Government and Not-for-Profit Accounting : Concepts and Practices

by Granof, Michael H.

• ISBN13: 9780471115885
• ISBN10: 0471115886
• Additional ISBN(s): 9780471361794
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-10-01
• Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

Unlike other government and not-for-profit (NFP) books, this one is directed at potential users rather than preparers of financial reports. It demonstrates the significance of reported information and shows users (managers, investors, taxpayers, legislators, trustees) how to interpret and analyze accounting information.

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 THE GOVERNMENT AND NOT-FOR-PROFIT ENVIRONMENT	32	(1)
How Do Governments and Not-For-Profits Compare with Businesses?	2	(6)
What Other Characteristics of Governments and Not-For-Profits Have Accounting Implications	8	(2)
How Do Governments Compare with Not-For-Profits?	10	(2)
What Is the Purpose of Financial Reporting?	12	(1)
What Are the Uses of Financial Reports?	12	(4)
IN PRACTICE: Employees as Statement Users	16	(1)
IN PRACTICE: Who Receives Annual Reports?	17	(1)
What Are the Objectives of Financial Reporting?	17	(1)
EXAMPLE: Clash Among Reporting Objectives	18	(3)
Do Differences in Accounting Principles Really Matter?	21	(1)
IN PRACTICE: Testing the Theory: Do Investors Adjust for Differences in Accounting Principles?	22	(1)
Who Establishes Generally Accepted Accounting Principles?	23	(1)
IN PRACTICE: Assessing the Profitability of a Football Program	23	(4)
Summary	27	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	27	(1)
Problems	28	(5)
CHAPTER 2 FUND ACCOUNTING	33	(53)
What Is a Fund?	34	(1)
What Characterizes Funds and Account Groups	34	(4)
EXAMPLE: Fund Accounting at a University Social Club	38	(3)
How Are Governments' Funds Structured?	41	(8)
What's Notable About Each Type of Government Fund?	49	(2)
What's Notable About Each Type of Proprietary Fund	51	(2)
What's Notable About Each Type of Fiduciary Fund?	53	(1)
What Is Included in a Government's Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR)?	54	(6)
How Do the Fund Structures of Colleges and Universities and Other Not-For-Profits' Funds Differ from Those of Governments?	60	(6)
What Is Included in the `Financial Report of a Not-For-Profit Entity?	66	(1)
Summary	67	(2)
Exercise for Review and Self-Study	69	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	70	(1)
Exercises	70	(4)
Problems	74	(9)
Solution to Exercise for Review and Self-Study	83	(3)
CHAPTER 3 ISSUES OF BUDGETING AND CONTROL	86	(41)
What Are the Key Purpose of Budgets?	87	(1)
Why Is More Than One Type of Budget Necessary?	88	(1)
How Are Expenditures and Revenues Classified?	89	(1)
Why Are Performance Budgets Necessary?	90	(2)
What Are the Key Phases of the Budget Cycle?	92	(3)
IN PRACTICE: Federal Budgetary Legerdemain	95	(1)
IN PRACTICE: Misestimating Revenues and Expenditures	96	(1)
On What Basis of Accounting Are Budgets Prepared?	97	(1)
What Cautions Must be Taken in Budget-to-Actual Comparisons?	98	(1)
IN PRACTICE: Balancing the Budget by Selling Assets to Yourself	99	(1)
How Do Budgets Enhance Control?	100	(3)
What Are the Distinctive Ways Governments Record Their Budgets?	103	(1)
EXAMPLE: Recording the Budget	104	(2)
How Does Encumbrance Accounting Prevent Overspending?	106	(1)
EXAMPLE: The Encumbrance Cycle--Year 1	107	(2)
EXAMPLE: The Encumbrance Cycle--Year 2	109	(1)
EXAMPLE: Impact of Encumbrances on Fund Balance	110	(2)
