Germany and the Second World War V/II: Organization and Mobilization in the German Sphere of Power: Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources 1942-1944/5

by Kroener, Bernhard R.; Muller, Rolf-Dieter; Umbreit, Hans; Cook-Radmore, Derry

• ISBN13: 9780198208730
• ISBN10: 0198208731
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-04-10
• Publisher: Clarendon Press

Summary

Volume V Part II of the comprehensive and authoritative Germany and the Second World War series completes the analysis (begun in Volume V/I) of the administration and exploitation of the German sphere of power and of the German war economy. The authors show how, despite military success and increasingly desperate efforts at mobilizing every resource for the war effort, it was becoming apparent that the Reich's strength was spent. The consequence was ever more ruthless oppression of the population and a frenzied elimination of 'ideological' and 'racial' opponents.

Author Biography

Bernhard R. Kroener, Research Institute of Military History, Potsdam, ,Rolf-Dieter Muller, Research Institute of Military History, Potsdam, ,Hans Umbreit, Research Institute of Military History, Potsdam,

Project co-ordinated by the Militargeschichtliches Forschungsamt (Research Institute for Military History), Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany

Translated from the German by Derry Cook-Radmore, Ewald Osers, Barry Smerin, and Barbara Wilson

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations	xii
List of Tables	xvi
Notes on the Authors	xx
Note on the Translation	xxii
Abbreviations	xxiii
Glossary of Foreign Terms	xl
Introduction	1	(4)
PART I German Rule in the Occupied Territories 1942--1945	5	(288)
Hans Umbreit
Foreword	7	(1)
Hitler's Europe	8	(130)
The Occupied Territories as Part of the German Sphere of Power	8	(57)
The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia	12	(3)
The Government-General	15	(3)
Denmark	18	(4)
Norway	22	(2)
The Netherlands	24	(2)
Belgium and Northern France	26	(3)
France	29	(9)
Serbia	38	(4)
Greece	42	(3)
The Occupied Eastern Territories	45	(20)
Tendencies in German Occupation Policy: The Conflict between Dogma and Usefulness	65	(10)
The Occupation of Allied Countries	75	(32)
Finland	76	(2)
Italy	78	(16)
Hungary	94	(3)
Slovakia	97	(2)
Croatia	99	(4)
Montenegro and Albania	103	(4)
Changing Structures in the German Sphere of Power: The Weakening of Institutional Responsibilities	107	(17)
The Annexed Territories: A Special Case	124	(14)
The Impact of `Total War' on German Rule in the Occupied Countries	138	(123)
Simplification of the Occupation Administrations	138	(5)
The Failure of Cultural Hegemony	143	(8)
Resort to Increasingly Radical Repressive Measures	151	(17)
The `Second Front': The Fight against the Partisans	168	(30)
The Economic Exploitation of the Occupied Territories	198	(31)
The Deportation of Manpower	229	(14)
Starvation under German Occupation	243	(7)
The Ethnic `New Order' through Resettlement: Shifting Populations in the German Sphere of Power	250	(11)
The Ethnic `New Order' Through Genocide: The Murder of the Jews, Roma, and Sinti in the German Sphere of Power	261	(17)
Collaboration and Resistance	278	(15)
PART II Albert Speer and Armaments Policy in Total War	293	(540)
Rolf-Dieter Muller
The German War Economy in Upheaval: 1942	295	(56)
New Prospects, New Illusions	295	(7)
The Breaking up of the War Economy and Armaments Department	302	(20)
The Disempowerment of General Thomas	302	(5)
Speer's Takeover of the Armaments Inspectorates	307	(7)
Vestiges of Military Control over Armaments	314	(8)
The Expansion of the Reich Ministry for Armament and Ammunition	322	(29)
The Creation of Central Planning	326	(4)
Integrating the Mittelinstanz	330	(6)
Consolidation and Extension of Self-Responsibility in the Armaments Industry	336	(6)
The Formation of the Reich Association for Iron	342	(9)
Further Centralization of the War Economy, 1943/1944	351	(98)
