Geotechnical Engineering Investigation Handbook, Second Edition

by Hunt; Roy

• ISBN13: 9780849321825
• ISBN10: 0849321824
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-04-12
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

The Geotechnical Engineering Investigation Handbook provides the tools necessary for fusing geological characterization and investigation with critical analysis for obtaining engineering design criteria. The second edition updates this pioneering reference for the 21st century, including developments that have occurred in the twenty years since the first edition was published, such as:· Remotely sensed satellite imagery· Global positioning systems (GPS)· Geophysical exploration· Cone penetrometer testing· Earthquake studies· Digitizing of data recording and retrieval· Field and laboratory testing and instrumentation· Use of the Internet for data retrievalThe Geotechnical Engineering Investigation Handbook, Second Edition is a comprehensive guide to a complete investigation: study to predict geologic conditions; test-boring procedures; various geophysical methods and when each is appropriate; various methods to determine engineering properties of materials, both laboratory-based and in situ; and formulating design criteria based on the results of the analysis. The author relies on his 50+ years of professional experience, emphasizing identification and description of the elements of the geologic environment, the data required for analysis and design of the engineering works, and procuring the data.By using a practical approach to problem solving, this book helps engineers consider geological phenomena in terms of the degree of their hazard and the potential risk of their occurrence.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(12)
Basic Considerations	1	(2)
Human Activities and the Geologic Interface	1	(1)
Investigation	2	(1)
Objectives	2	(1)
Scope	3	(6)
General	3	(1)
Investigation Methods and Procedures (Part I)	3	(2)
Characteristics of Geologic Materials and Formations (Part II)	5	(2)
Geologic Hazards (Part III)	7	(1)
Appendices	8	(1)
Geotechnical Investigation: Objectives, Stages, Scope, and Planning	9	(4)
Basic Objectives	9	(1)
Stages of Investigation	9	(1)
Phases of Investigation	9	(2)
Study Planning	11	(2)
PART I: Investigation Methods and Procedures	13	(322)
Exploration	15	(124)
Introduction	15	(2)
Objectives	15	(1)
Methodology	15	(1)
Scope	15	(2)
Surface Mapping	17	(26)
General	17	(1)
Research Data	17	(4)
Remotely Sensed Imagery	21	(7)
Terrain Analysis	28	(13)
Site Reconnaissance	41	(2)
Preparation of Subsurface Exploration Program	43	(1)
Subsurface Exploration	43	(56)
General	43	(1)
Geophysical methods	44	(22)
Reconnaissance Methods	66	(1)
Continuous CPT (ASTM D5778)	66	(8)
Test and Core Borings	74	(19)
Borehole Remote-Sensing and Logging	93	(3)
Groundwater and Seepage Detection	96	(3)
Recovery of Samples and Cores	99	(40)
General	99	(2)
Test Boring Soil Sampling	101	(8)
Miscellaneous Soil-Sampling Methods	109	(2)
Subaqueous Sampling	111	(3)
Rock Coring	114	(12)
Sample and Core Treatment	126	(5)
Data Presentation	131	(4)
References	135	(2)
Further Reading	137	(2)
Measurement of Properties	139	(132)
Introduction	139	(8)
Objectives	139	(1)
Geotechnical Properties	139	(1)
Testing Methods Summarized	140	(7)
