rocks in Daily Life	223	(3)
Potential Hazards from Metamorphic Rocks	224	(1)
Highlight Asbestos, Cancer, and Crayons---A Study in Environmental Health	225	(1)
The Rock Cycle Revisited	226	(1)
Chapter 7 Summary	227	(3)
Key Terms	228	(1)
Questions for Review	228	(1)
Learning Actively	229	(1)
Online Study Guide	229	(1)
Telling Time Geologically	230	(59)
Geologic Time in Perspective	232	(1)
Determining Relative Age	233	(13)
Principles of Relative Dating	234	(3)
Unconformities	237	(1)
Highlight How Fossils Form	238	(3)
Geology at a Glance Relative Dating	241	(1)
Relative Dating	241	(2)
Highlight The World's Oldest Landscape	243	(1)
Correlation	244	(1)
Relative Dating by Weathering Features	245	(1)
Determining Numerical Age	246	(13)
Isotope Dating	246	(2)
How to Date Rock (or Mineral)	248	(4)
Other Numerical-Dating Techniques	252	(3)
Dating Tectonic Events	255	(2)
Geology at a Glance: Numerical Dating	257	(1)
Combining Relative and Numerical Dating	258	(1)
The Geologic Time Scale	259	(5)
Highlight Death on Earth	260	(1)
Life on Earth	260	(2)
The Age of the Earth	262	(2)
Highlight Life on Earth---Are We All Extraterrestrials?	264	(1)
Chapter 8 Summary	264	(4)
Key Terms	266	(1)
Questions for Review	266	(1)
Learning Actively	267	(1)
Online Study Guide	267	(1)
Timeline of Earth History	268	(21)
Introduction	268	(2)
Big Bang to Formation of Earth	270	(2)
Formation of Earth to 2,600 MYA	272	(2)
2,600 MYA to 550 MYA	274	(2)
550 MYA to 370 MYA	276	(2)
370 MYA to 190 MYA	278	(2)
170 MYA to 19 MYA	280	(2)
19 MYA to 7.5 MYA	282	(2)
7.7 MYA to 1 MYA	284	(2)
1 MYA to Present	286	(3)
PART 2 Shaping the Earth's Crust	289	(146)
Earth Structures---Folds, Faults, and Fabrics	290	(24)
Stress and Strain	292	(3)
Elastic and Plastic Rocks	292	(1)
Other Factors Affecting Rock Deformation	293	(1)
Compression, Tension, and Shearing	294	(1)
Interpreting Deformed Rocks	294	(1)
Folds	295	(6)
Highlight Studying Deformed Rocks in the Field	296	(1)
Types and Shapes of Folds	296	(3)
Domes and Basins	299	(2)
Faults	301	(8)
Types of Faults	302	(5)
Plate Tectonics and Faulting	307	(1)
Geology at a Glance: Common Types of Faults	308	(1)
Common Types of Faults	308	(1)
Seeing Structures	309	(3)
Highlight Folds, Faults, and the Search for Fossil Fuels	311	(1)
Chapter 9 Summary	312	(2)
Key Terms	313	(1)
Questions for Review	313	(1)
Learning Actively	313	(1)
Online Study Guide	313	(1)
Earthquakes	314	(40)
The Causes of Earthquakes	316	(1)
The Products of Earthquakes---Seismic Waves	317	(2)
Body Waves	317	(1)
Surface Waves	318	(1)
Measuring Earthquakes---Which Scale to Use?	319	(3)
The Mercalli Intensity Scale	319	(1)
The Modern Seismograph	320	(1)
The Richter Scale	320	(1)
The Moment-Magnitude Scale	321	(1)
Earthquake Magnitudes on a Human Scale	322	(1)
Locating an Earthquake's Epicenter	322	(1)
Earthquake Depth and Magnitude	323	(1)
The Effects of Earthquakes	324	(8)
Ground Displacements	324	(1)
Landslides and Liquefaction	324	(1)
Highlight Seismic Eavesdropping---Monitoring the Peace	325	(1)
Seiches	326	(1)
Tsunami	327	(2)
Fires	329	(1)
Highlight A Mysterious Tsunami Strikes Japan	330	(1)
Geology at a Glance Some Effects of Earthquakes	331	(1)
The World's Principal Earthquake Zones	332	(5)
Earthquake Zones at Plate Boundaries	332	(2)
Intraplate Earthquakes	334	(3)
Coping with the Threat of Earthquakes	337	(14)
Limiting Earthquakes Caused by Humans	337	(1)
Determining Seismic Frequency	337	(5)
Building in an Earthquake Zone	342	(2)
