Gis-based Studies in the Humanities And Social Sciences

by Okabe; Atsuyuki

• ISBN13: 9780849327131
• ISBN10: 084932713X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-10-31
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Studies in the humanities and the social sciences can be enhanced through the use of geographic information systems (GIS). Resulting from a six-year project entitled Spatial Information Science for the Humanities and Social Sciences (SIS for HSS), GIS-Based Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences details the tools and processes for deploying GIS in economic and social analyses. Through the use of this book, readers can understand how GIS technology can be utilized in advancing studies, and will encourage social scientists to employ new GIS-based methods in their own research.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(18)
Atsuyuki Okabe
What Are Geographical Information Systems (GIS)?	1	(8)
Applications of GIS in the Humanities and Social Sciences: Overview of the Chapters	9	(10)
Acknowledgments	16	(1)
References	16	(3)
A Tool for Creating Pseudo-3D Spaces with Hyperphoto: An Application in Ethnographic Studies	19	(16)
Hiroya Tanaka
Masatoshi Arikawa
Ryosuke Shibasaki
Yuki Konagaya
Introduction	19	(3)
Related Concepts	22	(3)
Photo Collage	22	(1)
Hypermedia	23	(2)
Stamp: A Tool for Hyperphoto Collage	25	(5)
Concepts and System Overview	25	(2)
Stamp-Maker	27	(2)
Stamp-Navigator	29	(1)
Visualization Options	30	(1)
An Application	30	(2)
Conclusion	32	(3)
References	33	(2)
A Laser-Scanner System for Acquiring Archaeological Data: Case of the Tyre Remains	35	(20)
Ryosuke Shibasaki
Takura Izumi
Hiroya Tanaka
Masafumi Nakagawa
Yosinori Iwamoto
Hidetomo Fujiwara
Dinesh Manandhar
Introduction	36	(1)
A New, Three-Dimensional Measurement Device: Laser Scanner	37	(1)
Architecture of a System for Collecting and Organizing Archaeological Remain Data (Archae-Collector)	38	(6)
Data Types and Objects	38	(1)
Archaeological Remains	39	(1)
Archaeological Relics	40	(1)
Other Documents	40	(1)
Associations Among Data	41	(1)
Architecture of a System for Collecting and Organizing Archaeological Information (Archae-Collector)	42	(2)
Three-Dimensional Data Acquisition and Model Development with a Laser Scanner	44	(7)
Types of Laser Scanners and Their Combinations	44	(1)
Geometric Registration of Laser-Scanner Data	45	(2)
Reconstruction of Three-Dimensional Shapes from Laser-Scanner Data	47	(2)
Visualization by Combining Laser-Scanner Data and Digital-Camera Images	49	(2)
Implementation of an Example of Archae-Collector	51	(2)
Conclusions and Future Prospects	53	(2)
Acknowledgment	54	(1)
References	54	(1)
A Laser-Scanner System for Acquiring Walking-Trajectory Data and Its Possible Application to Behavioral Science	55	(16)
Huijing Zhao
Katsuyuki Nakamura
Ryosuke Shibasaki
Introduction	55	(2)
Outline of the System	57	(2)
Single-Row Laser Scanner and Moving-Object Extraction	57	(1)
Integration of Multiple Single-Row Laser Scanners	58	(1)
Tracking Algorithm	59	(5)
Flow of the Tracking Process	59	(2)
Definition of the Pedestrian-Walking Model	61	(1)
Definition of the State Model	61	(2)
The Tracing Process Using the Kalman Filter	63	(1)
Possible Applications to Behavioral Science	64	(7)
Assessment of the System Reliability	65	(1)
Analyzing the Pedestrain Flow	66	(3)
Acknowledgments	69	(1)
References	69	(2)