The Transition to Total Mobilization of the Economy	352	(4)
Widening Powers to Overcome a Crisis: Speer becomes Reich Minister for Armaments and War Production	356	(24)
New Arrangements for Distributing Tasks in the War Economy, Autumn 1943	360	(9)
The Creation of the Planning Office	369	(7)
Reorganization of the Reich Ministry for Economic Affairs	376	(4)
Individual Actions, and New Tools	380	(20)
The `General Delegate for Conversion of Enterprises'	380	(5)
The Evacuation of Essential Factories	385	(11)
Access to European Armaments Production Capacity	396	(4)
Speer at the Height of his Power: The Rise and Fall of a Crown Prince	400	(36)
The Takeover of Naval Armament	401	(8)
Speer's Political Fall	409	(9)
The Incorporation of Air Armaments	418	(14)
The Creation of the Armaments Staff, 1 August 1944	432	(4)
The SS Economic Empire	436	(13)
Basic Conditions of Wartime Production, and Civilian Factors	449	(135)
Supplies of Raw Materials	449	(30)
Securing Domestic Production of Basic Materials	449	(2)
Iron and steel	451	(3)
Non-ferrous metals	454	(3)
Coal	457	(4)
Importing Raw Materials	461	(1)
Imports	461	(2)
`Emptying-out' of areas behind the front	463	(2)
Strategic repercussions	465	(2)
The Second Four-Year Plan	467	(2)
Propellant and explosives	469	(1)
Chemical warfare agents	469	(3)
Fuels	472	(5)
Buna synthetic rubber	477	(2)
Other Important Sectors of the National Economy	479	(36)
Mechanical Engineering	479	(4)
Construction and the Todt Organization	483	(8)
Power	491	(3)
Transport	494	(5)
Finance: Inflation and War Profits	499	(9)
Agricultural Production	508	(7)
Supplying the German Population	515	(21)
Ensuring the Production of Consumer Goods	515	(5)
Overcoming Air-Raid Damage	520	(2)
Food Rationing	522	(9)
The Black Market	531	(5)
Organization and Exploitation of `Fortress Europe'	536	(48)
Changes to War-Aims Propaganda: From `Co-prosperity Sphere' to `Economic Community'	537	(3)
Structural Change in Foreign-Trade Policy	540	(6)
The Decline in Wartime Foreign Trade	546	(1)
Finland	546	(1)
Sweden	547	(3)
Switzerland	550	(2)
Spain	552	(4)
Portugal	556	(1)
Italy	557	(3)
Croatia	560	(3)
Slovakia	563	(2)
Hungary	565	(4)
Romania	569	(4)
Bulgaria	573	(4)
Turkey	577	(2)
Japan	579	(5)
The `Armaments Miracle', 1942--1944	584	(218)
Direction of Armaments, and Priorities	584	(82)
Speer's Conferences with Hitler	585	(7)
The Separate Wehrmacht Services' Share of Armaments	592	(11)
Priority Production for the Army	603	(1)
The `Winter', `Maultier', `Raupenschlepper Ost', and `Panther' special programmes	604	(9)
The `Adolf Hitler tank programme'	613	(5)
The Atlantikwall priority programme	618	(2)
The army's A-4 rocket programme	620	(9)
Priorities in Aerial Armaments	629	(1)
The Fi 103 Kirschkern (Cherrystone) flying bomb	629	(2)
Ground-to-air rockets and anti-aircraft artillery	631	(8)
Development and production of jet fighters	639	(5)
The Redirection of Naval Armaments	644	(1)
U-boat construction	645	(3)
The steel memorandum	648	(1)
The 1943 naval construction programme	649	(3)
Light naval forces	652	(1)
Air support	653	(2)
The `New U-boat war'	655	(7)
The Priorities Tool	662	(4)
Results and Problems of Armaments Production	666	(81)
Armaments Output 1942--1944	666	(1)
Infantry weapons	667	(3)
Mortars	670	(2)
Anti-tank defence	672	(4)
Artillery	676	(1)
Manufacture of artillery pieces, and captured guns	677	(3)
Armoured artillery	680	(1)
Vehicle manufacture	681	(7)
Ammunition and fighting power	688	(9)
Material Losses and Level of Armament of the Wehrmacht	697	(1)
Army	698	(6)
Luftwaffe	704	(3)
Kriegsmarine	707	(1)
Production lost through enemy action	708	(4)
Technology and Modernization of Weapons	712	(2)
The Wehrmacht and technology	714	(3)
Reich Research Council	717	(12)
Development and standardization	729	(10)
Ideas and inventions	739	(4)
Technological achievements compared	743	(4)
`Miracle Weapons': The Search for Superiority	747	(55)
Myth and Propaganda	748	(4)
