GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

While there are many textbooks on the market that cover geotechnical engineering basics, Geotechnical Engineering is unique in that it is the only textbook available that is rooted within the three phase unsaturated soil mechanics framework. Written by world-renowned, award-winning geotechnical engineering expert Dr. Jean-Louis Briaud, this Second Edition offers the most comprehensive coverage of geotechnical engineering topics on the market, from theory to real-world application.

In addition to many updates and revisions, a major chapter has been added, covering 22 geo-engineering case histories. They are:

Washington Monument (shallow mat foundation)
Rissa Landslide (slope stability)
Seattle 46 M-High MSE Wall (retaining wall)
The New Orleans Charity Hospital Foundation (deep foundation)
The Eurotunnel Linking France and England (tunnel)
The Teton Dam (earth dam erosion)
The Woodrow Wilson Bridge (bridge scour)
San Jacinto Monument (shallow mat foundation)
Pointe du Hoc Cliffs (rock erosion)
The Tower of PISA (shallow foundation)
The Transcona Silo (shallow foundation)
The Saint John River Bridge Abutment (slope stability)
Foundation of Briaud’s House (shrink swell soils)
The Eiffel Tower (deep foundation)
St. Isaac Cathedral (mat foundation)
National Geotechnical Experimentation Sites at Texas A&M University (full scale infrastructure tests)
The 827 M-High Burj Khalifa Tower Foundation (combined pile raft foundation)
New Orleans Levees and Katrina Hurricane (overtopping erosion)
Three Gorges Dam (concrete dam)
The Kansai International Airport (earth fill in the sea)
The Panama Canal (excavated slopes)
The Nice Airport Slope Failure (slope stability)

From site investigation and geophysics to earthquake engineering and deep foundations, Geotechnical Engineering is an ideal resource for upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses, as well as practicing professionals in geotechnical engineering and soil mechanics.

Jean-Louis Briaud, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, Dist.M.ASCE, is the American Society of Civil Engineers’ (ASCE) 2021 President. Dr. Briaud served as President of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE) from 2009 to 2013. He is a Distinguished Professor at Texas A&M University and the Holder of the Spencer J. Buchanan Chair in the Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering.

Acknowledgments

CHAPTER 1 Introduction

1.1 Why This Book?

1.2 Geotechnical Engineering

1.3 The Past and the Future

1.4 Some Recent and Notable Projects

1.5 Failures May Occur

1.6 Our Work Is Buried

1.7 Geotechnical Engineering Can Be Fun

1.8 Units

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 2 Case histories

2.1 Washington Monument (shallow mat foundation)

2.1.1 The story

2.1.2 Geology and soil stratigraphy

2.1.3 Construction

2.1.4 Geometry and load

2.1.5 Soil properties

2.1.6 Bearing capacity

2.1.7 Settlement

2.2 Rissa Landslide (slope stability)

2.2.1 The story

2.2.2 The soil parameters

2.2.3 Slope stability back analysis

2.3 Seattle 46 m high MSE wall (retaining wall)

2.3.1 The story

2.3.2 The natural soil conditions

2.3.3 The fill and wall construction

2.3.4 The wall design

2.4 the New Orleans hospital foundation (deep foundation)