A Method for Constructing a Historical Population-Grid Database from Old Maps and Its Applications	71	(14)
Yoshio Arai
Shiro Koike
Introduction: Can GIS Deal with Historical Phenomena?	72	(1)
A Preliminary Study on the Population Estimation Made for Around the Year 1890 in East Biwa	73	(3)
Estimation Method	73	(1)
Estimation Accuracy	74	(2)
Derivation of the Historical Population-Grid Data for Around 1890 in the Kanto Plain	76	(1)
Estimation Method	76	(1)
Estimation Accuracy	77	(1)
Derivation of the Historical Population-Grid Data for Around 1930 in the Kanto Plain	77	(2)
Source Materials	78	(1)
Estimation Method	78	(1)
Estimation Accuracy	78	(1)
Historical Population-Grid Database Covering the Period 1890-2000 in the Kanto Plain	79	(3)
Integration of the 1890-, 1930-, 1970-, and 2000-HPD	79	(1)
Analysis of Population Change Using the 1890-2000-HPD	80	(1)
Spatial Patterns of Population Change in the Kanto Plain	80	(1)
Population Change Along Railway Lines	80	(2)
Conclusion	82	(3)
References	83	(2)
Urban Employment Areas: Defining Japanese Metropolitan Areas and Constructing the Statistical Database for Them	85	(14)
Yoshitsugu Kanemoto
Reiji Kurima
Introduction	85	(1)
The Need for a New Metropolitan-Area Definition	86	(1)
Metropolitan-Area Definitions in the U.S.	87	(2)
The Structure of Japanese Metropolitan Areas	89	(1)
Defining Urban-Employment Areas	89	(4)
Requirements for a Core	90	(1)
Requirements for an Outlying Area	91	(1)
The Iterative Procedure for Defining UEAs	91	(1)
The First Iteration	91	(1)
The Second Iteration	92	(1)
Other Iterations	92	(1)
Urban-Employment Areas for the 1995 Population	93	(1)
The Construction of the MEA Economic Database	94	(3)
Conclusion	97	(2)
Acknowledgment	97	(1)
References	97	(2)
Data Modeling of Archaeological Sites Using a Unified Modeling Language	99	(14)
Teruko Usui
Susumu Morimoto
Yoshiyuki Murao
Keiji Shimizu
Introduction	99	(1)
Characteristics of Archaeological Information and a Site Survey	100	(1)
Differences between Japanese and European Techniques in Data Recording and Organizing Archaeological Survey Data	101	(2)
Object-Oriented GIS and an Archaeological-Information Database	103	(5)
Two Kinds of GIS Data Models	103	(1)
Standardization of Geographic Information and UML	104	(1)
Data Modeling of Archaeological Information and the General-Feature Model	105	(3)
European Stratigraphic-Sequence Diagrams Using the Harris Matrix and UML Modeling on Japanese Drawings of Archaeological Features	108	(3)
Class Representing the Archaeological Site (Archaeological Site Class)	108	(1)
Drawing of Archaeological Features and Stratigraphic-Sequence Diagram	109	(2)
Conclusion	111	(2)
References	112	(1)
How to Find Free Software Packages for Spatial Analysis via the Internet	113	(14)
Atsuyuki Okabe
Atsushi Masuyama
Fumiko Itoh
Introduction	113	(1)
Search Engine at the CSISS Web Site	114	(1)
FreeSAT: A Web System for Finding Free Spatial Analysis Tools	115	(9)
The home page of FreeSAT	115	(1)
The ``Spatial Analysis for Points'' Page	116	(1)
The ``Spatial Analysis for Networks'' Page	117	(2)
The ``Spatial Analysis for Attribute Values of Areas'' Page	119	(2)
The ``Spatial Analysis for Continuous Surfaces Page''	121	(1)
Tables of Software Names	122	(2)
Conclusion	124	(3)
References	125	(2)
A Toolbox for Examining the Effect of Infrastructural Features on the Distribution of Spatial Events	127	(12)
Atsuyuki Okabe
Tohru Yoshikawa
Introduction	127	(1)
General Setting	128	(1)
