Global Risk Governance

by Renn, Ortwin; Walker, Katherine D.

• ISBN13: 9781402067983
• ISBN10: 1402067984
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-12-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

Global risks are not confined to national borders; they cannot be managed through the actions of a single sector. The governance of global, systemic risks requires an integrative approach involving governments, intergovernmental organizations, industry, academia and civil society. Risk accompanies change. It is a permanent and important part of life and the willingness and capacity to take and accept risk is crucial for achieving economic development and introducing new technologies. Many risks, and in particular those arising from emerging technologies, are accompanied by potential benefits and opportunities. The challenge of better risk governance lies here: to enable societies to benefit from change while minimizing the negative consequences of the associated risks.

Table of Contents

Foreword - A Business Perspective on IRGC's Risk	p. xv
Foreword - Fresh Thinking for Risk Management Practitioners	p. xix
Foreword - A Better Platform for Global Risk Debates	p. xxi
Introduction	p. xxiii
Acknowledgements	p. xxix
A Framework for Risk Governance
White Paper on Risk Governance: Toward an Integrative Framework	p. 3
Purpose and Objectives of This White Paper	p. 3
Target Audience of This White Paper	p. 4
Scope of the Proposed Framework	p. 5
Risk in a Broader Context	p. 6
Before Assessment Starts	p. 10
Risk Assessment	p. 14
Generic Challenges for Risk Assessment	p. 18
Risk Perception	p. 21
Risk Appraisal	p. 25
Characterising and Evaluating Risks	p. 28
Risk Management	p. 32
Risk Management Strategies	p. 36
Managing Interdependencies	p. 40
Stakeholder Involvement and Participation	p. 43
Risk Communication	p. 48
Wider Governance Issues: Organisational Capacity	p. 52
The Role of Political Culture	p. 55
Conclusions	p. 58
Glossary of Terms	p. 60
A Framework for Risk Governance: Critical Reviews
A Framework for Risk Governance Revisited	p. 77
Introduction	p. 77
The IRGC Framework for Risk Governance	p. 78
Reception	p. 78
Strengths	p. 79
Critique	p. 80
The Need for Further Simplification	p. 80
The Need for Adequate Positioning	p. 81
The Need for Rethinking	p. 81
Conclusions	p. 84
Enterprise Risk Management Perspectives on Risk Governance	p. 87
Comments on the IRGC Framework for Risk Governance	p. 93
Overview	p. 93
Context and Purpose	p. 94
Comments on Strengths and Weaknesses	p. 96
Next Steps and Outreach	p. 98
Concluding Quote	p. 99
White, Black, and Gray: Critical Dialogue with the International Risk Governance Council's Framework for Risk Governance	p. 101
Introduction	p. 101
Presuppositional and Scope Issues	p. 102
Definitional Clarity: Defining Risk	p. 103
General Coherence of Framework	p. 104
Uncertainty in Risk Estimation	p. 109
Political Implications and Unintended Consequences	p. 114
Conclusions	p. 116
Synposis of Critical Comments on the IRGC Risk Governance Framework	p. 119
Introduction	p. 119
General Comments	p. 119
Conceptual/Theoretical Issues	p. 119
Purpose of the Framework	p. 120
Scope of the Framework	p. 121
Exploring Risk Governance	p. 121
Categorisation and Quality of Risk-Related Knowledge	p. 122
Benefits and Costs	p. 123
Vulnerability and Resilience	p. 124
Comments about the Phases of the IRGC Risk Governance Framework	p. 124
Overall View of the Four Phases of Risk Governance	p. 124
Pre-Assessment	p. 125
Risk Appraisal: Risk Assessment and Concern Assessment	p. 125
Tolerability and Acceptability Judgement	p. 126
Stakeholder Involvement and Sharing Knowledge	p. 127
Risk Communication	p. 128
Revisiting and Testing	p. 129
Conclusions	p. 129
A Framework for Risk Governance: Case Study Applications
Risk Governance of Genetically Modified Crops - European and American Perspectives	p. 133
Introduction and Background	p. 133
Analysis of Risk Governance of GM Crops in Accordance with the IRGC Framework	p. 134
Risk Governance Context	p. 135
Risk Pre-assessment - Framing New Technology	p. 136
Risk Appraisal	p. 138
Risk Characterisation and Evaluation	p. 142
Risk Management	p. 144
Risk Communication and Stakeholder Participation	p. 145
Conclusions and Recommendations	p. 146
Experience in Applying the IRGC Framework to the Development of GM Crops	p. 147
Further Development of the IRGC Framework	p. 148
Risk Governance of Innovative Technologies	p. 151
Nature-Based Tourism	p. 155
Introduction and Background	p. 155
Analysis of Risk Governance for Nature-Based Tourism	p. 158
Risk Governance Context	p. 159
Risk Pre-Assessment	p. 162
Risk Appraisal	p. 163