Earthquake Prediction---The Best Defense	344	(4)
Highlight Drilling the San Andreas	348	(1)
Can Earthquakes Be Controlled?	349	(1)
Geology at a Glance: Strategies for Coping With the Three of Earthquakes	350	(1)
The Moon---A Distant Seismic Outpost	351	(1)
Chapter 10 Summary	352	(2)
Key Terms	352	(1)
Questions for Review	353	(1)
Learning Actively	353	(1)
Online Study Guide	353	(1)
The Earth's Interior---What's Going on Down There?	354	(30)
Highlight Journey to the Center of the Earth, 21st-Century Style	356	(1)
Investigating the Earth's Interior	357	(10)
The Behavior of Seismic Waves	357	(1)
The Crust	358	(2)
Highlight Seismic Tomography---A Planetary CAT Scan	360	(2)
The Mantle	362	(2)
The Core	364	(3)
Taking the Earth's Temperature	367	(3)
Determining Interior Temperatures	367	(1)
Heat at the Earth's Surface	367	(1)
Geology at a Glance: The Earth's Interior	368	(1)
Highlight Simulating the Earth's Core in the Laboratory	369	(1)
Is the Earth Still Cooling?	369	(1)
The Earth's Gravity	370	(5)
Measuring Gravity	370	(1)
Gravity Anomalies	370	(2)
Isostasy	372	(2)
Highlight Why is the Shore So Near the Ocean?	374	(1)
Magnetism	375	(6)
The Earth's Magnetic Field	375	(4)
Highlight Modeling Reversals	379	(1)
Other Magnetic Fields in Our Solar System	380	(1)
Chapter 11 Summary	381	(3)
Key Terms	382	(1)
Questions for Review	382	(1)
Learning Actively	382	(1)
Online Study Guide	383	(1)
Plate Tectonics and the Formation of the Earth's Oceans	384	(26)
Some Plate-Tectonic Basics	386	(1)
The Nature and Origin of the Ocean Floor	386	(12)
Rifting and the Origin of Ocean Basins	387	(4)
Divergent Plate Boundaries	391	(1)
Highlight The Unseen World of Divergent Zones	392	(2)
Transform Boundaries and Offset Mid-ocean Ridges	394	(1)
Convergent Plate Boundaries---Subduction Zones	394	(3)
Convergent Plate Boundaries---Collision Zones	397	(1)
Determining Plate Velocity	398	(8)
Highlight Continental Subduction and Formation of Diamonds	399	(1)
Geology at a Glance: Plate Boundaries	400	(2)
Using Hot Spots to Track Plate Movements	402	(2)
Tracking Magnetic Field Reversals	404	(1)
Rates of Plate Motion	404	(2)
The Driving Forces of Plate Motion	406	(1)
Ridge Push or Slab Pull?	406	(1)
The Tectonics of Continents---A Preview	407	(1)
Chapter 12 Summary	407	(3)
Key Terms	408	(1)
Questions for Review	408	(1)
Learning Actively	408	(1)
Online Study Guide	409	(1)
Continental Tectonics and the Formation of the Earth's Continents	410	(25)
The Origin and Shaping of Continents	410	(9)
The Anatomy of Continents	410	(2)
The Origin of Continents	412	(2)
The Changing Shape of the Earth's Continents	414	(2)
Mountain Building and Mountain ``Unbuilding''	416	(1)
Supercontinents	416	(2)
Highlight The Geology of the Roof of the World	418	(1)
The Tectonic History of the North American Continent	419	(12)
The Creation of the Continental Shield and Cration	420	(1)
Mountain Building in the East: The Appalachian Events	421	(1)
Highlight The Appalachians---North America's Geologic Jigsaw Puzzle	422	(1)
Mountain Building in the West: Westward Growth of the North American Continent	423	(2)
More Mountain Building in the West	425	(1)
Rifting in the West	426	(1)
Most Recent Tectonic Events in North America	427	(1)
Looking into the Plate-Tectonic Future: A Global Perspective	428	(1)
Highlight Volcanoes in New Jersey and Georgia? When Will the Atlantic Subduct Again?	429	(1)
Geology at a Glance: Future Subduction Along Atlantic Seaboard	430	(1)
Chapter 13 Summary	431	(4)
Key Terms	432	(1)
