Governing: An Introduction to Political Science

by Ranney, Austin

• ISBN13: 9780130180391
• ISBN10: 0130180394
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

In a comprehensive introduction to political processes and concepts, Ranney introduces the methods and consequences of political and government systems as they apply to the readers' own life experiences. A popular classic in the field, theEighth Edition , provides accurate, current information on all major government and political developments ranging from local concerns to the global economy. Defines and illustrates politics, policies and government procedures with a clear connection to individual citizen's lives. Explores political psychology, socialization and culture, and examines modern political ideologies. Examines the international political economy and the different efforts for global peace. For individuals with an interest in the political policies, concepts and methods of the United States and other countries, as well as, a reference for those who need to refresh their knowledge of political systems.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Part I Politics, Governments, and People	1	(112)
Politics in Human Life	1	(23)
What Is Politics?	1	(3)
``Politics'' in Everyday Conversation	1	(1)
Politics as Policy Making	2	(2)
Some Universal Characteristics of Politics	4	(13)
Politics Is Conflict	4	(1)
Group Conflict in Politics	5	(3)
Tactics of Political Action	8	(8)
Who Uses Which Tactics?	16	(1)
Some Characteristics of Political Conflict	17	(4)
Multiplicity	17	(1)
Opposition	18	(1)
Overlapping Memberships	19	(1)
Imperfect Mobilization	19	(2)
Politics and Government	21	(1)
For Further Information	22	(1)
Notes	23	(1)
Governments and Governing	24	(20)
What Governments Do	25	(1)
In Primitive Societies	25	(1)
In ``Advanced/Industrialized'' Societies	25	(1)
What Is Government?	26	(1)
Government and Other Organizations	26	(1)
Government Defined	26	(1)
How Government Differs from Other Social Organizations	27	(4)
Comprehensive Authority	27	(1)
Involuntary Membership	28	(1)
Authoritative Rules	28	(1)
Legitimate Monopoly of Overwhelming Force	29	(1)
Highest Stakes	30	(1)
Basic Tasks and Tools of Government	31	(2)
Interest Articulation	31	(1)
Interst Aggregation	32	(1)
Coercion and Compromise	32	(1)
An Illustration: The American Conflict over Abortion	33	(4)
The Pro-life Side	34	(1)
The Pro-choice Side	35	(1)
Where Things Stand	35	(1)
Some Lessons for the Study of Governing	36	(1)
Nationalism and the Birth and Death of Nations	37	(5)
Nature of Nations	37	(3)
Birth of Nations	40	(1)
Death of Nations	40	(2)
For Further Information	42	(1)
Notes	43	(1)
Political Psychology, Socialization, and Culture	44	(25)
Political Psychology: What Forms People's Political Beliefs and Behavior?	44	(9)
Biological Nature and Needs	44	(1)
Psychological Processes and Cognitive Maps	45	(2)
Group Memberships and Pressures to Conform	47	(6)
Political Socialization	53	(7)
Concept	53	(1)
Profile of the Developing Political Self	54	(2)
Agents of Socialization	56	(4)
Political Culture	60	(7)
Components	60	(3)
Some Differences among Political Cultures	63	(4)
For Further Information	67	(1)
Notes	68	(1)
Modern Political Ideologies	69	(25)
Nature of Ideologies	69	(4)
What Is an Ideology?	69	(1)
Intellectual Components of an Ideology	70	(2)
Types of Ideologies	72	(1)
Ideologies of Limits on Government	73	(4)
Constitutionalism and Classical Liberalism	73	(3)
Totalitarianism	76	(1)
Ideologies of Economic Control	77	(8)
Capitalism and Laissez Faire	77	(2)
Socialism	79	(6)
Political Ideologies, American Style	85	(6)
Modern American Liberalism	86	(1)
Modern American Conservatism	87	(1)
Liberals and Conservatives in Today's Politics	88	(3)
For Further Information	91	(1)
Notes	92	(2)
Democracy and Authoritarianism: Principles and Models	94	(19)
Principles for a Working Definition of Democracy	95	(5)
Popular Sovereignty	96	(1)
Political Equality	97	(1)
Popular Consultation	97	(1)
Majority Rule	98	(2)
Models of Democracy	100	(6)
Nature and Uses of Models in Social Science	100	(3)
Participatory and Accountable-Elites Models	103	(1)
Presidential and Parliamentary Models	104	(1)
Majoritarian and Consensual Models	105	(1)
Authoritarianism and Dictatorship	106	(2)
Classifying Actual Governments	108	(1)
Surge of Democracy	109	(1)
For Further Information	110	(1)