2.4.1 The story

2.4.2 The soil conditions

2.4.3 Foundation design and construction

2.4.4 Settlement analysis and measurements

2.5 The Eurotunnel linking France and England (tunneling)

2.5.1 The story

2.5.2 Rock stratigraphy

2.5.3 Tunnel design

2.5.4 Tunnel construction

2.6 The Teton Dam (earth dam erosion)

2.6.1 The story

2.6.2 The stratigraphy

2.6.3 The design of the earth dam

2.6.4 Filling of the dam

2.6.5 An explanation of the failure

2.7 The Woodrow Wilson Bridge (bridge scour)

2.7.1 The story

2.7.2 The soil stratigraphy

2.7.3 Scour depth calculations

2.7.4 Foundation and cost

2.8 San Jacinto Monument (shallow mat foundation)

2.8.1 The story

2.8.2 Geometry, weight, construction, and loading

2.8.3 Soil stratigraphy and parameters

2.8.4 Bearing capacity calculations

2.8.5 Settlement calculations

2.8.6 Subsidence in Houston and impact on settlement data

2.9 Pointe du Hoc cliffs (rock erosion)

2.9.1 The story

2.9.2 The rock stratigraphy and properties

2.9.3 The cliff erosion process

2.9.4 Proposed remediation to mitigate the erosion

2.10 The Pisa Tower (shallow foundation)

2.10.1 The story

2.10.2 Dimensions and soil stratigraphy

2.10.3 Bearing capacity, settlement and inclination

2.10.4 The 2001 repair

2.11 The Transcona Silo (shallow foundation)

2.11.1 The story

2.11.2 Dimensions and weight

2.11.3 Soil properties

2.11.4 Bearing capacity, settlement and failure

2.11.5 The up-righting of the silo

2.12 The St. John’s River bridge abutment (slope stability)

2.12.1 The story

2.12.2 The bridge and right abutment

2.12.3 The soil conditions

2.12.4 The fill and the approach embankment construction

2.12.5 Water stress induced by embankment construction

2.12.6 Slope stability analysis

2.13 Foundation of Briaud’s house (shrink swell soils)

2.13.1 The story

2.13.2 The soil conditions

2.13.3 The house foundation

2.13.4 The tennis court foundation

2.14 The Eiffel Tower (deep foundation)

2.14.1 The story

2.14.2 The soil stratigraphy

2.14.3 The foundation

2.15 St Isaac Cathedral (deep/shallow foundation)

2.15.1 The story

2.15.2 Construction, dimensions, and load

2.15.3 Soil data

2.15.4 Bearing capacity and settlement calculations

2.16 National Geotechnical Experimentation Sites at Texas A&M University

2.16.1 The story

2.16.2 Tieback wall at the sand site

2.16.3 Spread footing tests at the sand site

2.16.4 Grouted anchors under tensions load at the clay site

2.16.5 Drilled and grouted piles in cyclic tension at the clay site

2.17 The 827 m high Burj Khalifa tower foundation (deep foundation)

2.17.1 The story

2.17.2 The soil and rock conditions

2.17.3 The foundation dimensions, loading, and settlement

2.18 New Orleans levees and hurricane Katrina (overtopping erosion)

2.18.1 The story

2.18.2 The soils and the levees

2.18.3 Erosion of the overtopped levees

2.19 Three Gorges Dam (concrete dam)

2.19.1 The story

2.19.2 The dam dimensions and construction

2.19.3 Soil and rock conditions

2.19.4 Environmental impact

2.19.5 Simple calculations

2.20 The Kansai airport (earth fill in the sea)

2.20.1 The story

2.20.2 Dimensions

2.20.3 Construction

2.20.4 Soil conditions

2.20.5 Loading and settlement

2.20.6 Simple calculations

2.21 The Panama Canal (excavated slopes)

2.21.1 The story

2.21.2 Canal dimensions and cross section

2.21.3 The Gaillard/Culebra cut

2.21.4 Stratigraphy and soil properties at the Culebra excavated slopes

2.21.5 Stability of the Culebra excavated slopes

2.22 The Nice airport slope failure (slope stability)

2.22.1 The story

2.22.2 The sequence of events

2.22.3 The soil conditions

2.22.4 Failure explanation: scenario 1

2.22.5 Failure explanation: scenario 2 and alternative

CHAPTER 3 Engineering Geology

3.1 Definition

3.2 The Earth

3.3 Geologic Time

3.4 Rocks

3.5 Soils

3.6 Geologic Features

3.7 Geologic Maps

3.8 Groundwater

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 4 Soil Components and Weight-Volume Parameters

4.1 Particles, Liquid, and Gas

4.2 Particle Size, Shape, and Color

4.3 Composition of Gravel, Sand, and Silt Particles

4.4 Composition of Clay and Silt Particles

4.5 Particle Behavior

4.6 Soil Structure

4.7 Three-Phase Diagram

4.8 Weight-Volume Parameters

4.9 Measurement of the Weight-Volume Parameters

4.10 Solving a Weight-Volume Problem

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 5 Soil Classification

5.1 Sieve Analysis

5.2 Hydrometer Analysis

5.3 Atterberg Limits and Other Limits

5.4 Classification Parameters

5.5 Engineering Significance of Classification Parameters and Plasticity Chart

5.6 Unified Soil Classification System

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 6 Rocks

6.1 Rock Groups and Identification

6.2 Rock Mass vs. Rock Substance

6.3 Rock Discontinuities

6.4 Rock Index Properties

6.5 Rock Engineering Properties

6.6 Rock Mass Rating

6.7 Rock Engineering Problems

6.8 Permafrost

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 7 Site Investigation, Drilling, and Sampling