Questions for Review	432	(1)
Learning Actively	432	(1)
Online Study Guide	433	(2)
PART 3 Sculpting the Earth's Surface	435
Mass Movement	436	(28)
What Causes Mass Movement?	438	(6)
Gravity, Friction, and Slope Angle	438	(1)
Slope Composition	438	(3)
Setting Off a Mass-Movement Event	441	(3)
Types of Mass Movement	444	(10)
Slow Mass Movement	444	(1)
Rapid Mass Movement	444	(6)
Highlight Keeping an Eye on a Canary	450	(2)
Highlight The La Conchita Mudslide	452	(1)
Geology at a Glance: Mass movements	453	(1)
Mass Movement	453	(1)
Avoiding and Preventing Mass-Movement Disasters	454	(5)
Predicting Mass Movements	454	(2)
Highlight Crumbling K'ilauea	456	(1)
Avoiding Mass Movements	456	(1)
Preventing Mass Movements	457	(2)
Extraterrestrial Mass Movement	459	(2)
Highlight How to Choose a Stable Home Site	460	(1)
Chapter 14 Summary	461	(3)
Key Terms	462	(1)
Questions for Review	462	(1)
Learning Actively	463	(1)
Online Study Guide	463	(1)
Streams and Floods	464	(36)
The Earth's Water	464	(3)
Streams	467	(2)
Stream Flow and Discharge	467	(2)
The Geological Work of Streams	469	(16)
Graded Streams	469	(1)
Stream Erosion	470	(7)
Stream Transport	477	(4)
Stream Deposition	481	(2)
Geology at a Glance: The Work of Streams	483	(2)
Controlling Floods	485	(11)
Highlight The Mississippi River and Its Delta	486	(2)
Flood Prediction	488	(2)
Highlight The Great Midwestern Floods of 1993	490	(3)
Artificial Floods	493	(1)
Highlight The Tragedy of Hurricane Katrina	494	(2)
Stream Evolution and Plate Tectonics	496	(1)
Extraterrestrial Stream Activity---Evidence from Mars	497	(1)
Chapter 15 Summary	498	(2)
Key Terms	498	(1)
Questions for Review	499	(1)
Learning Actively	499	(1)
Online Study Guide	499	(1)
Groundwater	500	(38)
Groundwater Infiltration and Flow	502	(3)
Movement and Distribution of Groundwater	503	(2)
Tapping the Groundwater Reservior	505	(7)
Aquifers---Water-bearing Rock Units	506	(2)
Natural Springs and Geysers	508	(4)
Finding and Managing Groundwater	512	(7)
Locating Groundwater	512	(1)
Threats to the Groundwater Supply	513	(1)
Should You Hire a Water Witch?	514	(3)
Who Owns Groundwater?	517	(1)
Dealing with Groundwater Problems	518	(1)
Maintaining Groundwater Quality	519	(5)
Natural Groundwater Purification	520	(2)
Highlight Yucca Mountain---A Safe Place for N-Wastes?	522	(2)
Cleansing Contaminated Aquifers	524	(1)
Caves and Karst---The Products of Groundwater Erosion	524	(2)
How Limestone Dissolves	524	(2)
Caves	526	(4)
Cave Formation	526	(1)
Cave Deposits	526	(4)
Karst Topography	530	(6)
Karst Landforms	530	(3)
Protecting Karst Environments	533	(1)
Geology at a Glance: The Geologic Work of Groundwater	534	(1)
Geologic Work of Groundwater, At or Near the Surface	534	(1)
Geologic Work of Groundwater, Underground	535	(1)
Chapter 16 Summary	536	(2)
Key Terms	537	(1)
Questions for Review	537	(1)
Learning Actively	537	(1)
Online Study Guide	537	(1)
Glaciers and Ice Ages	538	(42)
Glacier Formation and Growth	541	(5)
Classifying Glaciers	542	(1)
The Budget of a Glacier	542	(1)
Glacial Flow	542	(4)
The Work of Glaciers	546	(16)
Glacial Erosion	546	(3)
Glacial Transport and Deposition	549	(4)
Geology at a Glance: The Work of Continental Glaciers	553	(1)
The Work of Continental Glaciers	553	(1)
Geology at a Glance: The Work of Alpine Glaciers	554	(1)
The Work of Alpine Glaciers	554	(1)
Other Effects of Glaciation	555	(5)
Highlight The World's Greatest Flood---The Channeled Scablands of Eastern Washington	560	(2)