Basic and Index Properties	147	(16)
Intact Rock	147	(3)
Rock Masses	150	(1)
Soils	151	(12)
Hydraulic Properties (Permeability)	163	(11)
Introduction	163	(1)
Estimating the Permeability Coefficient k	164	(2)
Laboratory Tests	166	(4)
In Situ Testing	170	(4)
Rupture Strength	174	(44)
Introduction	174	(5)
Shear Strength Relationships	179	(12)
Rock Strength Measurements	191	(8)
Soil Strength Measurements	199	(12)
Soil Penetration Tests	211	(7)
Deformation without Rupture	218	(36)
Introduction	218	(5)
Deformation Relationships	223	(4)
Rock Deformation Measurements	227	(8)
Soil Deformation Measurements (Static)	235	(16)
Dynamic Deformation Moduli (Soils)	251	(3)
Typical Values of Basic, Index, and Engineering Properties	254	(17)
Rock Masses	254	(1)
Weathered Rock and Residual Soil	255	(1)
Cohesionless Soils	255	(1)
Clay Soils	255	(8)
Compacted Materials	263	(1)
References	263	(6)
Further Reading	269	(2)
Field Instrumentation	271	(64)
Introduction	271	(8)
Methods and Instruments Summarized	271	(1)
Objectives	271	(1)
Applications	271	(4)
Program Elements	275	(2)
Transducers	277	(2)
Surface Movements	279	(12)
Forms and Significance	279	(2)
Surveying	281	(4)
Tiltmeters	285	(2)
Extensometers	287	(3)
Vibration Monitoring	290	(1)
Subsurface Deformations	291	(17)
Forms and Significance	291	(1)
Vertical Displacement	292	(5)
Lateral Displacement	297	(5)
Linear Strain Gradients	302	(2)
Acoustical Emissions	304	(4)
In Situ Pressures and Stresses	308	(12)
General	308	(1)
Pore-Water Pressures	309	(5)
Loads and Stresses	314	(3)
Residual Rock Stresses	317	(3)
Instrumentation Arrays for Typical Problems	320	(15)
Importance	320	(1)
Settlement of Structures	320	(3)
Excavation Retention	323	(1)
Earth Dams	324	(2)
Tunnels, Caverns, and Mines	326	(3)
Natural and Cut Slopes	329	(3)
Fault Movements	332	(1)
References	332	(2)
Further Reading	334	(1)
Catalogs	334	(1)
PART II: Characteristics of Geologic Materials and Formations	335	(362)
Rock and Soil: Identification and Classification	337	(68)
Introduction	337	(2)
The Geologic Materials	337	(1)
Rock Groups and Classes	338	(1)
Soil Groups and Classes	339	(1)
Rocks	339	(44)
The Three Groups	339	(1)
Petrographic Identification	340	(6)
Igneous Rocks	346	(2)
Sedimentary Rocks	348	(13)
Metamorphic Rocks	361	(3)
Engineering Characteristics of Rock Masses	364	(4)
Rock-Mass Description and Classification	368	(15)
Soils	383	(22)
Components	383	(1)
Granular or Cohesionless Soils	384	(1)
Clays	385	(5)
Organic Materials	390	(1)
Related Engineering Properties	391	(4)
Classification and Description of Soils	395	(8)
References	403	(1)
Further Reading	404	(1)
Rock-Mass Characteristics	405	(88)
Introduction	405	(13)
Characteristics Summarized	405	(1)
Terrain Analysis	406	(5)
Mapping and Presenting Structural Features	411	(7)
Original Rock-Mass Forms	418	(12)
Significance	418	(1)
Igneous Rocks	419	(1)
Sedimentary Rocks	420	(8)
Metamorphic Rock	428	(2)
Deformation by Folding	430	(7)
General	430	(2)
Fracture Cleavage	432	(1)
Landforms	433	(4)
Jointing	437	(14)
General	437	(1)
Forms and Characteristics	438	(3)
Jointing in Various Rock Types	441	(5)
Block Behavior	446	(5)
Faults	451	(11)
General	451	(1)
Terminology	451	(2)
Characteristics and Identification	453	(1)
Engineering Significance	454	(6)
Investigation Methodology Summarized	460	(2)
Residual Stresses	462	(3)
General	462	(1)