Are Budgetary and Encumbrance Entries Really Needed?	112	(1)
Summary	113	(1)
Exercise for Review and Self-Study	113	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	114	(1)
Exercises	114	(5)
Problems	119	(6)
Solution to Exercise for Review and Self-Study	125	(2)
CHAPTER 4 RECOGNIZING REVENUE IN GOVERNMENTAL FUNDS	127	(41)
Why and How Do Governments Use the Modified Accrual Basis?	128	(4)
How Should Property Taxes Be Accounted For?	132	(1)
IN PRACTICE: How Stamford, Connecticut, Accounts for Property Taxes	133	(1)
EXAMPLE: Property Taxes	134	(3)
How Should Sales Taxes Be Accounted For?	137	(1)
EXAMPLE: Sales Taxes	138	(2)
EXAMPLE: Sales Taxes Collected by State	140	(1)
How Should Income Taxes Be Accounted For?	140	(1)
EXAMPLE: Income Taxes	141	(1)
How Should Licenses and Permits Be Accounted For?	142	(1)
EXAMPLE: License Fees	143	(1)
How Should Fines Be Accounted For?	144	(1)
EXAMPLE: Fines	144	(1)
How Should Grants and Similar Intergovernmental Revenues Be Accounted For?	145	(1)
EXAMPLE: Unrestricted Grant	146	(1)
EXAMPLE: Restricted Grant	146	(3)
EXAMPLE: Food Stamps	149	(1)
EXAMPLE: On-Behalf Payments	150	(1)
How Should Investment Gains and Losses Be Accounted For?	151	(1)
EXAMPLE: Investment Income	152	(1)
How Should Interest and Dividends Be Accounted For?	153	(1)
EXAMPLE: Interest Income	153	(1)
How Should Donations Be Accounted For?	154	(1)
EXAMPLE: Gifts of Fixed Assets	155	(1)
How Should Sales of Fixed Assets Be Accounted For?	156	(1)
EXAMPLE: Sales of Fixed Assets	156	(1)
Summary	157	(1)
Exercise for Review and Self-Study	158	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	158	(1)
Exercises	159	(2)
Problems	161	(5)
Solution to Exercise for Review and Self-Study	166	(2)
CHAPTER 5 RECOGNIZING EXPENDITURES IN GOVERNMENTAL FUNDS	168	(43)
How Is the Accrual Concept Modified for Expenditures?	169	(1)
How Should Wages and Salaries Be Accounted For?	170	(1)
EXAMPLE: Wages and Salaries	171	(1)
How Should Compensated Absences Be Accounted For?	171	(1)
IN PRACTICE: Why Do Government Accountants Go `Round in Circles?	172	(1)
EXAMPLE: Vacation Leave	173	(1)
EXAMPLE: Sick Leave	174	(2)
EXAMPLE: Sabbatical Leave	176	(1)
How Should Pensions Be Accounted For?	177	(1)
EXAMPLE: Pension Contributions	178	(1)
How Should Claims and Judgments Be Accounted For?	179	(1)
EXAMPLE: Claims and Judgments	179	(1)
How Should the Acquisition and Use of Materials and Supplies Be Accounted For?	180	(1)
EXAMPLE: Supplies	181	(2)
How Should Prepayments Be Accounted For?	183	(1)
EXAMPLE: Prepayments	183	(2)
How Should Fixed Assets Be Accounted For?	185	(1)
EXAMPLE: Fixed Assets	185	(2)
EXAMPLE: Installment Notes	187	(1)
EXAMPLE: Capital Leases	188	(1)
How Should Interest and Principal on Long-Term Debt Be Accounted For?	189	(1)
EXAMPLE: Long-Term Debt	190	(2)
How Should Interfund Transactions Be Accounted For?	192	(1)
EXAMPLE 1: Interfund Transactions	192	(1)
EXAMPLE 2: Interfund Transactions	192	(2)
What Constitutes Other Financing Sources and Uses?	194	(1)
How Should Revenues, Expenditures, and Other Financing Sources and Uses Be Reported?	195	(2)
What Is the Significance of the Current Financial Statements?--An Overview	197	(1)
IN PRACTICE: The Usefulness of Reported Fund Balance	198	(1)
Summary	199	(1)
Exercise for Review and Self-Study	199	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	199	(1)
Exercises	200	(2)
Problems	202	(7)
Solutions to Exercises for Review and Self-Study	209	(2)
CHAPTER 6 REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES IN OTHER NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS	211	(62)
