Global Drug Enforcement: Practical Investigative Techniques

by Lee; Gregory D.

• ISBN13: 9780849316296
• ISBN10: 0849316294
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-10-27
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

It's a national epidemic and an international conspiracy. Drugs have infested our society with a vengeance, making the drug enforcement agent a central figure in the war on drugs. International training teams of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) have traditionally taught the special skills required by all drug agents. Until now, there has never been a book for public consumption devoted strictly to this specialized field of criminal investigation.Global Drug Enforcement: Practical Investigative Techniques provides basic and advanced methods for conducting modern drug investigations. With coverage of source countries, drug identification, conspiracy investigations, clandestine laboratories, drug intelligence, and money laundering, the book includes the topics that every detective assigned to a drug investigation unit must know. The chapter on drug identification discusses the drugs that all law enforcement officers are likely to encounter including heroin, marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, PCP, and the emerging club drugs of Ecstasy, GHB, and Ketamine. A glossary of common terms used in drug enforcement and chapters on the nexus between drugs and terrorism provide additional insight.Based on the training and experiences of a recently retired Supervisory Special Agent of the DEA who was a former instructor for DEA's Office of Training at the FBI Academy, this book provides domestic and international agencies with a comprehensive reference on contemporary drug enforcement. It greatly expands on many of the topics that DEA employees receive in their training and covers the areas that investigators need to understand in order to conduct safe and effective drug operations.

Table of Contents

Section I THE FUNDAMENTALS	1	(186)
1 Introduction to Drug Law Enforcement	3	(4)
International in Scope	3	(1)
Interpersonal Relationships	4	(1)
Finance and Banking	4	(1)
Psychology	4	(1)
Communication Skills	4	(1)
Foreign Relations	5	(1)
Other Aspects	5	(1)
Summary	5	(2)
2 Source Countries	7	(10)
Colombia	7	(2)
Bolivia and Peru	9	(1)
Mexico	10	(2)
The Golden Triangle	12	(1)
The Golden Crescent	13	(2)
Western Europe	15	(1)
Canada	15	(1)
United States	15	(1)
Summary	15	(2)
3 Drug Identification and User Recognition	17	(46)
Drug Scheduling	17	(2)
Narcotic Depressants	19	(33)
Heroin and Opiates	19	(15)
History of Heroin in the United States	21	(1)
Heroin Production	22	(6)
How Heroin Is Used	28	(1)
Physical Effects of Heroin	28	(2)
Heroin Withdrawal Symptoms	30	(1)
Heroin User Recognition	31	(3)
Cocaine	34	(8)
History of Cocaine Abuse	34	(1)
Harvest and Yield	34	(2)
Cocaine Extraction	36	(1)
Cocaine Abuse	37	(1)
Cocaine Abuse in the Workplace	38	(1)
Cocaine's Physical Side Effects	38	(1)
Pharmacological Effects and Symptoms of Cocaine Abuse	39	(1)
Crack Cocaine	40	(2)
Marijuana	42	(5)
Marijuana Source Countries	45	(1)
Indoor Growing	45	(1)
Hashish	46	(1)
Effects of Cannabis	47	(1)
Methylenedioxy-N-Methylamphetamine (MDMA)	47	(5)
Drug Recognition	50	(1)
Ecstasy Source Countries	50	(1)