Characterisation of Risks as Simple, Complex, Uncertain, or Ambiguous	p. 167
Tolerability and Acceptability Judgement	p. 167
Risk Management	p. 168
Risk Communication	p. 172
Stakeholder Participation	p. 173
Conclusions	p. 174
Lessons Learned and Recommendations	p. 175
Listeria in Raw Milk Soft Cheese: A Case Study of Risk Governance in the United States Using the IRGC Framework	p. 179
Introduction and Background	p. 179
Risk Governance Context	p. 181
Pre-Assessment	p. 182
Problem Framing	p. 182
Monitoring and Early Warning	p. 185
Institutional Pre-Screening	p. 186
Scientific Conventions	p. 186
Risk Appraisal	p. 187
Risk Assessment	p. 187
Concern Assessment	p. 196
Tolerability & Acceptability Judgement	p. 200
Risk Characterisation	p. 200
Risk Evaluation	p. 205
Risk Management	p. 209
Decision Making	p. 209
Implementation	p. 210
Risk Communication	p. 212
Conclusions	p. 215
Nagara River Estuary Barrage Conflict	p. 221
Introduction	p. 221
The Nagara River Estuary Barrage Conflict	p. 222
Nagara River Estuary Barrage	p. 222
Purpose of the Barrage	p. 222
Evolution of Conflict: Changes in Issues and Key Stakeholders	p. 223
Retrospective Analysis Using the IRGC Framework	p. 225
Pre-Assessment	p. 225
Risk Appraisal	p. 226
Tolerability and Acceptability Judgement	p. 227
Risk Management	p. 227
The Cyclic Nature of the IRGC Risk Governance Framework; the Risk Management Escalator and Stakeholder Involvement	p. 227
Discussion and Conclusions	p. 228
Acrylamide Risk Governance in Germany	p. 231
Introduction	p. 231
Acrylamide History and Toxicity	p. 232
Events in Sweden up to 24 April 2002	p. 234
International Response to the Press Conference	p. 237
Evaluation of the Events in Sweden	p. 240
Summary of the Characteristics of the Acrylamide Case: Relevance for Risk Governance	p. 243
The Institutional Structures of Consumer Health Protection in Germany	p. 244
Risk Governance in the Acrylamide Case in Germany	p. 247
Pre-Assessment	p. 248
Risk Appraisal	p. 251
The Beginning of the German Acrylamide Case	p. 253
Tolerability and Acceptability Judgement	p. 259
Risk Management	p. 261
Summary and Conclusion	p. 265
Index of Abbreviations and Translated Names	p. 267
Energy Security for the Baltic Region	p. 275
Introduction	p. 275
Baltic Energy Security Viewed from the IRGC Framework: Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity	p. 276
Baltic Energy Security; IRGC's Four Phases of Risk Analysis and Management	p. 281
Summary	p. 283
Quotations from Leaders and Leading News Media Writers on Energy Security with Respect to the Use of Russian Natural Gas in Europe, 2006	p. 284
Assessing Risks in Long-Term Planning: Probabilistic Scenario Analysis with Generalised Equilibrium Energy Models	p. 287
Nanotechnology Risk Governance	p. 301
Introduction	p. 301
Purpose and Background	p. 301
Promises of Nanotechnology	p. 303
Risk Governance of Nanotechnology: An Application of the IRGC Risk Governance Framework	p. 304
Pre-Assessment: Categorisation of Nanotechnology into Two Frames of Reference	p. 304
Deficits in Nanotechnology Risk Governance Today	p. 306
Risk Appraisal for Nanotechnology	p. 308
Risk Management Strategies for Frame 1 and Frame 2	p. 311
Risk Management Strategies for Stakeholder Participation	p. 314
Risk Management Strategies for Risk Communication	p. 316
Risk Governance Strategies and the Potential Future Role for International Bodies	p. 319
Reception of the IRGC Risk Governance Framework for Nanotechnology: Feedback from an International Conference	p. 321
Framing the Debate on Potential Risks from Nanotechnology: Views on Frame 1 and Frame 2	p. 321
Risk Management Recommendations	p. 322
Implementation of the Recommendations from the Framework	p. 323
Risk Communication	p. 323
Non-First-World-Perspective	p. 324
Benefits of Nanotechnology	p. 324
Concluding Remarks	p. 325
A Framework for Risk Governance: Lessons Learned
Lessons Learned: A Re-Assessment of the IRGC Framework on Risk Governance	p. 331
Introduction	p. 331
Conceptual Issues	p. 331
Underlying Concept of Risk in the IRGC Framework	p. 331
Risk Governance: Defining Different Concepts and Levels	p. 334
Examining the Purpose and Scope of the IRGC Risk Governance Framework	p. 336
Purpose	p. 336
Scope	p. 338
Distinctions between Complexity, Uncertainty, and Ambiguity	p. 342
The Structure and Content of the Overall Risk Governance Framework	p. 347
Pre-Assessment	p. 347
Risk Appraisal	p. 350
Characterising and Evaluating Risks: The Need for a Simpler Risk Evaluation	p. 352
Risk Management	p. 354
Risk Communication	p. 355
Stakeholder Involvement and Public Participation	p. 356
The Importance of Context	p. 359
Conclusions	p. 361
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