7.1 General

7.2 Preliminary Site Investigation

7.3 Number and Depth of Borings and In Situ Tests

7.4 Drilling

7.4.1 Wet Rotary Drilling Method

7.4.2 Hollow Stem Auger Drilling Method

7.5 Sampling

7.5.1 Sample Disturbance

7.5.2 Common Sampling Methods

7.6 Groundwater Level

7.7 Field Identification and Boring Logs

7.8 Soil Names

7.9 Offshore Site Investigations

7.9.1 Offshore Geophysical Investigations

7.9.2 Offshore Geotechnical Drilling

7.9.3 Offshore Geotechnical Sampling

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 8 In Situ Tests

8.1 Standard Penetration Test

8.2 Cone Penetration Test

8.3 Pressuremeter Test

8.4 Dilatometer Test

8.5 Vane Shear Test

8.6 Borehole Shear Test

8.7 Plate Load Test

8.8 California Bearing Ratio Test

8.9 Pocket Penetrometer and Torvane Tests

8.10 Pocket Erodometer Test

8.11 Compaction Control Tests

8.11.1 Sand Cone Test

8.11.2 Rubber Balloon Test

8.11.3 Nuclear Density/Water Content Test

8.11.4 Field Oven Test

8.11.5 Lightweight Deflectometer Test

8.11.6 BCD Test

8.12 Hydraulic Conductivity Field Tests

8.12.1 Borehole Tests

8.12.2 Cone Penetrometer Dissipation Test

8.12.3 Sealed Double-Ring Infiltrometer Test

8.12.4 Two-Stage Borehole Permeameter Test

8.13 Offshore In Situ Tests

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 9 Elements of Geophysics

9.1 General

9.2 Seismic Techniques

9.2.1 Seismic Waves

9.2.2 Seismic Reflection

9.2.3 Seismic Refraction

9.2.4 Cross Hole Test, Seismic Cone Test, and Seismic Dilatometer Test

9.2.5 Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves

9.3 Electrical Resistivity Techniques

9.3.1 Background on Electricity

9.3.2 Resistivity Tomography

9.4 Electromagnetic Methods

9.4.1 Electromagnetic Waves

9.4.2 Ground-Penetrating Radar

9.4.3 Time Domain Reflectometry

9.5 Remote Sensing Techniques

9.5.1 LIDAR

9.5.2 Satellite Imaging

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 10 Laboratory Tests

10.1 General

10.2 Measurements

10.2.1 Normal Stress or Pressure

10.2.2 Shear Stress

10.2.3 Water Compression Stress

10.2.4 Water Tension Stress

10.2.5 Normal Strain

10.2.6 Shear Strain

10.2.7 Bender Elements

10.3 Compaction Test: Dry Unit Weight

10.3.1 Saturated Soils

10.3.2 Unsaturated Soils

10.4 Compaction Test: Soil Modulus

10.4.1 Saturated Soils

10.4.2 Unsaturated Soils

10.5 Consolidation Test

10.5.1 Saturated Soils

10.5.2 Unsaturated Soils

10.6 Swell Test

10.6.1 Saturated Soils

10.6.2 Unsaturated Soils

10.7 Shrink Test

10.7.1 Saturated Soils

10.7.2 Unsaturated Soils

10.8 Collapse Test

10.8.1 Saturated Soils

10.8.2 Unsaturated Soils

10.9 Direct Shear Test

10.9.1 Saturated Soils

10.9.2 Unsaturated Soils

10.10 Simple Shear Test

10.10.1 Saturated Soils

10.10.2 Unsaturated Soils

10.11 Unconfined Compression Test

10.11.1 Saturated Soils

10.11.2 Unsaturated Soils

10.12 Triaxial Test

10.12.1 Saturated Soils

10.12.2 Unsaturated Soils

10.13 Resonant Column Test

10.13.1 Saturated Soils

10.13.2 Unsaturated Soils

10.14 Lab Vane Test

10.14.1 Saturated Soils

10.14.2 Unsaturated Soils

10.15 Soil Water Retention Curve (Soil Water Characteristic Curve) Test

10.15.1 Saturated Soils

10.15.2 Unsaturated Soils

10.16 Constant Head Permeameter Test

10.16.1 Saturated Soils

10.16.2 Unsaturated Soils

10.17 Falling Head Permeameter Test for Saturated Soils

10.18 Wetting Front Test for Unsaturated Soils

10.19 Air Permeability Test for Unsaturated Soils

10.20 Erosion Test

10.20.1 Saturated Soils

10.20.2 Unsaturated Soils

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 11 Stresses, Effective Stress, Water Stress, Air Stress, and Strains

