Government in America : People, Politics and Policy, Election Update

by Edwards, George C.; Wattenberg, Martin P.; Lineberry, Robert L.

• ISBN13: 9780321276261
• ISBN10: 0321276264
• Edition: 11th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Summary

This highly lauded text with a public policy approach and "politics matters" theme has been updated to include important coverage of current topics, such as the 2004 Election and American foreign policy in the Middle East. Framing its content within a "politics matters" theme, the authors of Government in America illustrate the impact government has on the daily lives of each and every American, motivating students to become active participants in all aspects of political culture. In this latest Eleventh Edition Update, all material has been completely updated throughout the text.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Tools for Understanding Government in America	xxiii
About the Authors	xxxi
Introducing Government in America	1	(25)
Issues of the Times: How to Get Students More Involved With Politics	6	(2)
Government	8	(2)
Politics	10	(1)
The Policymaking System	11	(3)
People Shape Policy	12	(1)
Policies Impact People	13	(1)
Democracy	14	(6)
Defining Democracy	14	(1)
Traditional Democratic Theory	15	(1)
Three Contemporary Theories of American Democracy	16	(2)
Challenges to Democracy	18	(1)
Preview Questions about Democracy	19	(1)
The Scope of Government in America	20	(6)
How Active Is American Government?	20	(2)
A Comparative Perspective	22	(1)
American Individualism	22	(1)
Preview Questions about the Scope of Government	23	(3)
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Part 1 Constitutional Foundations
The Constitution	26	(38)
The Origins of the Constitution	28	(5)
The Road to Revolution	28	(1)
Declaring Independence	29	(1)
The English Heritage: The Power of Ideas	30	(1)
Jefferson's Handiwork: The American Creed	31	(1)
Winning Independence	31	(2)
The ``Conservative'' Revolution	33	(1)
The Government That Failed: 1776--1787	33	(3)
The Articles of Confederation	33	(1)
Changes in the States	34	(1)
Economic Turmoil	35	(1)
Shays' Rebellion	35	(1)
The Aborted Annapolis Meeting	35	(1)
Making a Constitution: The Philadelphia Convention	36	(3)
Gentlemen in Philadelphia	36	(1)
Philosophy into Action	36	(3)
The Agenda in Philadelphia	39	(5)
The Equality Issues	39	(2)
The Economic Issues	41	(2)
The Individual Rights Issues	43	(1)
The Madisonian Model	44	(1)
Thwarting Tyranny of the Majority	44	(1)
Making a Difference: James Madison	45	(3)
The Constitutional Republic	46	(1)
The End of the Beginning	47	(1)
Ratifying the Constitution	48	(3)
Federalists and Anti-Federalists	48	(3)
Ratification	51	(1)
Constitutional Change	51	(1)
The Formal Amending Process	51	(1)
America in Perspective: Democracy Without a Constitution	52	(2)
The Informal Process of Constitutional Change	53	(1)
You Are the Policymaker: How Frequently Should We Amend the Constitution?	54	(1)
How You Can Make a Difference: Amending the Constitution	55	(1)
Issues of the Times: How Can We Make History Come Alive?	56	(3)
The Importance of Flexibility	58	(1)
Understanding the Constitution	59	(5)
The Constitution and Democracy	59	(1)
The Constitution and the Scope of Government	60	(4)
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Federalism	64	(30)
Defining Federalism	66	(1)
What Is Federalism?	66	(1)
America in Perspective: Why Federalism?	67	(2)
Why Is Federalism So Important?	68	(1)
Making a Difference: Candy Lightner	69	(1)
The Constitutional Basis of Federalism	69	(1)
How You Can Make a Difference: Drinking Age Laws	70	(6)
The Division of Power	70	(2)
Establishing National Supremacy	72	(2)
States Obligations to Each Other	74	(2)
Intergovernmental Relations Today	76	(8)
From Dual to Cooperative Federalism	76	(3)
