Government by the People : National, State, and Local Version

by Magleby, David B.; O'Brien, David M.; Light, Paul C.; Peltason, J. W.; Cronin, Thomas E.

• ISBN13: 9780131921566
• ISBN10: 0131921568
• Edition: 21st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

The most authoritative text for American Government, Government By the People is always one step ahead. Building on a long tradition of clear and accessible writing, sound scholarship, and currency, it has become the most reliable, responsive, and respected text for today's American government course. Its distinguished author team addresses your needs and the needs of your students in every editionwith the most innovative response to teaching trends, as well as trends in the discipline. With this text's essential foundation, students will be set to respondas involved American citizensto the political issues facing their country, and their world, in the twenty-first century.

Table of Contents

A Message from the Authors	x
A Message from the Publisher	xii
Reliable. Responsive. Respected. That's Government by the People	xv
About the Authors	xxiii
PART I Constitutional Principles
Constitutional Democracy	1	(25)
American Government and Politicians in Context	4	(1)
Defining Democracy	5	(7)
Global Perceptions American Ideas about Democracy	7	(3)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Joan Blades and Wes Boyd and MoveOn	10	(2)
The Constitutional Roots of the American Experiment	12	(2)
The Constitutional Convention of 1787	14	(7)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Alexander Hamilton and James Madison	15	(5)
In Comparative Perspective: The New Constitution in Afghanistan Balancing Islam and Democracy	20	(1)
To Adopt or Not to Adopt?	21	(5)
Make it Real The Map of Freedom	23	(1)
Summary	23	(1)
Key Terms	24	(1)
Further Reading	24	(2)
The Living Constitution	26	(28)
Checking Power with Power	28	(5)
In Comparative Perspective: The European Union	32	(1)
Judicial Review and the ``Guardians of the Constitution''	33	(3)
Changing Face of American Politics: The Civil Rights Movement and Justice Thurgood Marshall	34	(2)
The Constitution as an Instrument of Government	36	(3)
In Comparative Perspective: The British and American Systems A Study in Contrasts	37	(2)
Changing the Letter of the Constitution	39	(15)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Gregory Watson	42	(1)
Make it Real The Constitution: What If You Were a Founding Father?	43	(1)
Summary	43	(1)
Key Terms	43	(1)
Further Reading	44	(2)
The Constitution of the United States	46	(8)
American Federalism	54	(26)
Defining Federalism	57	(5)
Global Perceptions Government Control of Our Daily Lives	59	(2)
Changing Face of American Politics: Minorities and Women Are Gaining Ground In the Workforce	61	(1)
The Constitutional Structure of American Federalism	62	(6)
In Comparative Perspective: Three Different Approaches to Federalism	67	(1)
The Role of the Federal Courts: Umpires of Federalism	68	(3)
Regulatory Federalism: Grants, Mandates, and New Techniques of Control	71	(4)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist	72	(3)
The Politics of Federalism	75	(1)
The Future of Federalism	76	(4)
Summary	78	(1)
Key Terms	78	(1)
Further Reading	78	(2)
PART II The Political Process
Political Culture and Ideology	80	(24)
The American Political Culture	82	(10)
Changing Face of American Politics: Trust in America	83	(5)
Global Perceptions Spread of American Ideas and Customs	88	(1)
In Comparative Perspective: Political Culture in Mexico	89	(3)
Political Ideology and Attitudes Toward Government	92	(7)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Rachel Carson and the Environmental Movement	98	(1)
Politicial Ideology and the American People	99	(2)
Ideology and Tolerance	101	(3)
Make it Real Political Survey: What Do You Believe?	102	(1)
Summary	102	(1)
Key Terms	102	(1)
Further Reading	103	(1)
The American Political Landscape	104	(26)
A Land of Diversity	106	(6)
Global Perceptions Influence of Immigrants	107	(5)
Where We Live	112	(1)
Who We Are	113	(15)
Changing Face of American Politics: Percentage of the Population by Race and Origin	114	(3)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Bill Richardson Governor of New Mexico	117	(1)
In Comparative Perspective: Immigration Politics in Canada	118	(10)
Unity in a Land of Diversity	128	(2)
Make it Real The Great American Divide	128	(1)
Summary	128	(1)
Key Terms	129	(1)
Further Reading	129	(1)
Interest Groups: The Politics of Influence	130	(30)
Interest Groups Past and Present: The ``Mischiefs of Faction''	132	(1)
Types of Interest Groups	133	(8)
In Comparative Perspective: Unions in Sweden	137	(1)
Global Perceptions Influence of Trade Unions	138	(3)
Characteristics and Power of Interest Groups	141	(6)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Stephen Moore, Club for Growth	146	(1)
The Influence of Lobbyists	147	(2)
Money and Politics	149	(4)
The Effectiveness of Interest Group Activity in Elections	153	(1)