11.1 General

11.2 Stress Vector, Normal Stress, Shear Stress, and Stress Tensor

11.3 Sign Convention for Stresses and Strains

11.4 Calculating Stresses on Any Plane: Equilibrium Equations for Two-Dimensional Analysis

11.5 Calculating Stresses on Any Plane: Mohr Circle for Two-Dimensional Analysis

11.6 Mohr Circle in Three Dimensions

11.7 Stress Invariants

11.8 Displacements

11.9 Normal Strain, Shear Strain, and Strain Tensor

11.10 Cylindrical Coordinates and Spherical Coordinates

11.11 Stress-Strain Curves

11.12 Stresses in the Three Soil Phases

11.13 Effective Stress (Unsaturated Soils)

11.14 Effective Stress (Saturated Soils)

11.15 Area Ratio Factors α and β

11.16 Water Stress Profiles

11.17 Water Tension and Suction

11.17.1 Matric Suction

11.17.2 Contractile Skin

11.17.3 Osmotic Suction

11.17.4 Relationship between Total Suction and Relative Humidity

11.17.5 Trees

11.18 Precision on Water Content and Water Tension

11.19 Stress Profile at Rest in Unsaturated Soils

11.20 Soil Water Retention Curve

11.21 Independent Stress State Variables

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 12 Problem-Solving Methods

12.1 General

12.2 Drawing to Scale as a First Step

12.3 Primary Laws

12.4 Continuum Mechanics Methods

12.4.1 Solving a Failure Problem: Limit Equilibrium, Method of Characteristics, Lower and Upper Bound Theorems

12.4.2 Examples of Solving a Failure Problem

12.4.3 Solving a Deformation Problem

12.4.4 Example of Solving a Deformation Problem

12.4.5 Solving a Flow Problem

12.4.6 Example of Solving a Flow Problem

12.5 Numerical Simulation Methods

12.5.1 Finite Difference Method

12.5.2 Examples of Finite Difference Solutions

12.5.3 Finite Element Method

12.5.4 Example of Finite Element Solution

12.5.5 Boundary Element Method

12.5.6 Discrete Element Method

12.6 Probability and Risk Analysis

12.6.1 Background

12.6.2 Procedure for Probability Approach

12.6.3 Risk and Acceptable Risk

12.6.4 Example of Probability Approach

12.7 Regression Analysis

12.8 Artificial Neural Network Method

12.9 Dimensional Analysis

12.9.1 Buckingham ∏ Theorem

12.9.2 Examples of Dimensional Analysis

12.10 Similitude Laws for Experimental Simulations

12.10.1 Similitude Laws

12.10.2 Example of Similitude Laws Application for a Scaled Model

12.10.3 Example of Similitude Laws Application for a Centrifuge Model

12.11 Types of Analyses (Drained–Undrained, Effective Stress–Total Stress, Short-Term–Long-Term)

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 13 Soil Constitutive Models

13.1 Elasticity

13.1.1 Elastic Model

13.1.2 Example of Use of Elastic Model

13.2 Linear Viscoelasticity

13.2.1 Simple Models: Maxwell and Kelvin-Voigt Models

13.2.2 General Linear Viscoelasticity

13.3 Plasticity

13.3.1 Some Yield Functions and Yield Criteria

13.3.2 Example of Use of Yield Criteria

13.3.3 Plastic Potential Function and Flow Rule

13.3.4 Hardening or Softening Rule

13.3.5 Example of Application of Plasticity Method

13.4 Common Models

13.4.1 Duncan-Chang Hyperbolic Model

13.4.2 Modified Cam Clay Model

13.4.3 Barcelona Basic Model

13.4.4 Water Stress Predictions

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 14 Flow of Fluid and Gas Through Soils