Fiscal Federalism	79	(5)
Issues of the Times: The Complex Web of Federalism	84	(2)
Understanding Federalism	86	(1)
Federalism and Democracy	86	(1)
You Are the Policymaker: Should Whether You Live Depend on Where You Live?	87	(7)
Federalism and the Scope of the National Government	89	(5)
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Civil Liberties and Public Policy	94	(40)
The Bill of Rights--Then and Now	96	(2)
The Bill of Rights and the States	97	(1)
Freedom of Religion	98	(5)
The Establishment Clause	98	(4)
The Free Exercise Clause	102	(1)
Freedom of Expression	103	(1)
Issues of the Times: Should Universities Regulate Hate Speech?	104	(2)
Prior Restraint	106	(1)
You Are the Judge: The Case of Animal Sacrifices	106	(2)
Free Speech and Public Order	107	(1)
You Are the Judge: The Case of the Purloined Pentagon Papers	108	(1)
America in Perspective: Civil Liberties in Britain	109	(4)
Free Press and Fair Trials	109	(2)
Obscenity	111	(2)
You Are the Judge: The Case of the Drive-in Theater	113	(4)
Libel and Slander	114	(1)
Symbolic Speech	114	(1)
Commercial Speech	115	(1)
Regulation of the Public Airwaves	115	(1)
Freedom of Assembly	116	(1)
You Are the Judge: The Case of the Nazis' March in Skokie	117	(1)
Defendants' Rights	118	(2)
Interpreting Defendants' Rights	118	(1)
Searches and Seizures	119	(1)
You Are the Judge: The Case of Ms. Montoya	120	(3)
Self-incrimination	121	(1)
The Right to Counsel	122	(1)
You Are the Judge: The Case of the Dirty Old Man	123	(1)
Trial by Jury	123	(1)
Making a Difference: Clarence Gideon	124	(1)
Cruel and Unusual Punishment	124	(1)
How You Can Make a Difference: Internet Privacy	125	(1)
You Are the Judge: The Case of the First Offender	126	(1)
The Right to Privacy	126	(3)
Is There a Right to Privacy?	127	(1)
Controversy over Abortion	127	(2)
Understanding Civil Liberties	129	(5)
Civil Liberties and Democracy	129	(2)
Civil Liberties and the Scope of Government	131	(3)
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Civil Rights and Public Policy	134	(38)
Racial Equality: Two Centuries of Struggle	136	(3)
Conceptions of Equality	136	(1)
Early American Views of Equality	137	(1)
The Constitution and Inequality	137	(2)
Race, the Constitution, and Public Policy	139	(10)
The Era of Slavery	139	(1)
The Era of Reconstruction and Resegregation	140	(1)
The Era of Civil Rights	141	(4)
Getting and Using the Right To Vote	145	(1)
Other Minority Groups	146	(3)
Women, the Constitution, and Public Policy	149	(2)
The Battle for the Vote	150	(1)
The ``Doldrums'': 1920--1960	150	(1)
Making a Difference: Sally Reed	151	(4)
The Second Feminist Wave	151	(2)
Women in the Workplace	153	(1)
Wage Discrimination and Comparable Worth	154	(1)
Women in the Military	154	(1)
You Are the Judge: Is Male-Only Draft Registration Gender Discrimination?	155	(2)
Sexual Harassment	156	(1)
America in Perspective: Mrs. In-the-Back-of-the-House Goes to Parliament	157	(1)
Newly Active Groups under the Civil Rights Umbrella	157	(3)
Civil Rights and the Graying of America	157	(1)
Civil Rights and People With Disabilities	158	(1)
Gay and Lesbian Rights	159	(1)
Affirmative Action	160	(2)
Issues of the Times: Affirmative Action	162	(2)
How You Can Make a Difference: Influencing Affirmative Action	164	(1)
You Are the Judge: The Case of the Santa Clara Dispatcher	165	(1)
Understanding Civil Rights and Public Policy	166	(6)
Civil Rights and Democracy	166	(1)
Civil Rights and the Scope of Government	167	(5)
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Part 2 People and Politics
Public Opinion and Political Action	172	(34)
The American People	174	(4)
The Immigrant Society	174	(1)
The American Melting Pot	175	(3)
You Are the Policymaker: Should Illegal Immigrants Receive Benefits from Government Programs?	178	(1)
The Regional Shift	179	(1)
The Graying of America	179	(1)
