Gimson's Pronunciation of English

by Cruttenden, Alan

• ISBN13: 9780340759721
• ISBN10: 0340759720
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-05-10
• Publisher: Hodder Education Publishers

Summary

Since its first publication in 1962, Gimson's Pronunciation of English has been widely acknowledged as the standard book of reference on all aspects of English pronunciation. This sixth edition comprises substantial revisions, with particular emphasis on those areas that have seen rapidexpansion or progression over the last five years. The new edition gives additional guidance on how to teach the sounds of English and offers specific advice to foreign learners, for whom a new sub-section on pronouncing dictionaries has been added. As with all previous revisions, great care hasbeen given to preserving the spirit of the original edition, so that it will maintain its position as the preeminent reference in the field.

Table of Contents

List of Phonetic Symbols and Signs	xvii
Part I Speech and Language
Communication	3	(5)
Speech	3	(1)
Writing	3	(1)
Language	4	(1)
Redundancy	5	(1)
Phonetics and Linguistics	5	(3)
The Production of Speech	8	(10)
The Speech Chain	8	(1)
The Speech Mechanism	8	(9)
Sources of Energy: The Lungs	9	(1)
The Larynx and Vocal Folds	9	(3)
The Resonating Cavities	12	(1)
The Pharynx	12	(2)
The Mouth	14	(3)
Articulatory Description	17	(1)
The Sounds of Speech	18	(8)
Sound Quality	18	(2)
The Acoustic Spectrum	20	(5)
Fundamental Frequency: Pitch	22	(1)
Intensity: Loudness	23	(1)
Duration: Length	24	(1)
`Stress'	24	(1)
Hearing	25	(1)
The Description and Classification of Speech Sounds	26	(14)
Phonetic Description	26	(1)
Vowel and Consonant	26	(1)
Consonants	27	(6)
Egressive Pulmonic Consonants	28	(1)
Voicing	28	(1)
Place of Articulation	28	(1)
Manner of Articulation	29	(1)
Obstruents and Sonorants	30	(1)
Fortis and Lenis	30	(2)
Classification of Consonants	32	(1)
Ingressive Pulmonic Consonants	32	(1)
Egressive Glottalic Consonants	32	(1)
Ingressive Glottalic Consonants	32	(1)
Ingressive Velaric Consonants	33	(1)
Vowels	33	(7)
Difficulties of Description	34	(1)
Cardinal Vowels	35	(2)
Nasality	37	(1)
Relatively Pure Vowels vs Gliding Vowels	37	(1)
Articulatory Classification of Vowels	38	(2)
Sounds in Language	40	(17)
Speech Sounds and Linguistic Units	40	(1)
The Linguistic Hierarchy	41	(1)
Phonemes	42	(6)
Diversity of Phonemic Solutions	43	(1)
Distinctive Features	43	(1)
Allophones	44	(2)
Neutralization	46	(1)
Phonemic Systems	46	(2)
Transcription	48	(1)
Syllables	49	(3)
The Sonority Hierarchy	49	(1)
Syllable Constituency	50	(1)
Syllable Boundaries	51	(1)
Vowel and Consonant	52	(1)
Prosodic Features	53	(1)
Paralinguistic and Extralinguistic Features	53	(4)
Part II The Sounds of English
The Historical Background	57	(20)
Phonetic Studies in Britain	57	(6)
Palsgrave and Salesbury	57	(1)
Spelling Reformers: Smith, Hart, Gil	58	(1)
Phoneticians: Wallis, Wilkins, Cooper	59	(2)
Eighteenth Century: Johnson, Sheridan, Walker, Steele	61	(1)
Nineteenth Century: Pitman, Ellis, Bell, Sweet	62	(1)
Sound Change	63	(14)
Types of Change	64	(2)
Rate and Route of Vowel Change	66	(1)
Sound Change and the Linguistic System	67	(1)
Sources of Evidence for Reconstruction	68	(5)
Classical Old English Sound System	73	(1)
Middle English Sound System	73	(1)
Early Modern English Sound System	74	(1)
Present English Sound System	75	(1)
Modifications in the English Sound System	75	(2)
Standard and Regional Accents	77	(14)
Standards of Pronunciation	77	(1)
The Emergence of a Standard	77	(1)
The Present-day Situation: RP	78	(3)
Current Changes within RP	81	(3)
Changes Almost Complete	82	(1)
Changes Well-established	82	(1)
Recent Innovations	83	(1)
Innovations on the Verge of RP	83	(1)
Comparing Systems of Pronunciation	84	(1)
Systems and Standards Other than RP	84	(7)
General American	85	(1)
Standard Scottish English (SSE)	86	(1)
London English	87	(2)
Northern English	89	(1)
Australian English	90	(1)
The English Vowels	91	(58)
The Distinctive Vowels	91	(2)
Vowel Glides with a Non-prominent First Element	93	(1)
Glides to [e]	94	(1)
Vowel Length	94	(3)
Phonetic Relationships	94	(2)
Morphophonemic Alternations	96	(1)
Transcriptions of English Vowels	97	(2)
Acoustics of RP Vowels	99	(4)
Learning of Vowels	103	(1)
Acquisition of Vowels by Native Learners	103	(1)
Advice to Foreign Learners	103	(1)
Descriptions of the Vowels	104	(1)
(Relatively) Pure Vowels	104	(25)
/i:/	104	(2)
/I/	106	(3)
/e/	109	(1)
/æ/	110	(2)
/Λ/	112	(2)
/a:/	114	(3)