14.1 General

14.2 Flow of Water in a Saturated Soil

14.2.1 Discharge Velocity, Seepage Velocity, and Conservation of Mass

14.2.2 Heads

14.2.3 Hydraulic Gradient

14.2.4 Darcy’s Law: The Constitutive Law

14.2.5 Hydraulic Conductivity

14.2.6 Field vs. Lab Values of Hydraulic Conductivity

14.2.7 Seepage Force

14.2.8 Quick Sand Condition and Critical Hydraulic Gradient

14.2.9 Quick Clay

14.2.10 Sand Liquefaction

14.2.11 Two-Dimensional Flow Problem

14.2.12 Drawing a Flow Net for Homogeneous Soil

14.2.13 Properties of a Flow Net for Homogeneous Soil

14.2.14 Calculations Associated with Flow Nets

14.2.15 Flow Net for Hydraulically Anisotropic Soil

14.2.16 Flow and Flow Net for Layered Soils

14.3 Flow of Water and Air in Unsaturated Soil

14.3.1 Hydraulic Conductivity for Water and for Air

14.3.2 One-Dimensional Flow

14.3.3 Three-Dimensional Water Flow

14.3.4 Three-Dimensional Air Flow

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 15 Deformation Properties

15.1 Modulus of Deformation: General

15.2 Modulus: Which One?

15.3 Modulus: Influence of State Factors

15.4 Modulus: Influence of Loading Factor

15.5 Modulus: Differences Between Fields of Application

15.6 Modulus, Modulus of Subgrade Reaction, and Stiffness

15.7 Common Values of Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio

15.8 Correlations with Other Tests

15.9 Modulus: A Comprehensive Model

15.10 Initial Tangent Modulus Go or Gmax

15.11 Reduction of Gmax with Strain: The G/Gmax Curve

15.12 Preconsolidation Pressure and Overconsolidation Ratio from Consolidation Test

15.13 Compression Index, Recompression Index, and Secondary Compression Index from Consolidation Test

15.14 Time Effect from Consolidation Test

15.15 Modulus, Time Effect, and Cyclic Effect from Pressuremeter Test

15.16 Resilient Modulus for Pavements

15.17 Unsaturated Soils: Effect of Drying and Wetting on the Modulus

15.18 Shrink-Swell Deformation Behavior, Shrink-Swell Modulus

15.19 Collapse Deformation Behavior

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 16 Shear Strength Properties

16.1 General

16.2 Basic Experiments

16.2.1 Experiment 1

16.2.2 Experiment 2

16.2.3 Experiment 3

16.2.4 Experiment 4

16.2.5 Experiment 5

16.2.6 Experiment 6

16.3 Stress-Strain Curve, Water Stress Response, and Stress Path

16.4 Shear Strength Envelope

16.4.1 General Case

16.4.2 The Case of Concrete

16.4.3 Overconsolidated Fine-Grained Soils

16.4.4 Coarse-Grained Soils

16.5 Unsaturated Soils

16.6 Experimental Determination of Shear Strength (Lab Tests, In Situ Tests)

166.7 Estimating Effective Stress Shear Strength Parameters

16.7.1 Coarse-Grained Soils

16.7.2 Fine-Grained Soils

16.8 Undrained Shear Strength of Saturated Fine-Grained Soils

16.8.1 Weak Soil Skeleton: Soft, Normally Consolidated Soils

16.8.2 Strong Soil Skeleton: Overconsolidated Soils

16.8.3 Rate of Loading Effect on the Undrained Strength

16.9 The Ratio and the SHANSEP Method

16.10 Undrained Shear Strength for Unsaturated Soils

16.11 Pore-Pressure Parameters A and B

16.12 Estimating Undrained Shear Strength Values

16.13 Residual Strength Parameters and Sensitivity

16.14 Strength Profiles

16.15 Types of Analyses

16.16 Transformation from Effective Stress Solution to Undrained Strength Solution

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 17 Thermodynamics for Soil Problems

