Glaciers and Glaciation

by Benn, Douglas I.; Evans, David J. A.

• ISBN13: 9780340584316
• ISBN10: 0340584319
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1997-11-15
• Publisher: Hodder Education Publishers

Summary

This major new text provides a synthesis of the nature, origin and behavior of glacier systems and the geological and geomorphological evidence for their former existence. It features a superb collection of color and black and white photographs, over 300 in all, together with over 450 line diagrams. Using case studies drawn from around the world, it is referenced throughout and concludes with a fully comprehensive bibliography.

Table of Contents

Preface	viii	(1)
Acknowledgements	ix
PART ONE: GLACIERS	3	(308)
1: GLACIER SYSTEMS	3	(62)
1.1 The glacier as a system	4	(2)
1.2 Interactions with climate	6	(7)
1.3 Interactions with the landscape	13	(2)
1.4 Glacier morphology	15	(11)
1.5 Glaciers and sea-levels	26	(13)
1.6 Present distribution of glaciers	39	(4)
1.7 Past distributions of glaciers	43	(20)
1.8 The future	63	(2)
2: SNOW, ICE AND CLIMATE	65	(32)
2.1 Introduction	66	(1)
2.2 Gains and losses	66	(8)
2.3 Mass balance	74	(16)
2.4 Past climates: the ice core record	90	(3)
2.5 Ice temperature	93	(4)
3: GLACIERS AND MELTWATER	97	(44)
3.1 Introduction	98	(1)
3.2 Water sources, flow and storage	98	(8)
3.3 Supraglacial and englacial drainage systems	106	(3)
3.4 Subglacial drainage systems	109	(8)
3.5 Glacier outburst floods (jokulhlaups)	117	(6)
3.6 Mechanical erosion by meltwater	123	(2)
3.7 Chemical erosion and deposition	125	(3)
3.8 Suspended sediment and bedload	128	(4)
3.9 Proglacial fluvial systems	132	(9)
4: GLACIER MOTION	141	(36)
4.1 Introduction	142	(2)
4.2 Stress and strain	144	(4)
4.3 Deformation of ice	148	(2)
4.4 Deformation of the bed	150	(6)
4.5 Sliding	156	(6)
4.6 Spatial patterns of glacier motion	162	(4)
4.7 Temporal variations in glacier motion	166	(3)
4.8 Surging glaciers	169	(8)
5: SUBGLACIAL PROCESSES	177	(34)
5.1 Introduction	178	(1)
5.2 Glacial erosion, transport and deposition	178	(4)
5.3 The erosion of hard rock beds	182	(11)
5.4 The formation and deformation of basal ice	193	(4)
5.5 Deposition from debris-rich ice	197	(3)
5.6 Deforming beds: erosion, transport and deposition	200	(3)
5.7 Effects of subglacial transport on debris	203	(8)
6: SUPRAGLACIAL AND ENGLACIAL ENVIRONMENTS	211	(30)
6.1 Introduction	212	(1)
6.2 Ice morphology and structure	212	(4)
6.3 Supraglacial debris entrainment	216	(5)
6.4 Englacial and supraglacial transport	221	(7)
6.5 Debris-mantled glacier snouts	228	(13)
7: TERRESTRIAL ICE-MARGINAL ENVIRONMENTS	241	(30)
7.1 Introduction	242	(1)
7.2 Glacier advance and retreat	242	(1)
7.3 Ice-marginal deposition	243	(4)
7.4 Relocation of proglacial material by glacier ice	247	(9)
7.5 Glaciers and permafrost	256	(5)
7.6 Paraglacial activity	261	(10)
8: GLACILACUSTRINE AND GLACIMARINE ENVIRONMENTS	271	(40)
8.1 Introduction	272	(1)
8.2 Water-terminating ice margins	273	(9)
8.3 Water-body characteristics	282	(7)
8.4 Depositional processes	289	(10)
8.5 Depositional environments	299	(12)
PART TWO: GLACIATION	311	(314)
9: EROSIONAL FORMS AND LANDSCAPES	311	(66)
9.1 Introduction	312	(1)
9.2 Small-scale erosional forms	312	(11)
9.3 Intermediate-scale erosional forms	323	(25)
9.4 Large-scale erosional landforms	348	(13)
9.5 Landscapes of glacial erosion	361	(16)
10: SEDIMENT FACIES	377	(44)
10.1 Introduction	378	(1)
10.2 Sediment classification and description	378	(8)
10.3 Primary glacigenic deposits (till)	386	(13)
10.4 Fluvial deposits	399	(5)
10.5 Gravitational mass-movement deposits	404	(8)
10.6 Deposits from suspension settling and iceberg activity	412	(8)
10.7 Winnowing structures (lags, coquinas and boulder pavements)	420	(1)
11: SEDIMENT-LANDFORM ASSOCIATIONS	421	(112)
11.1 Introduction	422	(1)
11.2 Subglacial associations	422	(35)
11.3 Ice-marginal moraines	457	(24)
11.4 Supraglacial associations	481	(13)
11.5 Proglacial associations	494	(13)
11.6 Glacilacustrine and glacimarine associations	507	(26)
12: LANDSYSTEMS AND MEGAGEOMORPHOLOGY	533	(92)
12.1 Introduction	534	(1)
12.2 Approaches to large-scale investigations	534	(4)
12.3 Ice-marginal and supraglacial landsystems	538	(15)
12.4 Ice sheet beds	553	(26)
12.5 Subaquatic depositional systems	579	(25)
12.6 Glaciated valley landsystems	604	(15)
12.7 Extraterrestrial glaciation: the final frontier	619	(6)
Appendix I: Notations used in formulae	625	(4)
Appendix II: Grain size scales	629	(2)
References	631	(86)
Index	717