How Americans Learn about Politics: Political Socialization	179	(4)
The Process of Political Socialization	181	(2)
Political Learning over a Lifetime	183	(1)
Measuring Public Opinion and Political Information	183	(5)
How Polls Are Conducted	184	(1)
The Role of Polls in American Democracy	185	(2)
What Polls Reveal about Americans' Political Information	187	(1)
Issues of the Times: Does Conducting Surveys by Telephone Still Make Sense	188	(3)
The Decline of Trust in Government	190	(1)
America in Perspective: Citizens Show Little Knowledge of Geography	191	(1)
What Americans Value: Political Ideologies	192	(3)
Who Are the Liberals and Conservatives?	192	(3)
Do People Think in Ideological Terms?	195	(1)
How Americans Participate in Politics	195	(3)
Conventional Participation	196	(1)
Protest as Participation	197	(1)
Making a Difference: Granny D and Her Walk for Campaign Finance Reform	198	(2)
Class, Inequality, and Participation	199	(1)
How You Can Make a Difference: Getting Involved	200	(1)
Understanding Public Opinion and Political Action	201	(5)
Public Attitudes Toward the Scope of Government	201	(1)
Democracy, Public Opinion, and Political Action	202	(4)
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The Mass Media and the Political Agenda	206	(30)
The Mass Media Today	208	(1)
America in Perspective: How Campaign Advertising Compares across Five Nations	209	(1)
The Development of Media Politics	210	(6)
The Print Media	213	(1)
The Broadcast Media	214	(2)
Issues of the Times: Will Young People Go for a Different Kind of Newspaper?	216	(3)
Government Regulation of the Broadcast Media	218	(1)
Narrowcasting: Cable TV and the Internet	218	(1)
Private Control of the Media	219	(1)
Making a Difference: Matt Drudge	219	(1)
Reporting the News	220	(1)
Finding the News	221	(1)
How You Can Make a Difference: The Internet and Political Action	221	(4)
Presenting the News	223	(3)
Bias in the News	226
You Are the Policymaker: Should the Networks Have To Provide Free Air Time to Presidential Candidates?	225	(3)
The News and Public Opinion	228	(2)
The Media's Agenda-Setting Function	230	(1)
Understanding the Mass Media	231	(5)
The Media and the Scope of Government	231	(1)
Individualism and the Media	231	(2)
Democracy and the Media	233	(3)
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Political Parties	236	(30)
The Meaning of Party	238	(3)
Tasks of the Parties	239	(1)
Parties, Voters, and Policy: The Downs Model	239	(2)
The Party in the Electorate	241	(1)
The Party Organizations: From the Grass Roots to Washington	242	(3)
Local Parties	243	(1)
The 50 State Party Systems	244	(1)
You Are the Policymaker: Was the Blanket Primary a Good Idea?	245	(1)
The National Party Organizations	246	(1)
The Party in Government: Promises and Policy	246	(1)
Party Eras in American History	247	(3)
1796--1824: The First Party System	249	(1)
1828--1856: Jackson and the Democrats versus the Whigs	249	(1)
Issues of the Times: Is This Any Way to Run a Political Party?	250	(6)
1860--1928: The Two Republican Eras	252	(1)
1932--1964: The New Deal Coalition	253	(1)
1968--Present: The Era of Divided Party Government	254	(2)
Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics	256	(2)
Making a Difference: Jesse ``The Body'' Ventura	258	(1)
Understanding Political Parties	258	(1)
America in Perspective: Multiparty Systems in Other Countries	259	(1)
Democracy and Responsible Party Government	259	(1)
How You Can Make a Difference: Minor Political Parties	260	(6)
Individualism and Gridlock	261	(1)
American Political Parties and of Government	261	(1)
Is the Party Over?	262	(4)
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Nominations and Campaigns	266	(30)
The Nomination Game	268	(7)
Deciding To Run	268	(1)
Competing for Delegates	268	(6)
The Convention Send-off	274	(1)