17.1 General

17.2 Definitions

17.3 Constitutive and Fundamental Laws

17.4 Heat Conduction Theory

17.5 Axisymmetric Heat Propagation

17.6 Thermal Properties of Soils

17.7 Multilayer Systems

17.8 Applications

17.9 Frozen Soils

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 18 Shallow Foundations

18.1 Definitions

18.2 Case History

18.3 Definitions and Design Strategy

18.4 Limit States, Load and Resistance Factors, and Factor of Safety

18.5 General Behavior

18.6 Ultimate Bearing Capacity

18.6.1 Direct Strength Equations

18.6.2 Terzaghi’s Ultimate Bearing Capacity Equation

18.6.3 Layered Soils

18.6.4 Special Loading

18.6.5 Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Unsaturated Soils

18.7 Load Settlement Curve Approach

18.8 Settlement

18.8.1 General Behavior

18.8.2 Elasticity Approach for Homogeneouss Soils

18.8.3 Elasticity Approach for Layered Soils

18.8.4 Chart Approach

18.8.5 General Approach

18.8.6 Zone of Influence

18.8.7 Stress Increase with Depth

18.8.8 Choosing a Stress-Strain Curve and Setting Up the Calculations

18.8.9 Consolidation Settlement: Magnitude

18.8.10 Consolidation Settlement: Time Rate

18.8.11 Creep Settlement

18.8.12 Bearing Pressure Values

18.9 Shrink-Swell Movement

18.9.1 Water Content or Water Tension vs. Strain Curve

18.9.2 Shrink-Swell Movement Calculation Methods

18.9.3 Step-by-Step Procedure

18.9.4 Case History

18.10 Foundations on Shrink-Swell Soils

18.10.1 Types of Foundations on Shrink-Swell Soils

18.10.2 Design Method for Stiffened Slabs on Grade

18.11 Tolerable Movements

18.12 Large Mat Foundations

18.12.1 General Principles

18.12.2 Example of Settlement Calculations

18.12.3 Two Case Histories

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 19 Deep Foundations

19.1 Different Types of Deep Foundations

19.2 Design Strategy

19.3 Pile Installation

19.3.1 Installation of Bored Piles

19.3.2 Nondestructive Testing of Bored Piles

19.3.3 Installation of Driven Piles

19.3.4 Pile Driving Formulas

19.3.5 Wave Propagation in a Pile

19.3.6 Wave Equation Analysis

19.3.7 Information from Pile Driving Measurements (PDA, Case, CAPWAP)

19.3.8 Suction Caissons

19.3.9 Load Testing (Static, Statnamic, Osterberg)

19.4 Vertical Load: Single Pile

19.4.1 Ultimate Vertical Capacity for a Single Pile

19.4.2 Miscellaneous Questions about the Ultimate Capacity of a Single Pile

19.4.3 Settlement of a Single Pile

19.5 Vertical Load: Pile Group

19.5.1 Ultimate Vertical Capacity of a Pile Group

19.5.2 Settlement of Pile Groups

19.6 Downdrag

19.6.1 Definition and Behavior

19.6.2 Downdrag on a Single Pile

19.6.3 Sample Downdrag Calculations

19.6.4 LRFD Provisions

19.6.5 Downdrag on a Group of Piles

19.7 Piles in Shrink-Swell Soils

19.7.1 The Soil Shrinks

19.7.2 The Soil Swells

19.8 Horizontal Load and Moment: Single Pile

19.8.1 Definitions and Behavior

19.8.2 Ultimate Capacity

19.8.3 Displacement and Maximum Moment: Long Flexible Pile

19.8.4 Displacement and Maximum Moment: Short Rigid Pile

19.8.5 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction

19.8.6 Free-Head and Fixed-Head Conditions

19.8.7 Rate of Loading Effect

19.8.8 Cyclic Loading Effect

19.8.9 P-y Curve Approach

19.8.10 Horizontal Loading Next to a Trench

19.9 Horizontal Load and Moment: Pile Group

19.9.1 Overturning Moment

19.9.2 Ultimate Capacity

19.9.3 Movement

19.10 Combined Piled Raft Foundation

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 20 Slope Stability

20.1 General

20.2 Design Approach

20.3 Infinite Slopes

20.3.1 Dry Sand

20.3.2 Dry Soil

20.3.3 Soil with Seepage

20.3.4 Soil with Unsaturated Conditions

20.4 Seepage Force in Stability Analysis

20.5 Plane Surfaces

20.6 Block Analysis

20.7 Slopes with Water in Tensile Cracks

20.8 Chart Methods

20.8.1 Taylor Chart

20.8.2 Spencer Chart

20.8.3 Janbu Chart

20.8.4 Morgenstern Chart

20.9 Method of Slices

20.9.1 Ordinary Method of Slices