Tensile Straining	463	(1)
Rock Bursts	463	(1)
Anticipating Unstable Conditions	464	(1)
Alteration of Rock	465	(28)
General	465	(2)
Factors Affecting Decomposition	467	(8)
Weathering Profile in Various Rock Types	475	(14)
References	489	(2)
Further Reading	491	(2)
Soil Formations: Geologic Classes and Characteristics	493	(124)
Introduction	493	(7)
Geologic Classification of Soil Formations	493	(3)
Terrain Analysis	496	(4)
Residual Soils	500	(11)
Introduction	500	(3)
Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks	503	(5)
Sedimentary Rocks	508	(3)
Colluvial Deposits	511	(5)
Introduction	511	(1)
Recognition	512	(2)
Engineering Significance	514	(2)
Alluvial Deposits	516	(41)
Fluvial Environment	516	(13)
Estuarine Environment	529	(5)
Coastline Environment	534	(8)
Coastal Plain Deposits	542	(8)
Lacustrine Environment (Nonglacial)	550	(6)
Marine Environment	556	(1)
Eolian Deposits	557	(11)
Eolian Processes	557	(2)
Dunes and Sand Sheets	559	(4)
Loess	563	(5)
Volcanic Clays	568	(1)
Glacial Deposits	568	(25)
Glacial Activity	568	(4)
Till	572	(5)
Glacial-Fluvial Stratified Drift	577	(3)
Glacial-Lacustrine Soils	580	(10)
Glacial-Marine Clays	590	(3)
Secondary Deposits	593	(9)
Introduction	593	(1)
Duricrusts	593	(6)
Permafrost and Seasonal Frost	599	(3)
Pedological Soils and Plant Indicators	602	(15)
Introduction	602	(1)
Pedological Classifications	603	(7)
Plant Indicators	610	(2)
References	612	(3)
Further Reading	615	(2)
Water: Surface and Subsurface	617	(80)
Introduction	617	(1)
General	617	(1)
Engineering Aspects	617	(1)
Surface Water	618	(14)
Surface Hydrology	618	(3)
Erosion	621	(6)
Flooding	627	(5)
Subsurface Water (Groundwater)	632	(27)
Occurrence	632	(6)
Subsurface Flow	638	(8)
Flow Systems and Analysis	646	(7)
Practical Aspects of Groundwater	653	(6)
Groundwater and Seepage Control	659	(28)
Introduction	659	(2)
Cutoffs and Barriers	661	(8)
Dewatering	669	(5)
Drains	674	(2)
Filters	676	(1)
Surface Treatments	677	(1)
Typical Solutions to Engineering Problems	677	(10)
Environmental Conservation	687	(10)
Water Conservation and Flood Control	687	(3)
Groundwater Pollution Control	690	(2)
Environmental Planning Aspects Summarized	692	(1)
References	693	(2)
Further Reading	695	(2)
PART III: Geologic Hazards	697	(300)
Landslides and Other Slope Failures	699	(134)
Introduction	699	(15)
General	699	(1)
Hazard Recognition	700	(5)
Rating the Hazard and the Risk	705	(2)
Elements of Slope Stability	707	(7)
Slope Failure Form Characteristics	714	(41)
Creep	714	(1)
Falls	715	(1)
Planar Slides in Rock Masses	716	(7)
Rotational Slides in Rock	723	(1)
Rotational Slides in Soils	723	(2)
Lateral Spreading and Progressive Failure	725	(16)
Debris Slides	741	(2)
Debris Avalanches	743	(5)
Debris Flows	748	(1)
Rock-Fragment Flows	748	(1)
Soil and Mud Flows	749	(4)
Seafloor Instability	753	(2)
Assessment of Slopes	755	(33)
General	755	(1)
Stability Analysis: A Brief Review	755	(17)
Slope Characteristics	772	(11)
Weather Factors	783	(3)
Hazard Maps and Risk Assessment	786	(2)
Treatment of Slopes	788	(25)
General Concepts	788	(5)
Changing Slope Geometry	793	(4)
Surface Water Control	797	(1)
Internal Seepage Control	798	(4)
Side-Hill Fills	802	(2)
Retention	804	(9)
Investigation: A Review	813	(20)
General	813	(6)
Regional and Total Slope Studies	819	(3)
Detailed Study of Cut, Fill, or Failure Area	822	(1)