Rave Parties	51	(1)
Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB)	52	(1)
Gamma Butyrolactone (GBL)	52	(1)
Ketamine	52	(1)
Methamphetamine	53	(2)
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)	55	(1)
Physical Reaction	55	(1)
LSD Traffickers	56	(1)
Methylphenidate (Ritalin®)	56	(1)
Phencyclidine (PCP)	56	(2)
Steroids	58	(2)
Other Drugs of Abuse	60	(1)
Summary	60	(1)
References	61	(2)
4 Confidential Informants	63	(26)
Purpose of Informants	64	(1)
Motivational Factors	65	(5)
Walk-In/Call-In Informants	65	(1)
Fear	65	(2)
Revenge and Jealousy	67	(1)
Repentance	67	(1)
Altruism	67	(1)
Mercenaries	67	(1)
Egotism	68	(1)
James Bond Syndrome	69	(1)
The Wannabe	69	(1)
Perversely Motivated Informants	70	(1)
Restricted-Use Informants	70	(1)
Developing Confidential Informants	71	(1)
Supervisor's Role in Informant Management	71	(1)
Protecting the Informant's Identity	72	(3)
Avoid Making the Informant a Percipient Witness	72	(1)
Report-Writing Techniques	73	(1)
Using the Informant to Introduce Undercover Agents	73	(1)
Wall-Off Method	73	(1)
Camouflage Techniques	74	(1)
Other Considerations	75	(1)
The Informant File	75	(1)
Informant Debriefings	76	(1)
Agent-Informant Contact Procedures	77	(1)
Informant Payments	78	(1)
How to Make a Controlled Purchase Using an Informant	79	(5)
Thoroughly Debrief the Informant	80	(1)
Check Law Enforcement Indices	80	(1)
Monitor Phone Calls and Personal Visits between the Informant and the Suspect	81	(1)
Provide the Informant with Official Funds That Have the Serial Numbers Recorded	82	(1)
Wire the Informant for Sound	82	(1)
Designate Verbal and Visual Distress and Arrest Signals	83	(1)
Search the Informant and His Vehicle	83	(1)
Surveillance Team to Follow the Informant	83	(1)
Informant Is to Go to a Designated Cold Spot after the Meeting	84	(1)
Instruct the Informant to Immediately Return to the Office	84	(1)
The Seven Steps to Successful Informant Management	84	(1)
Keys to Success in Informant Management	85	(1)
Control	85	(1)
Honesty	85	(1)
Fairness and Respect	85	(1)
Clarity in Direction	85	(1)
Provide Training for the Informant	86	(1)
Summary	86	(3)
5 Sources of Information	89	(8)
Airline Ticket Agents	90	(1)
Travel Agents	90	(1)
Car Rental Employees	91	(1)
Hotel Registration Clerks	91	(1)
Utility Companies	91	(1)
Telephone Service Providers	92	(1)
Real Estate Agents	92	(1)
Internet Service Providers	93	(1)
Banking Institutions	93	(1)
Taxi Drivers	93	(1)
County Assessor's Office	94	(1)
Credit Bureaus	94	(1)
Express Shipping Companies	94	(1)
Yacht Club Employees	94	(1)
Boat and Yacht Sales Personnel	95	(1)
Flight Service Starion Employees	95	(1)
Private Airplane Sales Personnel	95	(1)
Conclusion	95	(1)
Summary	96	(1)
6 Surveillance and Counter-Surveillance	97	(18)
Definition and Purpose of Surveillance	97	(1)
Types of Surveillance	98	(1)
Mobile	98	(1)
Stationary	98	(1)
Electronic	98	(1)
Objectives of Surveillance	99	(4)
Identify the Main Target of the Investigation	99	(1)
Identify Other Members of the Drug Organization	99	(1)
Locate Stash Locations	100	(1)
Obtain Probable Cause for a Search Warrant	100	(1)
Locate Wanted Persons	101	(1)
Verify the Reliability of an Informant	101	(1)
Obtain Detailed Information	102	(1)
Prevent the Commission of a Crime or Arrest a Suspect in the Act	102	(1)