Procedure for Examining the Effect	129	(7)
The Procedure for Using the Goodness-of-Fit Test Method	130	(3)
The Procedure for Using the Conditional Nearest-Neighbor Distance Method	133	(2)
The Cross K Function Method	135	(1)
Conclusion	136	(3)
Acknowledgments	137	(1)
References	137	(2)
A Toolbox for Spatial Analysis on a Network	139	(14)
Atsuyuki Okabe
Kei-ichi Okunuki
Shino Shiode
Introduction	139	(2)
Tools in SANET	141	(1)
Software and Data Setting	142	(2)
Network K Function Method	144	(2)
Network Variable-Clumping Method	146	(2)
Network Cross K Function Method	148	(1)
Network Voronoi Diagram	148	(1)
Network Huff Model	149	(2)
Conclusion	151	(2)
Acknowledgments	151	(1)
References	151	(2)
Estimation of Routes and Building Sites Described in Premodern Travel Accounts Through Spatial Reasoning	153	(10)
Yasushi Asami
Takanori Kimura
Masashi Haneda
Naoko Fukami
Introduction	153	(2)
Spatial Data	155	(1)
Search for the Route	156	(1)
Consistency with Building Use	156	(1)
Consistency of Branching Off of Road	156	(1)
Consistency of Turning Direction (Left or Right)	157	(1)
Consistency of Direction (North, East, South, and West)	157	(1)
Judgment of Neighborhood	157	(1)
Judgment of Priority in Route Choice	158	(1)
Route of Maximum Degree of Fitness and Estimation of Locations of Building	158	(2)
Conclusion	160	(3)
Acknowledgment	161	(1)
References	161	(2)
Computer-Simulated Settlements in West Wakasa: Identifying the Ancient Tax Regions --- The Go-Ri System	163	(12)
Izumi Niiro
Introduction	163	(2)
The Case-Study Region	165	(3)
The Reconstruction of Agricultural Productivity and the Extent of GO	168	(3)
Results and Discussion of the Case Study	171	(1)
Broader-Scale Analysis	172	(2)
Conclusion	174	(1)
References	174	(1)
Site-Catchment Analysis of Prehistoric Settlements by Reconstructing Paleoenvironments with GIS	175	(16)
Hiro'omi Tsumura
A Brief Review of Spatial Archaeology	175	(2)
The Sannai-Maruyama Archaeological Project	177	(1)
Present Nature of the Area Surrounding the Sannai-Maruyama Archaeological Site	177	(2)
Construction of a Spatio-Temporal GIS Database	179	(3)
Reconstruction of the Paleosynecology	182	(1)
Site-Catchment Analysis of the Reconstructed Paleoenvironment	183	(5)
Beyond Spatial Archaeology	188	(3)
Acknowledgments	189	(1)
References	189	(2)
Migration, Regional Diversity, and Residential Development on the Edge of Greater Cairo --- Linking Three Kinds of Data --- Census, Household-Survey Data, and Geographical Data --- with GIS	191	(20)
Hiroshi Kato
Erina Iwasaki
Ali El-Shazly
Yutaka Goto
Introduction	191	(1)
Data and Methodology	192	(4)
Data	192	(1)
Selection of the Survey Areas	193	(1)
Data Sampling	194	(2)
Migration and Regional Categorization	196	(7)
Migrants' Villages of Origin	197	(1)
Characteristics of the Regions of Origin	198	(5)
Migration and Residential Development	203	(4)
Constructing the Building Map	203	(1)
General Description of the Survey Areas	204	(1)
Settlement Patterns and Residential Development	204	(3)
Conclusions	207	(4)
References	209	(2)
Effect of Environmental Factors on Housing Prices: Application of GIS to Urban-Policy Analysis	211	(18)
Yasushi Asami
Xiaolu Gao
Economic Value of Residential Environment	211	(2)
Method and Data	213	(2)
Hedonic Price Analysis	215	(3)
Analysis of Subdivision	218	(2)
Benefits of Parks in Densely Built Residential Blocks	220	(1)
Effects of Widening a Road	221	(3)
Impact of Relaxing FAR Regulation	224	(2)