Notes	111	(2)
Part II Politics Outside Formal Governments	113	(120)
Public Opinion in Democratic Systems	113	(19)
Nature of Public Opinion	114	(9)
Definition	114	(1)
Dimensions of Public Opinion: Preference and Intensity	115	(1)
Measurement by Public Opinion Polls	116	(7)
Opinion Distributions in Western Democracies	123	(7)
What Concerns People?	123	(1)
Ideology	124	(3)
Domestic Policy: Economic and Social Responsibilities of Government	127	(2)
Foreign Policy	129	(1)
For Further Information	130	(1)
Notes	130	(2)
Political Communication	132	(28)
Nature of Political Communication	134	(2)
What Is Communication?	134	(1)
Elements of Political Communication	134	(2)
Mass Communications Media	136	(16)
Television	137	(8)
Newspapers	145	(1)
Radio	146	(1)
Electronic Mail, the Internet, and the World Wide Web	147	(5)
Political Impact of Mass Communications	152	(4)
On Mass Publics	148	(4)
On Political and Governmental Leaders	152	(4)
Communications Revolutions, Past and Future	156	(2)
For Further Information	158	(1)
Notes	158	(2)
The Electoral Process	160	(32)
Elections in Democratic Systems	160	(12)
Essential Characteristics of Free Elections	161	(1)
Qualifications for Voting	162	(3)
Nonvoting and Compulsory Voting	165	(4)
Nominations and Candidate Selection	169	(3)
Principal Democratic Electoral Systems	172	(8)
Single-Member-District Systems	173	(1)
Multimember-Proportional Systems	173	(3)
Political Effects of Electoral Systems	176	(2)
The German Hybrid	178	(2)
Apportionment of Electoral Districts	180	(3)
Problems	181	(1)
Procedures	182	(1)
Referendum Elections	183	(6)
Rationale	183	(1)
Organization	184	(1)
Results and Evaluation	185	(2)
Referendums and Legitimacy in Eastern Europe	187	(2)
For Further Information	189	(2)
Notes	191	(1)
Voting Behavior	192	(14)
Intervening Variables in Voting Behavior	193	(11)
Party Identification	194	(6)
Issue Orientation	200	(2)
Candidate Orientation	202	(2)
For Further Information	204	(1)
Notes	205	(1)
Political Parties and Party Systems	206	(27)
Political Parties in Democratic Systems	206	(7)
What Is a Political Party?	206	(1)
Party Identification and Membership	207	(2)
Principal Activities of Parties	209	(4)
Differences among Parties in Democratic Systems	213	(5)
In the Nature and Role of Ideology	213	(3)
In Centralization	216	(1)
In Discipline	217	(1)
In Cohesion	218	(1)
Fractionalization of Democratic Party Systems	218	(6)
Measurement: Rae's Index of Fractionalization	219	(3)
Characteristics of the More Fractionalized Systems	222	(1)
Characteristics of the Less Fractionalized Systems	222	(2)
Authoritarian One-Party Systems	224	(6)
Monoparty Systems	225	(3)
Dominant Party Systems	228	(2)
For Further Information	230	(2)
Notes	232	(1)
Part III Governmental Structures, Authorities, and Processes	233	(121)
The Legislative Process	233	(30)
Presidential and Parliamentary Democracies	233	(4)
Doctrine of Separation of Powers	234	(1)
Separation of Powers in Presidential Democracies	235	(1)
Fusion of Powers in Parliamentary Democracies	235	(1)
Crossing Boundaries	236	(1)
Functions of Legislatures	237	(4)
Statute Making	237	(1)
Constitution Making and Amending	237	(1)
Electoral Functions	238	(1)
Financial Functions	238	(1)
Quasi-Executive Functions	238	(1)
Quasi-Judicial Functions	239	(1)
Investigative Functions	240	(1)
Informational Functions	240	(1)
Structres and Procedures of Legislatures	241	(10)
Number of Houses	241	(1)
Main Steps in Handling Bills	242	(3)
Legislative Committees	245	(3)
Party Organization	248	(3)
Legislative Ways of Life	251	(4)
Party Soldiers	251	(2)
Independent Operators	253	(2)
Representative-Constituent Relationships	255	(3)
Mandate Theory	255	(1)
Independence Theory	256	(1)
American Attitudes toward Congress and Members of Congress	257	(1)
Changing Roles of Democratic Legislatures	258	(2)
``Transformative'' versus ``Arena'' Legislatures	258	(1)
Growth as Checkers, Revisers, and Overseers	259	(1)
For Further Information	260	(2)
Notes	262	(1)
The Executive Process	263	(32)
What Is an Executive?	264	(1)
Executive as the Core of Government	264	(1)
Two Fundamental Executive Functions	264	(1)
Executive as Chief of State	265	(4)
Principal Types	265	(2)
Principal Functions	267	(1)
Separation and Mingling of Roles	268	(1)
President as Head of Government	269	(15)
Presidents and Prime Ministers	269	(1)
U.S. Presidential Roles	270	(9)