Obtain Information for Later Use during an Interrogation	102	(1)
Develop Clues and Information from Other Sources	102	(1)
Qualities of a Surveillance Agent	103	(2)
Normal Appearance	103	(1)
Act as Naturally as Possible	103	(1)
Alert	104	(1)
Resourceful	105	(1)
Observant	105	(1)
Patience and Stamina	105	(1)
Categories of Surveillance	105	(2)
Intelligence Gathering	106	(1)
Prebuy Surveillance	106	(1)
Postbuy Surveillance	106	(1)
Reconnaissance	106	(1)
Physical Survey	107	(1)
Other Considerations	107	(1)
Rules of Surveillance	108	(1)
Fundamentals of Surveillance	109	(1)
Using Air Support during Surveillance	110	(1)
Surveillance Notes and Reports	110	(1)
Counter-Surveillance	110	(4)
Counter-Surveillance Driving	112	(1)
Counter-Surveillance Equipment	113	(1)
Summary	114	(1)
7 Undercover Operations	115	(40)
Definition of Undercover	115	(1)
Purpose of Undercover Operations	116	(1)
Qualifications for Undercover Work	117	(1)
Undercover Agents' Traits	118	(5)
Intelligence	118	(1)
Self Confidence	119	(1)
Courage	119	(1)
Good Judgment	120	(1)
Initiative and Resourcefulness	121	(1)
Good Memory	122	(1)
Good Communication Skills	122	(1)
Proper Experience for the Role	123	(1)
Good Common Sense	123	(1)
Necessary Preparations for Undercover Assignments	123	(2)
The Cover Story	125	(1)
Undercover Identity	126	(2)
Undercover Vehicles	128	(1)
Undercover Documents and Credit Cards	129	(1)
Planning the Undercover Operation	129	(2)
The Written Operational Plan	131	(9)
The Operational Briefing	140	(1)
The Undercover Meeting	140	(2)
Undercover Negotiations	142	(1)
Drug Samples	143	(1)
Use of Controlled Substances by Undercover Agents	144	(1)
Confidence Buys or Buy-Walk Operations	145	(1)
Buy-Bust Operations	146	(1)
Postbug Debriefings	147	(1)
Proven Undercover Techniques and Strategies Playing Mind Games with the Suspect	148	(3)
The Seven Critical Factors Leading to Undercover Violence	151	(3)
Poor Operational Planning	151	(1)
Making the Arrest	152	(1)
Managing the Flash Roll	152	(1)
Poor Communication	153	(1)
Complacency	153	(1)
Inaccessibility of Undercover Weapons	153	(1)
Making Inaccurate Conclusions from Accurate Observations	153	(1)
Summary	154	(1)
8 Flash Roll Management	155	(6)
Surprise Flashes vs. Scheduled Flashes	155	(1)
Creating a Controlled Environment	156	(1)
Using a Second Undercover Agent	157	(1)
Use of an Informant to Display the Money	158	(1)
Seeing Drugs before Displaying the Money	158	(1)
Flash Roll Preparation	158	(1)
Summary	159	(2)
9 Evidence Collection and Preservation	161	(8)
Categories of Evidence	161	(1)
Collection of Evidence	161	(2)
Systematic Searching	161	(1)
Drug Detection Dogs	162	(1)
Drug Evidence	163	(1)
Handling Drug Evidence	163	(1)
Chain of Custody	163	(1)
Bulk Evidence	164	(1)
Field Testing of Drug Evidence	164	(1)
Nondrug Evidence	165	(2)
Fingerprints	166	(1)
Summary	167	(2)
10 U.S. Sentencing Guidelines for Drug Offenses	169	(8)
Background	169	(1)
Federal Parole Abolished	170	(1)
Longer Prison Sentences	170	(1)
The Sentencing Table	171	(1)
Drug Offense Sentencing Tables	171	(1)
Departures from the Guidelines	172	(1)
Court Ordered Departures	173	(1)
Criticism of the Guidelines	174	(1)
Evolutionary Process	174	(1)
Summary	174	(1)
References	175	(2)
11 Raid Planning and Execution	177	(10)
Raid Planning	178	(1)