You Are the Policymaker: National and Regional Presidential Primary Proposals	275	(3)
The Campaign Game	278	(3)
The High-Tech Media Campaign	278	(2)
Organizing the Campaign	280	(1)
Making a Difference: Lee Atwater and the Politics of Slash and Burn	281	(1)
Money and Campaigning	281	(1)
How You Can Make a Difference: Volunteering for Political Campaigns	282	(2)
The Maze of Campaign Finance Reforms	282	(2)
Issue of the Times: Can the Web Be Effectively Used by Campaigns?	284	(5)
The Proliferation of PACs	287	(2)
Are Campaigns Too Expensive?	289	(1)
The Impact of Campaigns	289	(1)
America in Perspective: Arlene McCarthy's Election to the European Parliament	290	(1)
Understanding Nominations and Campaigns	291	(5)
Are Nominations and Campaigns Too Democratic?	291	(1)
Do Big Campaigns Lead to an Increased Scope of Government?	292	(4)
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Elections and Voting Behavior	296	(26)
How American Elections Work	298	(1)
A Tale of Three Elections	299	(1)
1800: The First Electoral Transfer of Power	299	(1)
Issues of the Times: How Voters Send Mixed Messages on Election Day Deciding	300	(2)
Making a Difference: Barbara Anderson and the Politics of Tax Relief in Massachusetts	302	(4)
1896: A Bitter Fight over Economic Interests	302	(1)
2004: The Ratification of a Polarizing Presidency	303	(3)
Whether To Vote: A Citizen's First Choice	306	(3)
Deciding Wheather To Vote	306	(1)
Registering To Vote	307	(1)
Who Votes?	308	(1)
America in Perspective: Why Turnout in the United States Is So Low Compared to Other Countries	309	(1)
How Americans Vote: Explaining Citizens' Decisions	310	(1)
How You Can Make a Difference: Voter Registration and Voting	311	(1)
You Are the Policymaker: Registering and Voting by E-mail?	312	(3)
Party Identification	312	(2)
Candidate Evaluations: How Americans See the Candidates	314	(1)
Policy Voting	314	(1)
The Last Battle: The Electoral College	315	(1)
Understanding Elections and Voting Behavior	316	(6)
Democracy and Elections	317	(1)
Elections and the Scope of Government	318	(4)
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Interest Groups	322	(30)
The Role and Reputation of Interest Groups	324	(1)
Theories of Interest Group Politics	325	(1)
America in Perspective: Interest Groups as Parties in Other Democracies	326	(2)
Pluralism and Group Theory	326	(1)
Elites and the Denial of Pluralism	326	(1)
Hyperpluralism and Interest Group Liberalism	327	(1)
What Makes an Interest Group Successful?	328	(4)
The Surprising Ineffectiveness of Large Groups	329	(1)
Intensity	330	(2)
Financial Resources	332	(1)
The Interest Group Explosion	332	(1)
How Groups Try To Shape Policy	333	(4)
Lobbying	333	(2)
Electioneering	335	(1)
Litigation	336	(1)
You Are the Policymaker: Should PACs Be Eliminated?	337	(1)
Going Public	337	(1)
Types of Interest Groups	338	(2)
Economic Interests	339	(1)
Issues of the Times: Who Is Likely To Get What Now that the Republicans Control Congress	340	(3)
Environmental Interests	343	(1)
Making a Difference: Danny Seo	343	(3)
Equality Interests	344	(1)
Consumers and Public Interest Lobbies	345	(1)
Understanding Interest Groups	346	(1)
Interest Groups and Democracy	346	(1)
How You Can Make a Difference: Interest Groups	347	(1)
Interest Groups and the Scope of Government	348	(4)
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Part 3 The Policymakers
Congress	352	(38)
The Representatives and Senators	354	(4)
The Job	354	(1)
The Members	355	(3)
Congressional Elections	358	(5)
Who Wins Elections?	358	(2)
The Advantages of Incumbents	360	(2)
The Role of Party Identification	362	(1)
Defeating Incumbents	363	(1)
Open Seats	363	(1)
Stability and Change	363	(1)
How Congress Is Organized To Make Policy	363	(1)
You Are the Policymaker: Should We Impose Term Limits on Members of Congress?	364	(10)