/a/	117	(1)
/c:/	118	(3)
/u/	121	(1)
/u:/	122	(2)
/э:/	124	(2)
/e/	126	(3)
Diphthongal Vowel Glides	129	(9)
/ei/	129	(2)
/ai/	131	(2)
/ci/	133	(1)
/eu/	134	(2)
/au/	136	(2)
Diphthongs + [e]	138	(3)
Centring Diphthongs /ie, ee, ue/	141	(5)
/ie/	141	(3)
/ee/	144	(1)
/ue/	145	(1)
Vowels in Syllables without Primary Accent	146	(2)
Frequency of Occurrence of RP Vowels	148	(1)
The English Consonants	149	(72)
The Distinctive Consonants	149	(1)
Obstruents	150	(1)
Plosives	150	(21)
The Phonetic Features of English Plosives	151	(3)
Acoustic Features of English Plosives	154	(2)
Acquisition of Plosives by Native Learners	156	(1)
The Release Stage of English Plosives	157	(3)
Bilabial Plosives	160	(2)
Alveolar Plosives	162	(3)
Velar Plosives	165	(3)
Glottal Plosive	168	(3)
Affricates	171	(6)
Palato-alveolar Affricates	174	(3)
Fricatives	177	(16)
Acoustic Features of English Fricatives	179	(1)
Acquisition of Fricatives by Native Learners	180	(1)
Labiodental Fricatives	181	(2)
Dental Fricatives	183	(2)
Alveolar Fricatives	185	(3)
Palato-alveolar Fricatives	188	(3)
Glottal Fricative	191	(2)
Voiced and Voiceless as Phonological Categories	193	(1)
Sonorants	193	(1)
Nasals	193	(7)
Bilabial Nasal	195	(1)
Alveolar Nasal	196	(2)
Velar Nasal	198	(2)
Oral Approximants	200	(16)
Lateral Approximant	200	(5)
Post-alveolar Approximant	205	(5)
Palatal and Labial-velar Approximants (or Semi-vowels)	210	(1)
Unrounded Palatal Approximant	211	(2)
Labial-velar Approximant	213	(3)
Frequency of Occurrence of RP Consonants	216	(5)
Part III Words and Connected Speech
Words	221	(28)
Accent	222	(1)
Accent and Prominence	222	(2)
Word Accentual Patterns	224	(7)
Roots	224	(2)
Suffixes	226	(2)
Prefixes	228	(1)
Secondary Accent	228	(1)
Compounds	228	(3)
Word Accentual Instability	231	(2)
Distinctive Word Accentual Patterns	233	(2)
Acquisition of Word Accent by Native Learners	235	(1)
Advice to Foreign Learners	235	(1)
Elision and Epenthesis	235	(3)
Variability in the Phonemic Structure of Words	238	(1)
Phonotactics	239	(8)
Word-initial and Word-final Phoneme Sequences	240	(4)
Word-medial Syllable Division	244	(1)
Inflexional Suffix Formation	245	(2)
Acquisition of Phonotactics by Native Learners	247	(1)
Advice to Foreign Learners	247	(1)
Consonant Harmony in the Word Structure of Native Learners	247	(2)
Connected Speech	249	(29)
Accent	249	(1)
Prominence, Accent, and Rhythm	250	(2)
Weak Forms	252	(2)
Acquisition of Rhythm and Weak Forms by Native Learners	254	(1)
Advice to Foreign Learners	255	(1)
Intonation	255	(21)
The Forms of Intonation	256	(1)
Intonational Phrases	256	(1)
Primary Accents	256	(1)
Types of Nuclear Tone	257	(4)
Secondary Accents	261	(1)
The Pitch of Unaccented Syllables	262	(2)
The Functions of Intonation	264	(1)
Intonational Phrasing	264	(1)
Primary Accents and New Information	265	(2)
The Meanings of Tones	267	(6)
The Use of Secondary Accents	273	(1)
Regional Variation in Intonation	273	(1)
Pitch Range	273	(1)
Intonation and Punctuation	274	(1)
Acquisition of Intonation by Native Learners	275	(1)
Advice to Foreign Learners	275	(1)
Hesitations	276	(1)
Voice Quality	277	(1)
Words in Connected Speech	278	(18)
Citation Forms and Connected Speech	278	(2)
Neutralization of Weak Forms	280	(1)
Variation in the Accentual Pattern of Words	280	(1)
Phonemic and Phonetic Variations at Boundaries	280	(11)
Allophonic Variations	281	(2)
Phonemic Variations	283	(1)
Voiced/Voiceless Variations	283	(1)
Nasality and Labialization	284	(1)
Variations of Place	285	(1)
Elision	286	(2)
Liaison	288	(2)
Juncture	290	(1)
Frequency of Occurrence of Monosyllabic and Polysyllabic Words	291	(1)
Advice to Foreign Learners	292	(1)
Stylistic Variation	293	(3)
Teaching the Pronunciation of English	296	(24)
The Place of Pronunciation	296	(1)
Models of Pronunciation	297	(1)
Choice of Basic Model	297	(1)
A Wider-based RP	297	(1)
Performance Targets	298	(2)
High Priorities	300	(2)
Rhythm and Accent	300	(1)
Segmental Sounds	300	(1)
Sounds in Connected Speech	301	(1)
Intonation	301	(1)
RP High Acceptability	302	(6)
Vowels	302	(3)
Consonants	305	(1)
Sounds in Connected Speech	306	(1)
Accentuation	307	(1)
Intonation	307	(1)
Minimum General Intelligibility	308	(5)
Vowels	309	(1)
Consonants	310	(2)
Intonation	312	(1)
Sounds in Connected Speech	313	(1)
Minimum General Intelligibility: Conclusion	313	(1)
Teaching Methods	313	(4)
Vowels	315	(1)
Consonants	315	(1)
Accentuation	316	(1)
Intonation	316	(1)
Pronouncing Dictionaries	317	(1)
Assessment	318	(2)
Bibliography	320	(13)
Index	333