Power and Problems of the U.S. President	279	(1)
Presidency of France	280	(2)
Israel's Hybrid	282	(1)
Other Presidencies	283	(1)
Prime Minister as Head of Government	284	(7)
Structure of the British Executive	284	(2)
Cabinet Status, Functions, and Powers	286	(1)
Prime Minister and Cabinet	287	(1)
Prime Ministers in Coalition Governments	288	(3)
Executive in Nondemocratic Systems	291	(1)
For Further Information	292	(1)
Notes	293	(2)
The Administrative Process	295	(31)
Distinction between Executives and Administrators	295	(2)
In Functions	295	(1)
In Selection and Tenure	296	(1)
What about ``Bureaucracy''?	296	(1)
Formal Status of Administrative Agencies	297	(12)
Size	297	(1)
Structure	298	(2)
Formal Administrative Functions	300	(4)
Allocation of Funds to Administrative Functions	304	(1)
Selection and Status of Administrators	304	(5)
Politics, Administration, and Policy Making	309	(7)
Dichotomy between Politics and Administration	309	(2)
Policy Making by Administrators	311	(5)
``Administocracy'' in a Democracy: Problem and Solutions	316	(7)
The Problem: Making Administrators Responsible	316	(1)
Solutions	317	(6)
For Further Information	323	(1)
Notes	324	(2)
Law and the Judicial Process	326	(28)
Nature of Law	326	(6)
Rules People Live By	327	(1)
Types of Law	328	(1)
Classified by Source	328	(3)
Classified by Subject Matter	331	(1)
Court Structures in Democratic Nations	332	(9)
Special Judicial Functions	332	(2)
Two Basic Systems of Justice	334	(2)
Hierarchies of Appeal	336	(1)
Selection and Tenure of Judges	337	(3)
Formal Relationships with Legislatures and Executives	340	(1)
Role of Judges in Governing	341	(11)
Mechanical View	343	(1)
Judicial Legislation	344	(5)
Judges in the Political Process	349	(3)
For Further Information	352	(1)
Notes	353	(1)
Part IV Public Policies and Their Impacts	354	(49)
Human Rights: Principles and Problems	354	(18)
Philosophical Fundations for Human Rights	354	(4)
Basic Terms	354	(1)
Evolving Idea of Human Rights	355	(3)
Rights Formally Guaranteed by Constitutions	358	(2)
Limitations on Government	359	(1)
Obligations of Government	360	(1)
Choices in the Implementation of Human Rights	360	(8)
Freedom versus Security	364
Rights of Some versus Rights of Others	267	(101)
Human Rights in the Political Process	368	(2)
Human Right s Conflicts as Political Conflicts	368	(1)
Some Consequences	369	(1)
For Further Information	370	(1)
Notes	371	(1)
Human Rights: Challenges and Responses	372	(31)
Conflict over Police Powers and Defendants' Rights	373	(7)
Crime and the Police	373	(3)
Rights of Defendants	376	(4)
Conflict over the Status of Women	380	(7)
Sexism: Meaning and Manifestations	380	(4)
Women's Rights Movement	384	(3)
Conflict over the Status of African Americans	387	(14)
Black America, Yesterday and Today	387	(1)
A Brief History of the Civil Rights Movement	388	(9)
African American Rights in the 1990s and Beyond: Antidiscrimination or Affirmative Action?	397	(4)
For Further Information	401	(1)
Notes	402	(1)
Part V The International Political System	403	(84)
Politics among Nations	403	(23)
Nature of International Politics	404	(4)
State System	404	(1)
Similarities to Domestic Politics	404	(2)
Differences from Domestic Politics	406	(2)
Characteristics of International Politics	408	(4)
Some Goals of Nations' Foreign Policies	408	(4)
Making Foreign Policy	412	(12)
Choosing Goals, Methods, and Capabilities	412	(1)
Agencies and Officials	413	(1)
Some Methods of Foreign Policy	414	(10)
For Further Information	424	(1)
Notes	425	(1)
International Political Economy	426	(31)
The International Economy	426	(6)
Approaches to Understanding	426	(3)
Globalization	429	(3)
International Economic Competitors	432	(9)
Nation-states	432	(4)
Rich Nations and Poor Nations	436	(3)
Multinational Corporations	439	(2)
Institutions of International Economic Cooperation	441	(13)
Regimes	441	(1)
GATT and the World Trade Organization	442	(3)
European Union, NAFTA, and Other Regional Organizations	445	(5)
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)	450	(2)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)	452	(2)
For Further Information	454	(1)
Notes	455	(2)
The Quest for Peace in the Thermonuclear Age	457	(30)
The New World Order: Good News and Bad News	457	(5)
Good News: The Cold War Is Over	457	(1)
Bad News: Nuclear Weapons Are Proliferating	458	(4)
Approaches to Peace within the State System	462	(10)
