A Global History of Indigenous Peoples examines the history of the indigenous/tribal peoples of the world. The work spans the period from the pivotal migrations which saw the peopling of the world, examines the processes by which tribal peoples established themselves as separate from surplus-based and more material societies, and considers the impact of the policies of domination and colonization which brought dramatic change to indigenous cultures. The book covers both tribal societies affected by the expansion of European empires and those indigenous cultures influenced by the economic and military expansion of non-European powers.

Ken S. Coates is Professor of History and Dean, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan.

Acknowledgements

viii

Preface

xi

Introduction: Indigenous Peoples in the Age of Globalization

1

(1)

Definitions

1

(14)

The Contemporary Situation

15

(3)

Struggle and Survival

18

(7)

Peopling the Earth: The Greatest Migration

25

(17)

Aboriginal Accounts of the Origins of the Earth and Human Life

25

(3)

Western Science and Explanations of the First Peoples

28

(4)

The Scientific Explanation for the Great Migration

32

(7)

Conclusion

39

(3)

Peoples of the Land: Spiritual and Cultural Roots of Indigenous Societies

42

(22)

Haida (West Coast of Canada)

51

(1)

Inuit/Eskimo (Canada Arctic/Alaska/Greenland)

52

(1)

Yanomami (Amazon Basin)

52

(1)

Blackfoot (Canada/United States)

53

(1)

Mohawk (Canada/United States)

53

(1)

Innu (Labrador/Quebec, Canada)

54

(1)

Maori (New Zealand)

54

(1)

Chittagong Hill Tribes (Bangladesh)

55

(1)

Sami (Scandinavia)

55

(1)

Bushmen (Southern Africa)

56

(1)

Aka (Central Africa)

56

(1)

Okiek (Kenya)

57

(1)

Vedda (Sri Lanka)

57

(1)

Jarawas (Andaman Islands)

58

(1)

Agta (Philippines)

58

(1)

Penan (Borneo)

59

(1)

Jahai (Northern Malaysia)

59

(1)

Aborigines (Australia)

59

(1)

Ache (Paraguay)

60

(1)

Yanama (Tierra del Fuego)

61

(1)

Ainu (Japan)

61

(1)

Chukchi and Yupik (Eastern Siberia)

61

(1)

Nia/Nganasan (North-Central Siberia)

62

(2)

Mutual Discovery: Tribal Peoples and the First Wave of Globalization

64

(29)

Critical Divisions: Agriculture, Industry and Urbanization

65

(3)

Expansion of Middle East, Europe, and Asia

68

(4)

The Importance of First Impressions

72

(1)

Outsiders' Descriptions of Indigenous Peoples

73

(6)

Tribal Curiosities in the Imperial World

79

(3)

Indigenous Impressions of Newcomers

82

(7)

The Cant of Conquest: Usable Images of the Original Occupiers of Valued Territories

89

(2)

Racism -- The Remnant of First Contacts

91

(2)

Resistance and Adaptation: Indigenous Reaction to Newcomer Occupations

93

(27)

Violent Occupations: Tribal Peoples at War with Newcomers

94

(10)

Gentle Occupations: Tribal Peoples Co-Existing with Non-Violent Occupiers

104

(8)

Indigenous Adaptations

112

(3)

Newcomers and Indigenous Peoples

115

(2)

Cultural Persistence and Indigenous Survival

117

(3)

Biological Changes: Ecological Imperialism and the Transformation of Tribal Worlds

120

(24)

Environmental Changes

123

(6)

Disease and Epidemics

129

(6)

Land and Land Ownership

135

(5)

Tribal Worlds Reconstructed

140

(4)

Spiritual Contests: Missionaries, Christianity, and Indigenous Societies

144

(27)

The Christian Missionary Drive

145

(4)

Indigenous Spirituality and Newcomer Impressions

149

(3)

Missions and Imperial Expansion

152

(2)

Missionary Approaches and Indigenous Peoples

154

(4)

Indigenous Responses to Missionary Efforts

158

(6)

Indigenous Revitalization Movements

164

(1)

The Lingering Effects of Spiritual Intervention on Indigenous Peoples

165

(6)

Administered Peoples: Indigenous Nations and Regulated Societies

171

(32)

Asserting Control

172

(1)

Treaties with Indigenous Peoples

173

(6)

Government Relations Without Treaties

179

(2)

Administering Indigenous Populations

181

(8)

Education and the Assimilation of Indigenous Peoples

189

(2)

Attacking Indigenous Culture and Social Activities

191

(2)

Government Aspirations for Indigenous Peoples

193

(10)

Final Invasions: War, Resource Development, and the Occupation of Tribal Territories

203

(27)

Tribal Societies at the Start of World War II

204

(2)

War and the Occupation of Remote Regions

206

(6)

Consumer Economies and the Demand for Raw Materials

212

(5)

New Approaches to Indigenous Peoples in Remote Regions

217

(3)

Aboriginal Response

220

(10)

Continuing the Struggle: Indigenous Protests, Legal Agendas, and Aboriginal Internationalism

230

(34)

United Nations, Human Rights and the Emergence of Indigenous Rights

231

(6)

Aboriginal Organizational Reaction to Colonialism and Government Domination

237

(9)

Advocates and Saviours: Newcomer Supporters and Support Groups

246

(3)

Modern Treaty Processes

249

(1)

Emphasizing International Law

250

(7)

Tactics of International Indigenous Mobilization

257

(7)

Uncertainties: The Future of Indigenous Societies

264

(17)

Notes

281

(5)

Selected Bibliography

286

(5)

Index

291

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