20.9.2 Bishop Simplified Method

20.9.3 Generalized Equilibrium Method

20.9.4 Critical Failure Circle

20.10 Water Stress for Slope Stability

20.10.1 Piezometric and Phreatic Surface

20.10.2 Water Stress Ratio Value

20.10.3 Grid of Water Stress Values

20.10.4 Water Stress Due to Loading

20.10.5 Seepage Analysis

20.11 Types of Analyses

20.12 Progressive Failure in Strain-Softening Soils

20.13 Shallow Slide Failures in Compacted Unsaturated Embankments

20.14 Reinforced Slopes

20.14.1 Reinforcement Type

20.14.2 Factor of Safety

20.15 Probabilistic Approach

20.15.1 Example 1

20.15.2 Example 2

20.15.3 Example 3

20.16 Three-Dimensional Circular Failure Analysis

20.17 Finite Element Analysis

20.18 Seismic Slope Analysis

20.18.1 Pseudostatic Method

20.18.2 Newmark’s Displacement Method

20.18.3 Postearthquake Stability Analysis

20.18.4 Dynamic Finite Element Analysis

20.19 Monitoring

20.20 Repair Methods

20.20.1 Increase the Resisting Moment

20.20.2 Decrease the Driving Moment

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 21 Compaction

21.1 General

21.2 Compaction Laboratory Tests

21.3 Compaction Field Tests

21.4 Compaction and Soil Type

21.5 Intelligent Roller Compaction

21.5.1 Soil Modulus from Vibratory Rollers

21.5.2 Roller Measurements as Compaction Indices

21.6 Impact Roller Compaction

21.7 Dynamic or Drop-Weight Compaction

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 22 Retaining Walls

22.1 Different Types (Top-Down, Bottom-Up)

22.2 Active, At Rest, Passive Earth Pressure, and Associated Displacement

22.3 Earth Pressure Theories

22.3.1 Coulomb Earth Pressure Theory

22.3.2 Rankine Earth Pressure Theory

22.3.3 Earth Pressure Theory by Mohr Circle

22.3.4 Water in the Case of Compression Stress (Saturated)

22.3.5 Water in the Case of Tension Stress (Unsaturated or Saturated)

22.3.6 Influence of Surface Loading (Line Load, Pressure)

22.3.7 General Case and Earth Pressure Profiles

22.4 Special Case: Undrained Behavior of Fine-Grained Soils

22.5 At-Rest Earth Pressure

22.6 Earth Pressure Due to Compaction

22.7 Earth Pressures in Shrink-Swell Soils

22.8 Displacements

22.9 Gravity Walls

22.10 Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls

22.10.1 External Stability

22.10.2 Internal Stability

22.11 Cantilever Top-Down Walls

22.11.1 Depth of Embedment and Pressure Diagram

22.11.2 Displacement of the Wall, Bending Moment, and P-y Curves

22.12 Anchored Walls and Strutted Walls

22.12.1 Pressure Distribution

22.12.2 Pressure vs. Movement

22.12.3 Base Instability

22.12.4 Movement of Wall and Ground Surface

22.12.5 Anchors

22.12.6 Embedment Depth and Downdrag

22.12.7 P-y Curve Approach and FEM Approach

22.13 Soil Nail Walls

22.13.1 External Stability

22.13.2 Internal Stability

22.13.3 Wall Movement

22.13.4 Other Issues

22.14 Special Case: Trench

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 23 Earthquake Geoengineering

23.1 Background

23.2 Earthquake Magnitude

23.3 Wave Propagation

23.4 Dynamic Soil Properties

23.5 Ground Motion

23.6 Seismic Hazard Analysis

23.7 Ground Response Analysis

23.7.1 One-Dimensional Solution for Undamped Linear Soil on Rigid Rock

23.7.2 One-Dimensional Solution for Damped Linear Soil on Rigid Rock

23.7.3 Layered Soils

23.8 Design Parameters

23.8.1 Site Classes A–E for Different Soil Stiffness

23.8.2 Code-Based Spectrum

23.8.3 Hazard Levels

23.9 Liquefaction

23.9.1 Phenomenon

23.9.2 When to Do a Liquefaction Study?

23.9.3 When Can a Soil Liquefy?

23.10 Seismic Slope Stability

23.11 Seismic Design of Retaining Walls

23.11.1 Seismic Design of Gravity Walls

23.11.2 Water Pressures on Walls during Earthquake

23.11.3 Seismic Design of MSE Walls

23.11.4 Seismic Design of Cantilever Walls

23.11.5 Seismic Design of Anchored Walls

23.12 Seismic Design of Foundations

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 24 Erosion of Soils and Scour Problems