Who's in Charge?	212	(1)
What Should Be the Form and Content of Financial Statements?	213	(3)
EXAMPLE: Reporting Revenues and Expenses	216	(1)
What Are the Main Types of Contributions, and How Should Pledges Be Accounted For?	217	(5)
EXAMPLE: Pledges	222	(2)
When Should Use-Restricted Contributions Be Recognized?	224	(1)
EXAMPLE: User-Restricted Contributions	224	(1)
IN PRACTICE: A Gift with Strings Attached	225	(1)
Should Contributions of Services Be Recognized?	225	(1)
EXAMPLE: Service Contributions	226	(1)
IN PRACTICE: Examples of Contributed Services	227	(1)
Should Receipts of Collection Items Be Recognized as Revenues?	227	(1)
When Should Conditional Promises Be Recognized?	228	(1)
EXAMPLE: Conditional Promises	228	(1)
When Should Gains and Losses on Investments Be Recognized?	229	(1)
EXAMPLE: Investment Gains	229	(1)
Should Depreciation Be Reported?	230	(1)
EXAMPLE: Depreciation	230	(1)
COMPREHENSIVE EXAMPLE: Museum of American Culture	231	(8)
What Unique Issues Do Health Care Providers Face?	239	(2)
EXAMPLE: Patient-Care Revenues	241	(2)
EXAMPLE: Capitation Fee Revenues	243	(1)
EXAMPLE: Charity Care	243	(1)
IN PRACTICE: Collection of Errors Add up to $21 Million Debacle	244	(2)
EXAMPLE: Timing Differences	246	(1)
EXAMPLE: Malpractice Claims	247	(1)
EXAMPLE: Retrospective Premiums	248	(1)
What Unique Issues Do Colleges and Universities Face?	249	(1)
IN PRACTICE: Which Set of Standards Do We Follow?	250	(2)
EXAMPLE: Tuition and Fee Revenues	252	(2)
EXAMPLE: Grants	254	(1)
Summary	255	(1)
Exercise for Review and Self-Study	256	(3)
Questions for Review and Discussion	259	(1)
Exercises	259	(4)
Problems	263	(8)
Solutions to Exercises for Review and Self-Study	271	(2)
CHAPTER 7 ACCOUNTING FOR CAPITAL PROJECTS AND DEBT SERVICE	273	(44)
How Do Governments Account for Capital Projects Funds?	274	(2)
EXAMPLE: Bond Issue Costs	276	(1)
EXAMPLE: Bond Premiums and Discounts	276	(2)
COMPREHENSIVE EXAMPLE: Main Types of Transactions Accounted for in Capital Projects Funds	278	(3)
How Do Governments Account for Resources Dedicated to Debt Service?	281	(2)
COMPREHENSIVE EXAMPLE: Main Types of Transactions Accounted for in Debt Service Funds	283	(3)
How Do Governments Handle Special Assessments?	286	(2)
IN PRACTICE: Alleged Abuse of Special Assessments	288	(4)
Why Is Arbitrage a Concern of Governments?	292	(2)
How Can Governments Benefit from Debt Refundings?	294	(1)
EXAMPLE: Debt Refundings	294	(2)
EXAMPLE: In-Substance Defeasance	296	(2)
How Do Other Not-For-Profits Account for Capital Projects and Debt Service?	298	(2)
COMPREHENSIVE EXAMPLE: A Public University	300	(4)
Summary	304	(1)
Exercise for Review and Self-Study	304	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	305	(1)
Exercises	305	(3)
Problems	308	(7)
Solution to Exercise for Review and Self-Study	315	(2)
CHAPTER 8 LONG-LIVED ASSETS AND INVESTMENTS IN MARKETABLE SECURITIES	317	(40)
What Accounting Practices Do Governments Follow for Capital Assets?	318	(3)
EXAMPLE: Donated Assets	321	(1)
EXAMPLE: Trade-ins	322	(3)
IN PRACTICE: Depreciation Accounting Can Influence Capital Expenditure Decisions	325	(5)
IN PRACTICE: Why Do Government Assets Last So Long?	330	(1)
How Do Other Not-For-Profits Account for Capital Assets?	331	(2)
IN PRACTICE: Arguments Against Recognizing Depreciation	333	(1)
EXAMPLE: Plant Assets	334	(1)
What Issues Are Critical as to Investments in Marketable Securities and Other Financial Instruments?	335	(4)