Types of Raids	178	(1)
Site Surveys	179	(1)
Raid Briefing	180	(1)
Equipment	180	(1)
Raid Execution	180	(2)
Elements of a Successful Raid	181	(1)
Tactics	181	(1)
Physical Fitness	181	(1)
Mental Conditioning	181	(1)
Equipment	181	(1)
Firearms	182	(1)
Training	182	(1)
Consciousness Modes	182	(1)
White	182	(1)
Yellow	182	(1)
Orange	182	(1)
Red	183	(1)
Escalation of Force	183	(2)
British SAS Six-Man Snake Method	185	(1)
Summary	186	(1)
Section II COMPLEX DRUG INVESTIGATIONS	187	(126)
12 Drug Conspiracy Investigations	189	(38)
Definition of Conspiracy	190	(1)
Punishment for Conspiracy	191	(1)
Elements of Proof	192	(1)
Plurality Requirement	192	(1)
The Agreement	193	(1)
Overt Acts	193	(1)
Pinkerton Theory of Vicarious Liability	193	(3)
Withdrawal from the Conspiracy	194	(1)
Termination of the Conspiracy	195	(1)
Venue	195	(1)
Duration of the Conspiracy	196	(1)
Statute of Limitations	196	(1)
Types of Conspiracies	196	(4)
Ongoing Conspiracies	196	(1)
Historical Conspiracies	197	(2)
Chain Conspiracies	199	(1)
Wheel Conspiracies	199	(1)
Combination Wheel and Chain Conspiracies	200	(1)
Advantages of Conspiracy Investigations	200	(3)
Simplicity	201	(1)
Crime Prevention	201	(1)
Leverage	201	(1)
Exception to the Hearsay Rule of Evidence	202	(1)
Asset Forfeiture	202	(1)
Disadvantages of Conspiracy Investigations	203	(1)
Conspiracy Investigations Can Be Protracted	203	(1)
Verification and Corroboration	203	(1)
No-Dope Conspiracies	204	(1)
Conspiracy Case Development	204	(11)
Confidential Informants	204	(1)
Undercover Agents	205	(1)
Asset Seizure Inquiries	206	(1)
Fixed and Mobile Surveillance	207	(1)
Pen Registers	207	(1)
Telephone Wiretaps and Technical Listening Devices	208	(1)
The Grand Jury	209	(1)
Coordination with Other Law Enforcement Agencies	210	(1)
Analytical Investigative Support/Toll Analysis	210	(1)
Use of Public, Private, and Government Records	211	(1)
Polygraph Examinations	211	(1)
Mail Covers	212	(1)
Trash Runs	213	(1)
Photo Spreads	214	(1)
Technical Listening Equipment	214	(1)
Execution of Search Warrants for Documents	214	(1)
Coordination with the Prosecutor	215	(4)
Crimes Committed by Conspirators	215	(2)
Sealed Indictments	217	(1)
Arrest Warrants	217	(1)
Grand Jury Subpoenas	217	(1)
Immunity	218	(1)
Multiple Venues	218	(1)
Asset Seizures	218	(1)
Material Witness Warrants	219	(1)
Defense Attorney Trial Tactics	219	(6)
Defendant Withdrew from the Conspiracy	219	(1)
Outrageous Government Conduct	220	(1)
Taking the Fall for Others	221	(1)
Entrapment	221	(1)
Mistaken Identity	221	(1)
Fabrication of Exculpatory Evidence	222	(1)
Placing the Agent on Trial	223	(1)
Defendant Was Involved in an Entirely Different Conspiracy	224	(1)
The Blind Mule	224	(1)
Summary	225	(1)
References	225	(2)
13 Clandestine Laboratories	227	(6)
Specialty within Drug Law Enforcement	228	(1)
Booby-Traps	228	(1)
Countering Booby-Traps	229	(1)
Recognizing Clan Labs	229	(1)
Chemicals and Products Commonly Found at Clan Lab Sites	230	(1)
Other Clan Lab Indicators	231	(1)
Operational Laboratories	231	(1)
Summary	232	(1)
14 Transportation Hub Interdiction Operations	233	(6)
Courier Profiling	233	(3)
Approaching the Passenger	236	(1)
Other Considerations	237	(1)
Hotel Profiling	237	(1)
Summary	238	(1)
15 Smuggling and Smugglers	239	(16)
Definition of Smuggling	239	(1)