American Bicameralism	364	(2)
Congressional Leadership	366	(2)
The Committees and Subcommittees	368	(4)
Caucuses: The Informal Organization of Congress	372	(1)
Congressional Staff	373	(1)
Making a Difference: Tony Battista	374	(1)
The Congressional Process	375	(3)
Presidents and Congress: Partners and Protagonists	375	(2)
Party, Constituency, and Ideology	377	(1)
Issues of the Times: Polarized Politics in Congress	378	(5)
Lobbyists and Interest Groups	381	(2)
How You Can Make a Difference: Gun Control	383	(1)
Understanding Congress	383	(1)
Congress and Democracy	383	(1)
America in Perspective: The Russian Duma	384	(6)
Reforming Congress	384	(2)
Congress and the Scope of Government	386	(4)
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The Presidency	390	(44)
The Presidents	392	(5)
Great Expectations	392	(1)
Who They Are	392	(2)
How They Got There	394	(3)
You Are the Policymaker: Should President Clinton Have Been Convicted?	397	(1)
Presidential Powers	397	(1)
America in Perspective: President or Prime Minister?	398	(2)
Constitutional Powers	398	(1)
The Expansion of Power	399	(1)
Perspectives on Presidential Power	399	(1)
Running the Government: The Chief Executive	400	(7)
The Vice President	401	(1)
The Cabinet	401	(1)
The Executive Office	402	(2)
The White House Staff	404	(2)
The First Lady	406	(1)
Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers	407	(8)
Chief Legislator	407	(1)
Party Leadership	408	(3)
Public Support	411	(1)
Legislative Skills	412	(3)
The President and National Security Policy	415	(5)
Chief Diplomat	415	(1)
Commander in Chief	416	(1)
War Powers	416	(2)
Crisis Manager	418	(1)
Working With Congress	418	(2)
Power from the People: The Public Presidency	420	(5)
Going Public	420	(1)
Presidential Approval	421	(2)
Policy Support	423	(1)
Mobilizing the Public	424	(1)
The President and the Press	425	(1)
Issues of the Times: Who Controls White House News?	426	(3)
Making a Difference: Helen Thomas	429	(1)
Understanding the American Presidency	429	(1)
How You Can Make a Difference: The Fast Track to the White House	430	(4)
The Presidency and Democracy	430	(1)
The Presidency and the Scope of Government	431	(3)
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The Congress, the President, and the Budget: The Politics of Taxing and Spending	434	(32)
Sources of Federal Revenue	436	(2)
Income Tax	436	(1)
Social Insurance Taxes	437	(1)
Issues of the Times: Who Should Bear the Burden of Taxes?	438	(6)
Borrowing	440	(2)
Taxes and Public Policy	442	(2)
America in Perspective: How Much Is Too Much?	444	(1)
Federal Expenditures	445	(2)
Big Governments, Big Budgets	445	(2)
America in Perspective: How Big Is Too Big?	447	(1)
The Rise and Decline of the National Security State	447	(1)
Making a Difference: Robert McIntyre	448	(5)
The Rise of the Social Service State	448	(3)
Incrementalism	451	(1)
``Uncontrollable'' Expenditures	452	(1)
The Budgetary Process	453	(6)
Budgetary Politics	453	(1)
The President's Budget	454	(1)
Congress and the Budget	455	(4)
You Are the Policymaker: Spending the Budget Surplus	459	(1)
Understanding Budgeting	459	(2)
Democracy and Budgeting	460	(1)
How You Can Make a Difference: The Federal Government and Student Loans	461	(5)
The Budget and the Scope of Government	461	(5)
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The Federal Bureaucracy	466	(38)
The Bureaucrats	468	(6)
Some Bureaucratic Myths and Realities	468	(2)
Who They Are and How They Got There	470	(3)
The Other Route to Federal Jobs: Recruiting from the Plum Book	473	(1)
How Bureaucracies Are Organized	474	(5)
The Cabinet Departments	474	(2)
The Regulatory Agencies	476	(2)
The Government Corporations	478	(1)
The Independent Executive Agencies	478	(1)
Bureaucracies As Implementors	479	(4)
What Implementation Means	479	(1)
Why the Best-Laid Plans Sometimes Flunk the Implementation Test	479	(4)