IN PRACTICE: From Opulence on Wall Street to Wreckage on Main Street	339	(1)
IN PRACTICE: Playing the Market to Decrease Risk	340	(1)
IN PRACTICE: Increasing Risk and Courting Disaster	341	(4)
Summary	345	(1)
Exercise for Review and Self-Study	346	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	346	(1)
Exercises	347	(2)
Problems	349	(6)
Solution to Exercise for Review and Self-Study	355	(2)
CHAPTER 9 LONG-TERM OBLIGATIONS	357	(41)
Why Is Information on Long-Term Debt Important to Statement Users?	358	(1)
Can Governments and Not-For-Profits Go Bankrupt?	359	(1)
IN PRACTICE: Decision Helps Clarify Concept of Municipal Bankruptcy	360	(1)
How Do Governments Account for Long-Term Obligations?	361	(1)
EXAMPLE: Entries to the GLTDAG	362	(5)
IN PRACTICE: Valuing a Lottery Prize	367	(1)
What Constitutes a Government's Long-Term Debt?	368	(1)
EXAMPLE: Demand Bonds	369	(2)
EXAMPLE: Bond Anticipation Notes	371	(1)
EXAMPLE: Tax Anticipation Notes	372	(2)
EXAMPLE: Capital Leases	374	(4)
EXAMPLE: Overlapping Debt	378	(2)
What Other Information Do Users Want to Know about Outstanding Debt?	380	(2)
EXAMPLE: Debt Margin	382	(2)
How Do Not-For-Profits Account for Long-Term Obligations?	384	(1)
EXAMPLE: How Not-For-Profits Account for Long-Term Obligations	385	(1)
What Are Bond Ratings and Why Are They Important?	386	(1)
IN PRACTICE: Falling Bond Ratings Add to a City's Woes	387	(1)
Summary	388	(1)
Exercise for Review and Self-Study	388	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	389	(1)
Exercises	389	(2)
Problems	391	(6)
Solution to Exercise for Review and Self-Study	397	(1)
CHAPTER 10 BUSINESS-TYPE ACTIVITIES	398	(44)
What Types of Funds Involve Business-Type Activities?	399	(1)
Why Do Governments and Not-For-Profits Engage in Business-Type Activities?	400	(1)
IN PRACTICE: Universities in Business Generate Revenues	400	(1)
How Are Proprietary Activities Distinguished from Other Government Activities?	401	(7)
What Accounting Issues Are Unique to Enterprise Funds of Governments?	408	(1)
EXAMPLE: Capital Contributions	409	(1)
EXAMPLE: Depreciation of Assets Acquired with Contributed Capital	410	(2)
EXAMPLE: Revenue Bonds as Restricted Assets	412	(2)
EXAMPLE: Landfill Costs in an Enterprise Fund	414	(2)
What Are Internal Service Funds and How Are They Accounted For?	416	(2)
EXAMPLE: Internal Service Fund Accounting	418	(3)
IN PRACTICE: Full Cost Pricing May Encourage Dysfunctional Decisions	421	(1)
What Special Problems Are Created When an Internal Service Fund or the General Fund Accounts for "Self-Insurance"?	422	(2)
EXAMPLE: Insurance Premiums	424	(1)
EXAMPLE: Self-Insurance in a General Fund	425	(1)
What Do Users Want to Know about Revenue Debt?	426	(2)
Summary	428	(1)
Exercise for Review and Self-Study	429	(2)
Questions for Review and Discussion	431	(1)
Exercises	432	(4)
Problems	436	(5)
Solution for Exercise for Review and Self-Study	441	(1)
CHAPTER 11 FIDUCIARY FUNDS	442	(44)
What Are Nonexpendable Trust Funds and How Do They Differ from Expendable Trust Funds?	443	(1)
Should Investment Income Be Reported in an Expendable or a Nonexpendable Fund?	444	(1)
Why Is It Important for Nonexpendable Trust Funds to Be Accounted for on a Full Accrual Basis?	445	(1)
EXAMPLE: Charging Depreciation	446	(1)
Should Investment Gains Be Considered Net Additions to Principal or Expendable Income?	447	(1)
EXAMPLE: Investment Gains	447	(2)
EXAMPLE: Investment Losses	449	(2)
How Can Institutions Protect Against Inflation, yet Reap the Benefits of Current Income?	451	(1)