Agencies Conducting Smuggling Investigations	239	(5)
Drug Enforcement Administration	239	(1)
Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement	240	(2)
U.S. Border Patrol	242	(1)
Federal Aviation Administration	243	(1)
U.S. Coast Guard	243	(1)
Federal Bureau of Investigation	243	(1)
Military Joint Task Forces (JTFs)	243	(1)
U.S. Postal Service	244	(1)
Methods of Smuggling	244	(3)
Air	244	(1)
Land	245	(1)
Sea	245	(1)
Go-Fast Boats	246	(1)
Methods of Concealment	247	(1)
Unwitting Accomplices	248	(1)
Swallowers	248	(1)
Smugglers' Profile	248	(3)
Characteristics of Drug Smuggling Organizations	251	(2)
Possess and Use State-of-the-Art Equipment	251	(1)
Well Organized	252	(1)
Well-Defined Roles	252	(1)
Large Number of Members	252	(1)
Use of Private Investigators	252	(1)
Top Legal Help	253	(1)
Drug Smuggling Case Initiation	253	(1)
Methods of Investigating Smuggling Cases	253	(1)
Summary	254	(1)
16 Controlled Deliveries	255	(6)
Definition of Controlled Delivery	255	(1)
Internationally Controlled Delivery Scenario	255	(1)
Methods of Delivery	256	(1)
Domestic Controlled Deliveries	257	(1)
Mail Drops	257	(1)
Using a Ruse	258	(1)
Physical Evidence	258	(1)
Summary	258	(3)
17 Drug Intelligence	261	(8)
The Intelligence Analyst	261	(1)
Informant Debriefings	262	(2)
Telephone Subscriber Information	264	(1)
Telephone Toll Analysis	265	(1)
Wiretaps	266	(1)
Summary	267	(1)
References	267	(2)
18 Asset Forfeiture and Money Laundering	269	(18)
Federal Civil and Criminal Forfeitures	269	(2)
Judicial Forfeitures	271	(1)
Administrative Forfeitures	272	(3)
Policy Considerations	274	(1)
Notice	275	(1)
Criminal Forfeiture Procedures	275	(1)
Advantages of Criminal Forfeitures	276	(1)
Equitable Sharing Program	276	(1)
Determining Who Gets What	277	(1)
Permissible Uses of the Money	278	(1)
Money Laundering	278	(1)
Methods of Investigation	279	(2)
Assets vs. Liability	279	(1)
Follow the Money	280	(1)
Typical Exchanges of Money	281	(1)
Money Laundering Methods	281	(4)
Bulk Shipments	281	(1)
Financial Institutions	282	(1)
Nonfinancial Institutions	283	(2)
Underground Banking Networks	285	(1)
Summary	285	(1)
References	286	(1)
19 Shared Traits of Drug Traffickers and Terrorists	287	(8)
Organizational Structure	288	(1)
Drug and Terrorism Source Countries	288	(1)
Money Laundering	288	(1)
Communications	289	(1)
Training Manuals	290	(1)
Immigration Fraud and False Identity Documents	290	(1)
Smuggling Techniques	291	(1)
Airport Profiling	291	(1)
Human Sources of Information	292	(1)
Parallel Investigative Techniques	292	(1)
Summary	293	(2)
20 Nexus between Drugs and Terrorism	295	(6)
Afghanistan	297	(1)
Colombia	298	(1)
Peru	299	(1)
Middle East	299	(1)
Summary	299	(1)
References	300	(1)
21 Talking Points against Drug Legalization	301	(12)
Ten Undeniable Facts	302	(4)
A Law Enforcement Officer's Approach to the Problem	306	(2)
Where to Go for Additional Help	308	(2)
Antidrug Organizations	308	(2)
Resources and Publications	310	(2)
Resources	310	(1)
Publications	310	(2)
Summary	312	(1)
References	312	(1)
Glossary of Terms Common to Drug Law Enforcement	313	(12)
Appendix A: Controlled Substance Act Schedules	325	(12)
Appendix B: Controlled Substances Alphabetically	337	(50)
Appendix C: U.S. Supreme Court Decision: U.S. v. Sokolow	387	(14)
Index	401