Making a Difference: Harry Carey and Sara Pratt	483	(4)
How You Can Make a Difference: NASA	487	(1)
A Case Study: The Voting Rights Act of 1965	487	(1)
Bureaucracies as Regulators	488	(4)
Regulation in the Economy and in Everyday Life	489	(1)
Regulation: How It Grew, How It Works	490	(1)
Toward Deregulation	491	(1)
You Are the Policymaker: How Should We Regulate?	492	(1)
Understanding Bureaucracies	493	(1)
Bureaucracy and Democracy	493	(1)
America in Perspective: Influencing Independent Agencies	494	(2)
Issues of the Times: Managing the Federal Bureaucracy	496	(8)
Bureaucracy and the Scope of Government	501	(3)
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The Federal Courts	504	(38)
The Nature of the Judicial System	506	(2)
Participants in the Judicial System	506	(2)
Making a Difference: Thurgood Marshall	508	(1)
The Structure of the Federal Judicial System	509	(5)
District Courts	510	(1)
Courts of Appeal	511	(1)
The Supreme Court	512	(2)
The Politics of Judicial Selection	514	(3)
The Lower Courts	514	(1)
The Supreme Court	515	(2)
The Backgrounds of Judges and Justices	517	(4)
The Courts as Policymakers	521	(5)
Accepting Cases	522	(1)
Making Decisions	523	(3)
You Are the Policymaker: The Debate over Original Intentions	526	(2)
Implementing Court Decisions	526	(2)
The Courts and the Policy Agenda	528	(1)
A Historical Review	528	(4)
Understanding the Courts	532	(1)
The Courts and Democracy	532	(1)
How You Can Make a Difference: Teen Court	533	(1)
What Courts Should Do: The Scope of Judicial Power	533	(1)
America in Perspective: Courts and Culture	534	(2)
Issues of the Times: How Should the Courts Interpret the Law?	536	(6)
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Part 4 Policies
Economic Policymaking	542	(22)
Government and the Economy	544	(3)
``It's the Economy Stupid'': Voters, Politicians, and Economic Policy	544	(1)
Two Major Worries: Unemployment and Inflation	545	(2)
Instruments for Controlling the Economy	547	(1)
Monetary Policy and ``The Fed''	547	(1)
Making a Difference: Alan Greenspan	548	(1)
Fiscal Policy: Keynesian Versus Supply-Side Economics	548	(1)
How You Can Make a Difference: Fair Lending Practices	549	(1)
Obstacles to Controlling the Economy	549	(1)
Issues of the Times: Will Cutting Taxes Help Boost the Economy? And for Whom?	550	(3)
Arenas of Economic Policymaking	553
Business and Public Policy: Regulation and Subsidies	553
You Are the Policymaker: Should Government Make You Buy a New TV?	552	(6)
Consumer Policy: The Rise of the Consumer Lobby	556	(1)
Labor and Government	557	(1)
New Economy, New Policy Issues	558	(1)
Understanding Economic Policymaking	559	(1)
America in Perspective: The Soviet Economic Morass	560	(4)
Democracy and Economic Policymaking	559	(1)
Economic Policymaking and the Scope of Government	559	(5)
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Social Welfare Policymaking	564	(24)
What Is Social Policy and Why Is It So Controversial?	566	(1)
Income, Poverty, and Public Policy	567	(3)
Who's Getting What?	567	(1)
Who's Poor in America?	568	(2)
Making a Difference: Mollie Orshansky and the Origins of the Poverty Threshold	570	(3)
What Part Does Government Play?	572	(1)
Helping the Poor? Social Policy and Poverty	573	(2)
Welfare as We Know It	573	(2)
You Are the Judge: Should a Deadbeat Dad be Permitted to Procreate?	575	(2)
Ending Welfare as We Know It: Welfare Reforms of 1996	576	(1)
Living on Borrowed Time: Social Security	577	(1)
Issues of the Times: The Parties Confront Social Security	578	(4)
The New Deal, the Elderly, and the Growth of Social Security	577	(4)
The Future of Social Security	581	(1)
How You Can Make a Difference: Social Security Reform	582	(1)
Social Welfare Policy Elsewhere	583	(1)
America in Perspective: Family Policies Here and in Western Europe	584	(1)