Balance of Power	462	(2)
Collective Security	464	(2)
Disarmament	466	(3)
Internationa Law	469	(3)
Approaches to Peace through the United Nations	472	(11)
Founding	473	(1)
Structure	473	(3)
Maintaining International Peace and Security	476	(1)
Changing United Nations	477	(6)
Does Humanity Have a Future?	483	(1)
For Further Information	484	(2)
Notes	486	(1)
Photo Credits	487	(1)
Index	488

Excerpts

PREFACE This book is a lineal descendant of two earlier books. The older ancestor isThe Governing of Men,which was first published in 1958 and revised in 1966, 1971, and 1975. The younger isGoverning: A Brief Introduction to Political Science,which was first published in 1971 and revised in 1975 and 1982.Governingbegan as a shortened and rearranged version ofThe Governing of Men,consisting of thirteen of its twenty-four chapters. This book's content and its structure now differ considerably from those of both of its ancestors, and with good reason. WhenThe Governing of Menwas first published, the last century of the old millennium was only three-fifths done. This eighth edition ofGoverningis being published in the second year of the first century of the new millennium. Forty-two years (1958-2001) is a short step in the long march of human history, and yet since 1958 political events have moved at a dizzying pace and many old truths have been replaced with new understandings, questions, and doubts. In 1958, the most prominent feature of the world's political landscape was the struggle of the two great "superpowers" and their ideologies and allies-the United States and democratic capitalism versus the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and authoritarian communism. In 1958, their struggle was called the "Cold War" because it had not yet exploded into thermonuclear World Wax III, though no one could be confident it never would. In 2001, the USSR no longer exists; it was dissolved and replaced by fifteen independent republics in 1991. When the USSR disappeared, so did the Cold War, and World War III is a far more remote possibility today than it seemed in 1958. Moreover, as we detail in this edition, communist ideology and institutions, which once dominated nearly half the world, now survive in only a few places, notably the People's Republic of China, Cuba, and North Vietnam. Most of the nations in Eastern Europe, Africa, Asia, and Latin America have sought, with varying degrees of success, to replace their old systems of authoritarian rule by dictators and juntas with democratic systems based on free elections of accountable rulers. Not the least of these changes has come in South Africa, where in 1992 a multiracial convention drew up a new constitution that ended the longstanding system ofapartheidwith its repression of the black majority by the white minority, and a 1994 election open to all races elected Nelson Mandela, the great leader of the black population, president of the republic. In the domestic politics of the United States, there have been nearly as many drastic political changes since 1958. In the 1960s in Vietnam the country fought, and ultimately lost, its most unpopular war in history. It also fought with much greater popular support and success against Iraq in the Persian Gulf War in 1990-1991, and, with its NATO allies, fought against Yugoslavia in Kosovo in 1999. One president, John R Kennedy, was assassinated, and attempts were made on the lives of two others, Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan. There have been two serious efforts to impeach presidents and remove them from office: In 1974 Richard Nixon resigned rather than face an impeachment trial; and in 1998-1999 Clinton was impeached by the House, and tried and acquitted by the Senate. In the 1994 elections, the Republican party, led by Newt Gingrich, won control of both houses of Congress for the first time since 1954; they maintained their majorities in the elections of 1996 and 1998, though Gingrich resigned as Speaker of the House in 1999. Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996 became the first Democratic president to be reelected since Franklin Roosevelt in 1944. In 1981, Sandra Day O'Connor became the first woman to be appointed to the Supreme Court, and in 1993, Ruth Bader Ginsburg became the second. In 1997, Madeleine Albright became the first woman