EXAMPLE: Fixed Rate of Return Approach	451	(1)
How Are the Main Types of Transactions Recorded in Nonexpendable Trust Funds?	452	(1)
EXAMPLE: Recording Transactions in Nonexpendable Trust Funds	452	(4)
Why Are Pensions So Important?	456
How Does a Defined Contribution Plan Differ from a Defined Benefit Plan?	447	(12)
What Is the Relation Between an Employer and Its Pension Trust Fund?	459	(1)
What Issues Does a Government Employer Face in Accounting for Its Pensions?	460	(3)
EXAMPLE: Unfunded Actuarial Accrued Liability	463	(1)
EXAMPLE: Reporting Pension Costs	463	(2)
How Should the Pension Plan Be Accounted For?	465	(5)
IN PRACTICE: A State Legislature Is Influenced by the Reported Pension Obligation	470	(1)
How Should Postemployment Health Care Benefits Be Accounted For?	470	(1)
What Accounting Issues Do Agency Funds Present?	471	(1)
EXAMPLE: Agency Funds	471	(3)
Summary	474	(1)
Exercise for Review and Self-Study	475	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	476	(1)
Exercises	477	(3)
Problems	480	(5)
Solution to Exercise for Review and Self-Study	485	(1)
CHAPTER 12 ISSUES OF REPORTING, DISCLOSURE, AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS	486	(41)
Why Is the Reporting Entity an Issue for Governments?	487	(1)
EXAMPLE: The Reporting Entity	487	(1)
What Criteria Have Been Established for Government Reporting Entities?	488	(2)
EXAMPLE: Financially Accountable Component Units	490	(1)
EXAMPLE: Fiscal Dependency	490	(6)
EXAMPLE: Summary of Statement No. 14	496	(1)
What Issues Does a Not-For-Profit Face in Establishing its Reporting Entity?	497	(1)
What Are the Current Standards for Other Not-For-Profits?	497	(1)
EXAMPLE: Not-For Profit Reporting Entity	498	(1)
How Should Cash Flow Be Reported?	499	(4)
What Other Elements Make up the Comprehensive Annual Financial Report?	503	(4)
EXAMPLE: Proposed Entity-Wide Statement of Activities	507	(3)
How Can a Government's Fiscal Condition Be Assessed?	510	(1)
IN PRACTICE: Study Shows that Bond Market Understood New York's Financial Condition Despite Non-GAAP Statements	511	(6)
Summary	517	(1)
Exercise for Review and Self-Study	518	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	518	(1)
Exercises	519	(1)
Problems	520	(5)
Solution to Exercise for Review and Self-Study	525	(2)
CHAPTER 13 USING COST INFORMATION TO MANAGE AND CONTROL	527	(43)
How Are the Decision Criteria of Governments and Not-For-Profits Similar to Those of Business Despite Different Objectives?	528	(1)
Why Must Fixed Costs Be Distinguished from Variable Costs?	529	(1)
EXAMPLE: Average Cost	530	(1)
Why Is it Important to Identify Incremental Costs and Benefits?	531	(1)
EXAMPLE: The Foolish Overhaul	532	(1)
EXAMPLE: The Nuclear Disaster	533	(1)
EXAMPLE: Allocated Costs	534	(1)
How Can Organizations Assess the Fiscal Benefits of Contracting Out?	535	(1)
EXAMPLE: Contracting Out	536	(2)
IN PRACTICE: Colleges Are Turning to Private Vendors for More and More Campus Services	538	(3)
IN PRACTICE: Privatization--Not Always the Best Solution	541	(1)
How Should Governments and Not-For-Profits Establish Prices?	542	(2)
IN PRACTICE: Factors that Should Enter into the Pricing Decisions of a City-Operated Electric Utility	544	(2)
EXAMPLE: Allocating Cost--Conventional Means	546	(2)
EXAMPLE: Cost Allocation--ABC Costing	548	(2)
How Should the Costs of Fund-Raising Activities Be Determined?	550	(1)
IN PRACTICE: Experts Caution Against Careless Giving	551	(2)
EXAMPLE: Allocating Charitable Costs	553	(1)