Reconstructing Ice Age Climates	562	(4)
Deep-Sea Studies	564	(1)
Ice-Core Studies	565	(1)
The Causes of Glaciation	566	(3)
Variations in the Earth's Orbital Mechanics	567	(1)
Terrestrial Factors That Amplify Ice Age Climate Change	567	(2)
The Earth's Glacial Past	569	(7)
Highlight The Snowball Earth---When the Whole Planet Froze	570	(1)
Glaciation in the Pleistocene	571	(1)
Recent Glacial Events	572	(3)
Highlight Opening up the Northwest Passage---A By-product of Global Warming?	575	(1)
Glaciation on Other Planets and Moons	576	(1)
Chapter 17 Summary	577	(3)
Key Terms	578	(1)
Questions for Review	578	(1)
Learning Actively	579	(1)
Online Study Guide	579	(1)
Deserts and the Work of Winds	580	(32)
Identifying Deserts	582	(4)
Types of Deserts	582	(1)
Highlight How Hot Is Hot?	583	(1)
Weathering in Deserts	584	(2)
The Work of Water in Deserts	586	(3)
Stream Erosion in Deserts	586	(1)
Stream Deposition in Deserts	587	(2)
The Work of Winds in Deserts	589	(15)
Highlight America's Dust Bowl	592
Erosion by Wind	591	(2)
Transport by Wind	593	(3)
Deposition by Wind	596	(6)
Reconstructing Paleowind Directions	602	(1)
Geology at a Glance: The Work of Wind in Deserts	603	(1)
Desertification	604	(4)
Highlight The Great Plains---North America's Once and Future Sahara?	606	(1)
Reversing Desertification	607	(1)
Wind Action on Mars	608	(1)
Chapter 18 Summary	609	(3)
Key Terms	610	(1)
Questions for Review	610	(1)
Learning Actively	611	(1)
Online Study Guide	611	(1)
Shores and Coastal Processes	612	(34)
Waves, Currents, and Tides	614	(6)
Waves and Currents	614	(2)
Tides	616	(4)
Processes That Shape Coasts	620	(11)
Coastal Erosion	620	(2)
Highlight Lake Michigan's Vanishing Shoreline	622	(2)
Coastal Transport and Deposition	624	(5)
Geology at a Glance: The Work of Waves and Tides	629	(1)
Highlight Can (and Should) We Control Nature's Coasts?	630	(1)
Types of Coasts	631	(6)
Barrier Islands	631	(3)
Organic Coasts	634	(1)
Highlight The Future of North Carolina's Coast---Some Good, News, Some Bad	635	(2)
Plate-Tectonic Settings of Coasts	637	(2)
Sea-Level Fluctuations and Coastal Evolution	639	(4)
Highlight The Drowning of Tuvalu---A Tiny Country Not Long for This World	641	(1)
Protecting Coasts and Coastal Environments	642	(1)
Chapter 19 Summary	643	(3)
Key Terms	644	(1)
Questions for Review	644	(1)
Learning Actively	644	(1)
Online Study Guide	645	(1)
Human Use of the Earth's Resources	646
Reserves and Resources	648	(1)
Fossil Fuels	649	(7)
Hydrocarbons	649	(3)
Coal and Peat	652	(2)
Fossil Fuels and the Environment	654	(2)
Alternative Energy Resources	656	(9)
Renewable Alternative Energy Sources	656	(1)
Highlight Gas Hydrates---A Major 21st-Century Fuel or a Potential Global Environmental Disaster?	657	(5)
Nuclear Energy---A Nonrenewable Alternative	662	(1)
Highlight Hydrogen---The Solution to All Our 21st-century Energy Needs?	663	(2)
Mineral Resources	665	(8)
Metals	665	(6)
Nonmetals	671	(2)
Future Use of Natural Resources	673	(4)
Geology at a Glance: Earth's Energy Resources	674	(1)
Meeting Future Energy Needs	674	(1)
Meeting Future Mineral Needs	675	(2)
Chapter 20 Summary	677
Key Terms	678	(1)
Questions for Review	678	(1)
Learning Actively	678	(1)
Online Study Guide	679
Appendix A Conversion Factors for English and Metric Units	1	(1)
Appendix B A Statistical Portrait of Planet Earth	2	(2)
Appendix C Reading Topographic and Geologic Maps	4	(2)
Appendix D Mineral-Identification Charts	6	(4)
Glossary	10	(10)
Photo Credits	20	(5)
Index	25