Understanding Social Welfare Policy	584	(4)
Democracy and Social Welfare	584	(4)
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Policymaking for Health Care and the Environment	588	(28)
Health Care Policy	590	(2)
Issues of the Times: Health Care in America	592
The Health of Americans	590	(1)
The Cost of Health Care	590	(1)
America in Perspective: Health Care Spending, Life Expectancy, and Infant Mortality Rates	591	(10)
Uneven Coverage, Uneven Care	591	(5)
The Role of Government in Health Care	596	(1)
Policymaking for Health Care	597	(4)
Environmental Policy	601	(2)
Environmental Policies in America	601	(2)
Making a Difference: Joe Lovett Takes on the Car Industry and the Corp of Engineers	603	(1)
How You Can Make a Difference: Health Care	604	(1)
You Are the Policymaker: Should We Save All Endangered Species? Owls, Salamanders, and Economic Growth	605	(1)
Energy Policy	606	(3)
Energy Sources and Energy Politics	606	(2)
The Global Warming Debate Heats Up	608	(1)
Groups, Energy, and the Environment	609	(2)
Understanding Health Care and Environmental Policy	611	(5)
Democracy, Health Care, and Environmental Policy	611	(1)
The Scope of Government and Health Care and Environmental Policy	612	(4)
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National Security Policymaking	616	(40)
American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers	618	(3)
Instruments of Foreign Policy	618	(1)
Actors on the World Stage	619	(2)
Making a Difference: Jody Williams	621	(3)
The Policymakers	622	(2)
Issues of the Times: Managing Crises	624	(4)
American Foreign Policy: An Overview	628	(6)
The Cold War	628	(3)
The Era of Detente	631	(1)
The Reagan Rearmament	632	(1)
The Final Thaw in the Cold War	633	(1)
You Are the Policymaker: Defending Human Rights	634	(2)
The War on Terrorism	635	(1)
The Politics of Defense Policy	636	(5)
Defense Spending	637	(1)
Personnel	638	(2)
Weapons	640	(1)
Reforming Defense Policy	641	(1)
The New Global Agenda	641	(8)
The Decreasing Role of Military Power	642	(1)
Nuclear Proliferation	643	(2)
The International Economy	645	(4)
America in Perspective: Ranking Largess	649	(1)
Understanding National Security Policymaking	650	(1)
National Security Policymaking and Democracy	650	(1)
National Security Policymaking and the Scope of Government	651	(1)
How You Can Make a Difference: Getting Involved in the Foreign Policy Process	651	(5)
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Part 5 State and Local Government
The New Face of State and Local Government	656	(42)
State Constitutions	659	(2)
Amending State Constitutions	660	(1)
State Elections	661	(7)
Gubernatorial Elections	661	(1)
State Legislative Elections	662	(4)
The Changing Face of State Elected Officials	666	(2)
Making a Difference: Charlene Marshall	668
Governors and the Executive Branch	667	(5)
The Job of Governor	668	(3)
Other Executive Officers	671	(1)
State Legislatures	672	(2)
State Court Systems	674	(2)
State Court Organization	674	(2)
Selecting Judges	676	(1)
Direct Democracy	676	(3)
State and Local Government Relations	679	(1)
How You Can Make a Difference: Direct Democracy	680	(1)
Local Governments	680	(5)
Types of Local Government	680	(4)
Fragmentation, Cooperation, and Competition	684	(1)
America in Perspective: Urban Planning in Western Europe and the United States	685	(2)
State and Local Finance Policy	687	(1)
Issues of the Times: Fiscal Crisis in the States	688	(3)
Understanding State and Local Governments	691	(1)
Democracy at the Subnational Level	691	(1)
You Are the Policymaker: Should Your State Take a Chance on Gambling?	692	(6)
The Scope of Subnational Government	693	(5)
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Appendix	698	(22)
Glossary	720	(18)
Notes	738	(16)
Key Terms in Spanish	754	(4)
Acknowledgments	758	(3)
Index	761