24.1 The Erosion Phenomenon

24.2 Erosion Models

24.3 Measuring the Erosion Function

24.4 Soil Erosion Categories

24.5 Rock Erosion

24.6 Water Velocity

24.7 Geometry of the Obstacle

24.8 Bridge Scour

24.8.1 Maximum Scour Depth (zmax) Analysis

24.8.2 Maximum Shear Stress at Soil–Water Boundary when Scour Begins

24.8.3 Final Scour Depth (zfinal) Analysis for Constant Velocity Flow and Uniform Soil

24.8.4 Final Scour Depth (zfinal) Analysis for a Velocity Hydrograph and Layered Soil

24.8.5 The Woodrow Wilson Bridge Case History

24.9 River Meandering

24.9.1 Predicting River Meandering

24.9.2 The Brazos River Meander Case History (Park 2007)

24.10 Levee Overtopping

24.10.1 General Methodology

24.10.2 Hurricane Katrina Levee Case History: New Orleans

24.11 Countermeasures for Erosion Protection

24.12 Internal Erosion of Earth Dams

24.12.1 The Phenomenon

24.12.2 Most Susceptible Soils

24.12.3 Criterion to Evaluate Internal Erosion Potential

24.12.4 Remedial Measures

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 25 Geoenvironmental Engineering

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Types of Wastes and Contaminants

25.3 Laws and Regulations

25.4 Geochemistry Background

25.4.1 Chemistry Background

25.4.2 Geochemistry Background

25.5 Contamination

25.5.1 Contamination Sources

25.5.2 Contamination Detection and Site Characterization

25.5.3 Contaminant Transport and Fate

25.6 Remediation

25.6.1 Risk Assessment and Strategy

25.6.2 In Situ Waste Containment

25.6.3 Soil Remediation

25.6.4 Groundwater Remediation

25.7 Landfills

25.7.1 Waste Properties

25.7.2 Regulations

25.7.3 Liners

25.7.4 Covers

25.7.5 Leachate Collection

25.7.6 Landfill Slopes

25.7.7 Gas Generation and Management

25.8 Future Considerations

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 26 Geosynthetics

26.1 General

26.2 Types of Geosynthetics

26.3 Properties of Geosynthetics

26.3.1 Properties of Geotextiles

26.3.2 Properties of Geomembranes

26.3.3 Properties of Geogrids

26.3.4 Properties of Geosynthetics Clay Liners

26.3.5 Properties of Geofoams

26.3.6 Properties of Geonets

26.4 Design for Separation

26.5 Design of Liners and Covers

26.6 Design for Reinforcement

26.6.1 Road Reinforcement

26.6.2 Mechanically Stabilized Earth Geosynthetic Walls

26.6.3 Reinforced Slopes

26.6.4 Reinforced Foundations and Embankments

26.7 Design for Filtration and Drainage

26.8 Design for Erosion Control

26.9 Other Design Applications

26.9.1 Lightweight Fills

26.9.2 Compressible Inclusions

26.9.3 Thermal Insulation

26.9.4 Geosynthetics and Landfill Slopes

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 27 Soil Improvement

27.1 Overview

27.2 Soil Improvement without Admixture in Coarse-Grained Soils

27.2.1 Compaction

27.2.2 Dynamic Compaction

27.2.3 Vibrocompaction

27.2.4 Other Methods

27.3 Soil Improvement without Admixture in Fine-Grained Soils

27.3.1 Displacement–Replacement

27.3.2 Preloading Using Fill

27.3.3 Prefabricated Vertical Drains and Preloading Using Fill

27.3.4 Preloading Using Vacuum

27.3.5 Electro-osmosis

27.3.6 Ground Freezing

27.3.7 Hydro-Blasting Compaction

27.4 Soil Improvement with Replacement

27.4.1 Stone Columns without Geosynthetic Sock

27.4.2 Stone Columns with Geosynthetic Encasement

27.4.3 Dynamic Replacement

27.5 Soil Improvement with Grouting and Admixtures

27.5.1 Particulate Grouting

27.5.2 Chemical Grouting

27.5.3 Jet Grouting

27.5.4 Compaction Grouting

27.5.5 Compensation Grouting

27.5.6 Mixing Method

27.5.7 Lime Treatment

27.5.8 Microbial Methods

27.6 Soil Improvement with Inclusions

27.6.1 Mechanically or Geosynthetically Stabilized Earth

27.6.2 Ground Anchors and Soil Nails

27.6.3 Geosynthetic Mat and Column-Supported Embankment

27.7 Selection of Soil Improvement Method

Problems and Solutions

CHAPTER 28 Technical Communications

28.1 General

28.2 E-Mails

28.3 Letters

28.4 Geotechnical Reports

28.5 Theses and Dissertations

28.6 Visual Aids for Reports

28.7 Phone Calls

28.8 Meetings

28.9 Presentations and PowerPoint Slides

28.10 Media Interaction

28.11 Ethical Behavior

28.12 Professional Societies

28.13 Rules for a Successful Career

References

Index

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