Case Study	823	(3)
Instrumentation and Monitoring	826	(2)
References	828	(3)
Further Reading	831	(2)
Ground Subsidence, Collapse, and Heave	833	(60)
Introduction	833	(1)
General	833	(1)
The Hazards	833	(1)
Scope and Objectives	833	(1)
Groundwater and Oil Extraction	834	(10)
Subsurface Effects	834	(1)
Surface Effects	835	(1)
Physiographic Occurrence	836	(1)
Significant Examples	837	(3)
Subsidence Prevention and Control	840	(4)
Subsurface Mining	844	(12)
Subsidence Occurrence	844	(3)
Longwall Panel Extraction	847	(1)
Room and Pillar Method (Also ``Breast and Heading'' Method)	848	(3)
Strength Properties of Coal	851	(1)
Investigation of Existing Mines	852	(3)
Subsidence Prevention and Control and Foundation Support	855	(1)
Solution of Rock	856	(9)
General	856	(1)
Solution Phenomenon and Development	856	(5)
Investigation	861	(3)
Support of Surface Structures	864	(1)
Soil Subsidence and Collapse	865	(14)
General	865	(1)
Collapsible or Metastable Soils	865	(7)
Predicting Collapse Potential	872	(2)
Treatment and Support of Structures	874	(2)
Piping Soils and Dispersive Clays	876	(3)
Heave in Soil and Rock	879	(14)
General	879	(1)
Swelling in Soils	880	(3)
Swelling in Rock Masses	883	(3)
Treatments to Prevent or Minimize Swelling and Heave	886	(1)
References	887	(4)
Further Reading	891	(2)
Earthquakes	893	(104)
Introduction	893	(6)
General	893	(1)
Geographic Distribution	894	(5)
Objectives and Scope	899	(1)
Earthquake Elements	899	(30)
The Source	899	(3)
Seismic Waves	902	(3)
Ground Motion	905	(5)
Intensity and Magnitude	910	(6)
Attenuation	916	(3)
Amplification	919	(4)
Duration	923	(1)
Recurrence and Forecasting	924	(5)
Surface Effects on the Geologic Environment	929	(30)
Faulting	929	(12)
Soil Behavior	941	(3)
Subsidence and Liquefaction	944	(7)
Slope Failures	951	(5)
Tsunamis and Seiches: Response of Large Water Bodies	956	(2)
The Volcano Hazard	958	(1)
Earthquake-Resistant Design: An Overview	959	(24)
Introduction	959	(2)
Structural Response	961	(4)
Site Ground-Response Factors	965	(2)
Response Spectra	967	(3)
Seismic Hazard Analysis	970	(2)
The Design Earthquake	972	(6)
Soil-Structure Interaction Analysis (SSI)	978	(5)
Investigation: Important Structures in High-Hazard Areas	983	(14)
Introduction	983	(1)
Preliminary Phase	983	(3)
Detailed Study of Regional and Local Geologic Conditions	986	(2)
Evaluation and Analysis	988	(1)
Limitations in the Present State of the Art	989	(2)
References	991	(4)
Further Reading	995	(2)
APPENDICES	997	(22)
Appendix A. The Earth and Geologic History	997	(8)
A.1 Significance to the Engineer	997	(1)
A.2 The Earth	997	(1)
A.2.1 General	997	(1)
A.2.2 Cross Section	997	(1)
A.3 Global Tectonics	998	(1)
A.3.1 General	998	(1)
A.3.2 The Hypotheses	998	(1)
A.4 Geologic History	999	(1)
A.4.1 North America: Provides a General Illustration	999	(3)
A.4.2 Radiometric Dating	1002	(1)
References	1003	(1)
Further Reading	1003	(2)
Appendix B. USGS Quads, Aerial Photographs, Satellite and SLAR Imagery	1005	(2)
FIG Topographic Maps (USGS Quadrangle Maps)	1005	(1)
FIG Stereo-Pairs of Aerial Photos	1006	(1)
FIG Satellite and SLAR Imagery	1006	(1)
Appendix C. English to Metric to the International System	1007	(2)
Appendix D. Symbols	1009	(6)
Appendix E. Engineering Properties of Geologic Materials: Data and Correlations	1015	(4)
Index	1019