How Can Analyses of Variance Be Used to Control Costs and Evaluate Performance?	554	(1)
EXAMPLE: Standard Costs	555	(4)
Summary	559	(1)
Exercise for Review and Self-Study	559	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	560	(1)
Exercises	561	(2)
Problems	563	(6)
Solution to Exercise for Review and Self-Study	569	(1)
CHAPTER 14 MANAGING FOR RESULTS	570	(38)
What Role Do Accountants Play in the Management Cycle of Governments and Other Not-For-Profits?	571	(2)
How Can the Limits of Traditional Budgets Be Overcome	573	(2)
What Are the Characteristics of Sound Operational Objectives?	575	(2)
What Are the Perils of Establishing Operational Objectives?	577	(1)
IN PRACTICE: A Classic Case of Reliance on Misspecified Objectives (Two Perspectives of the Vietnam War)	578	(1)
How Do Program Budgets Relate Expenditures to Operational Objectives?	579	(7)
How Should Service Efforts and Accomplishments Be Reported?	586	(5)
How Are Capital Expenditures Planned and Budgeted Within a Framework of Operational Objectives?	591	(2)
EXAMPLE: Benefits Are Cash Savings	593	(1)
EXAMPLE: Choosing Between Options with Similar Benefits	594	(2)
IN PRACTICE: Excerpts from a Report on the Economic Costs of Alcohol and Drug Abuse and Mental Illness (ADM)	596	(3)
Summary	599	(1)
Exercise for Review and Self-Study	600	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	600	(1)
Exercises	601	(1)
Problems	602	(5)
Solution to Exercise for Review and Self-Study	607	(1)
CHAPTER 15 AUDITING GOVERNMENTS AND NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS	608	(33)
How Do Audits of Governments and Not-For-Profits Differ from Those of Businesses	609	(1)
How Has the Yellow Book Influenced Governmental and Not-For-Profit Auditing?	610	(1)
What Types of Audits Do Governments Conduct?	610	(1)
What Levels of Standards Are Applicable to Financial Audits?	611	(5)
How Have the Single Audit Act and Other Pronouncements Influenced Auditing?	616	(1)
IN PRACTICE: The Auditor's Dilemma	616	(2)
What Reports Result from Single Audits?	618	(3)
What Are Performance Audits?	621	(4)
IN PRACTICE: Why Performance Audit Reports Are Seldom Positive	625	(2)
IN PRACTICE: Findings Must Relate to Objectives	627	(1)
EXAMPLE: Evidence Gathering	628	(2)
What Unique Ethical Issues Do Governmental and Not-For-Profit Accounting and Auditing Present?	630	(2)
EXAMPLE: Ethical Dilemma	632	(1)
Summary	633	(1)
Exercise for Review and Self-Study	634	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	635	(1)
Problems	635	(5)
Solution to Exercise for Review and Self-Study	640	(1)
CHAPTER 16 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING	641	(34)
Which Agencies Are Responsible for Federal Accounting and Reporting?	643	(3)
What Constitutes the Federal Budget?	646	(2)
What Types of Accounts Are Maintained by Federal Entities?	648	(1)
Which Entities Should Issue Financial Reports?	649	(1)
What Are the Form and Content of Current Government-Wide Federal Statements?	650	(4)
How Does the New FASAB Model Apply to Individual Entity Financial Statements?	654	(1)
What Are the Main Accounting Issues Being Addressed by the FASAB?	655	(9)
EXAMPLE: Subsidized Loan	664	(1)
EXAMPLE: Loan Guarantees	665	(1)
What Additional Steps Has the Federal Government Taken to Improve Its Fiscal Management?	665	(1)
Summary	666	(1)
Exercise for Review and Self-Study	667	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	668	(1)
Exercises	668	(2)
Problems	670	(4)
Solution to Exercise for Review and Self-Study	674	(1)
GLOSSARY	675	(13)
VALUE TABLES	688	(9)
INDEX	697