Conclusion	226	(3)
Acknowledgments	226	(1)
References	227	(2)
Estimating Urban Agglomeration Economies for Japanese Metropolitan Areas: Is Tokyo Too Large?	229	(14)
Yoshitsugu Kanemoto
Toru Kitagawa
Hiroshi Saito
Elsuro Shioji
Introduction	229	(1)
Production Functions with Agglomeration Economies	230	(2)
Cross-Section Estimates	232	(2)
Panel Estimates	234	(2)
A Test for Optimal City Sizes	236	(4)
Conclusion	240	(3)
Acknowledgments	240	(1)
References	241	(2)
Evaluation of School Redistricting by the School Family System	243	(22)
Yukio Sadahiro
Takashi Tominaga
Saiko Sadahiro
Introduction	244	(1)
Potential of GIS in Educational-Administration Research	244	(4)
GIS for Analysis in Educational-Administration Research	244	(2)
GIS for Planning in Educational-Administration Research	246	(1)
GIS for Evaluation in Educational-Administration Research	247	(1)
GIS for School Redistricting	248	(3)
School Districting in Elementary and Lower-Secondary Education	248	(1)
School Redistricting in Elementary and Lower-Secondary Education	249	(1)
School-Family System	249	(1)
School Redistricting as a Spatial-Optimization Problem	250	(1)
School Redistricting in Kita Ward, Tokyo	251	(11)
Formulation of School-Redistricting Problem in Kita Ward, Tokyo	252	(4)
School Redistricting Where the Average Distance from Home to School Is the Objective Function	256	(3)
School Redistricting Where the Number of Students Assigned to Different Schools Is the Objective Function	259	(3)
Conclusion	262	(3)
References	262	(3)
A Method for Visualizing the Landscapes of Old-Time Cities Using GIS	265	(14)
Eihan Shimizu
Takashi Fuse
Introduction	265	(1)
Rubber-Sheet Transformation of Historical Maps	266	(2)
Applications	268	(8)
Comparison of Maps from Different Times	268	(1)
Reproduction of a Digital-Elevation Model from a Historical Map	269	(1)
Analysis of the Relationship between Land Use and Topography	270	(2)
Reproduction of a Bird's-Eye View of Old Tokyo	272	(2)
Reproduction of the Landscape of Edo City	274	(2)
Conclusion	276	(3)
References	276	(3)
Visualization for Site Assessment	279	(20)
Hiroyuki Kohsaka
Tomoko Sekine
Introduction	279	(2)
Multilevel Measures of Accessibility and Its Spatial Variation within Residential Districts	281	(9)
Accessibility Measured at the Residential-District Level	281	(1)
Accessibility Measured at 100 M Mesh Level	282	(2)
Visualization of Spatial Variation in Accessibility within a Residential District	284	(1)
Bivariate Map of Accessibility and Its Variability	285	(2)
Composite Map of Accessibility by Two-Level Visualization	287	(2)
Accessibility Map at Variable Spatial Level	289	(1)
Measure of Accessibility by Highly Accurate Simulation and Its Visualization	290	(6)
Population as Demand Volume	290	(1)
Development of Road Network	291	(1)
Measure of Navigation Road Distance by Highly Accurate Simulation Considering Complex Traffic Conditions	292	(4)
Conclusion	296	(3)
References	298	(1)
Visualization of the Mental Image of a City Using GIS	299	(16)
Yukio Sadahiro
Yoshio Igarashi
Introduction	299	(2)
Methodology	301	(3)
Representation of the Image of a City	301	(1)
Model Description	301	(1)
Visualization of the Image of a City	302	(2)
A Prototype System	304	(5)
Spatial Data	304	(1)
Model of the Image of Shibuya	305	(1)
Visualization of the Image of Shibuya	306	(1)
System Evaluation	306	(3)
Conclusion	309	(6)
Literature Cited	313	(1)
References	313	(2)
Index	315