Weapons of Mass Destruction	752	(8)
Chemical weapons	760	(12)
Biological weapons	772	(11)
Atom bombs	783	(19)
From `Victory Programme' to the Collapse of the War Economy	802	(31)
The March Programme	802	(6)
Speer's Last Propaganda Battle	808	(3)
A Questionable Climax: July 1944	811	(2)
The Destruction of the German Armaments Industry	813	(6)
Leadership Crisis in the War Economy	819	(7)
Organizational Adjustments	826	(3)
The Incipient Break-up of the War Economy	829	(4)
PART III Management of Human Resources, Deployment of the Population, and Manning the Armed Forces in the Second Half of the War (1942-1944)	833	(238)
Bernhard R. Kroener
In the Eye of the Storm (Summer 1942 to Spring 1943)	835	(108)
Measures to Control the Deployment of the Population	835	(9)
The Appointment of the General Plenipotentiary for Manpower (GBA)	837	(3)
The Economic Interests of the SS: Measures to Employ Prisoners	840	(4)
Deployment of Manpower	844	(34)
The Disempowerment of the Military Control Authorities: Defeat of the War Economy and Armaments Department	844	(4)
The New Order in the Mittelinstanz: from War Economy Staff Units to Armaments Committees	848	(10)
`We are Still Digesting the Occupied Territories'	858	(1)
The employment of foreign workers	858	(10)
Transferring orders	868	(3)
Moving industry to the occupied eastern territories	871	(2)
The Employment of Convicts and Jews	873	(5)
Conscripting Reinforcements for the Wehrmacht in the Second Half of 1942	878	(65)
Aims and Obstacles	878	(5)
The Reich Ministry for Armament and Ammunition and the 1942 Arms Drive	883	(1)
Measures to Reorganize and Rationalize the Army	884	(6)
The Luftwaffe Field Divisions 1942/1943	890	(1)
Civilian Anti-aircraft Auxiliaries and Home Guard AA Batteries	891	(2)
Women Employed as Auxiliary Communications Staff and Reich Labour Service Recruits Engaged in War Work	893	(1)
The Health of Recruits and Auxiliaries	894	(1)
Conscription of Foreign Nationals to Serve in the Wehrmacht	895	(4)
Measures to Rationalize the Army: Redeployment of Forces at the End of 1942	899	(5)
Conscription of Men in Reserved Occupations: The `Ru-Tausch 43' Exchange Programme	904	(1)
Fuhrer Decree of 13 January 1943 on Full Employment of Men and Women in the Defence of the Reich	905	(8)
Results of the War Economy Manpower Review, as at 31 May 1943	913	(5)
Excursus: Developments in the Army Officer Corps, October 1942 to May 1945	918	(25)
Not Quite Total War (Summer 1943 to Summer 1944)	943	(122)
Structural Changes in the War Economy, and Their Effects on the Deployment of Human Resources in the German Sphere of Power	943	(38)
Mobilization of German Manpower Reserves in the First Half of 1943	945	(4)
Closure and Combing-out Programmes, Relocation of Factories, and Rationalization	949	(8)
The Organization of Manpower Engineers	957	(1)
Cuts in the Civil Service	958	(2)
Relocation of Firms and Production in 1943: The Conflict between Speer and Sauckel	960	(21)
Measures to Mobilize Reserves of Production Potential in the German Sphere of Power in the First Half of 1944	981	(27)
Employment of Foreign Workers and Convicts 1943/1944	993	(2)
Employment of Disabled Servicemen and Homeworkers	995	(5)
Spring 1944 Interim Review: Armaments Ministry Planning Office Study on `Mobilization of Reserves of Production Potential within the Reich'	1000	(1)
Loss of Production as a Result of Design Changes	1001	(2)
Increases in Production Resulting from the Employment of Older Workers, Foreign Workers, and More Women	1003	(5)
The War in the East 1943/1944: The Wehrmacht's Road to Calvary	1008	(57)
The Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects of the Losses	1012	(11)
Reorganization and Combing-out Operations in the Wehrmacht	1023	(8)
Directive No. 51 and the Fuhrer Order of 27 November 1943	1031	(28)
The Expansion of the Waffen-SS	1059	(6)
Resume	1065	(6)
CONCLUSION	1071	(19)
Bernhard R. Kroener
Rolf-Dieter Muller
Hans Umbreit
Bibliography	1090	(43)
Index of Persons	1133