Curing the Mischiefs of Faction---Two Centuries Later	154	(6)
Make it Real Lobbying America	158	(1)
Summary	158	(1)
Key Terms	159	(1)
Further Reading	159	(1)
Political Parties: Essential to Democracy	160	(30)
What Parties Do for Democracy	162	(8)
Global Perceptions Importance of Honest Elections, Held Regularly, with a Choice of Two or More Candidates	167	(1)
In Comparative Perspective: Israel's Coalition Government	168	(2)
A Brief History of American Political Parties	170	(4)
American Parties Today	174	(10)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Blaise Hazelwood	179	(2)
Changing Face of American Politics: Portrait of the Electorate	181	(3)
Are the Political Parties Dying?	184	(6)
Make it Real The Political Horizon	188	(1)
Summary	188	(1)
Key Terms	189	(1)
Further Reading	189	(1)
Public Opinion, Participation, and Voting	190	(26)
Public Opinion	192	(10)
Global Perceptions The Internet	198	(4)
Participation: Translating Opinions into Action	202	(1)
Counting Votes	203	(8)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Steve Rosenthal and America Coming Together	203	(4)
In Comparative Perspective: Registration and Voting In the World's Democracies	207	(2)
Changing Face of American Politics: Voter Turnout by Demographic Factors	209	(2)
Voting Choices	211	(5)
Make it Real Public Opinion: Spin Detection	214	(1)
Summary	215	(1)
Key Terms	215	(1)
Further Reading	215	(1)
Campaigns and Elections: Democracy in Action	216	(32)
Elections: The Rules of the Game	218	(3)
Running for Congress	221	(6)
Global Perceptions Corrupt Political Leaders	222	(5)
Running for President	227	(7)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Karl Rove	230	(4)
Money in U.S. Elections	234	(9)
In Comparative Perspective: The Soft Money Loophole in Japan	235	(5)
In Comparative Perspective: Campaign Financing in Britain and Canada	240	(3)
Improving Elections	243	(5)
Make it Real Election in Action: 2004 Presidential Election	246	(1)
Summary	246	(1)
Key Terms	247	(1)
Further Reading	247	(1)
The Media and American Politics	248	(24)
The Influence of the Media on Politics	250	(4)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Sean Hannity	251	(3)
The Changing Role of the American News Media	254	(3)
Mediated Politics	257	(7)
In Comparative Perspective: A Less Than Free Press in Russia	258	(1)
Global Perceptions Influence of News Organizations	259	(5)
The Media and Elections	264	(4)
The Media and Governance	268	(4)
Summary	270	(1)
Key Terms	270	(1)
Further Reading	270	(2)
PART III Policy-Making Institutions
Congress: The People's Branch	272	(32)
Congressional Elections	274	(4)
The Structure and Powers of Congress	278	(3)
Managing Congress Work	281	(11)
In Comparative Perspective: The Nigerian Assembly	281	(1)
Global Perceptions Democratic Government versus Strong Leader	282	(2)
Changing Face of American Politics: Diversity in Congress	284	(8)
The Job of the Legislator	292	(6)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Generation X in Congress (Harold Ford and Adam Putnam)	293	(2)
Changing Face of American Politics: Comparing Members	295	(3)
The Legislative Obstacle Course	298	(3)
An Assessment of Congress	301	(3)
Make it Real Running for Congress	301	(1)
Summary	302	(1)
Key Terms	303	(1)
Further Reading	303	(1)
The Presidency: The Leadership Branch	304	(34)
The Structure and Powers of the Presidency	306	(8)
In Comparative Perspective: The Mexican President	307	(4)
Global Perceptions Reason for Unfavorable View of the United States	311	(3)
Controversies in Presidential Power	314	(3)
Evolution of the Presidency	317	(2)
Managing the Presidency	319	(6)
Changing Face of American Politics: Presidential Appointees	322	(3)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Condoleezza Rice	325	(1)
The President's Job	325	(4)
Election 2004: An Analysis	329	(2)
Congress and the Presidency	331	(4)
Judging Presidents	335	(3)
Make it Real Presidential Greatness: How Do We Judge Them?	335	(1)
Summary	336	(1)
Key Terms	337	(1)
Further Reading	337	(1)
The Federal Bureaucracy: Executing the Laws	338	(24)
Understanding the Federal Bureaucracy	340	(11)
Changing Face of American Politics: A Representative Bureaucracy?	343	(4)
In Comparative Perspective: The Japanese Bureaucracy	347	(4)
Working for Government	351	(2)
The Bureaucracy's Job	353	(2)
Global Perceptions Efficiency of the Government	355	(1)
Holding the Bureaucracy Accountable	355	(4)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Denise Johnson	356	(3)
Government's Achievements	359	(3)
Make it Real Bureaucracy: A Place Where Ideals Meet Reality	359	(1)
Summary	360	(1)
Key Terms	360	(1)
Further Reading	360	(2)
The Judiciary: The Balancing Branch	362	(24)
The Scope of Judicial Power	364	(2)
Global Perceptions Importance of a Fair Judicial System	366	(1)
The Federal Judicial System	366	(4)
In Comparative Perspective: Constitutional Courts in Europe	368	(2)
The Politics of Appointing Federal Judges	370	(7)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Justice Sandra Day O'Connor	372	(1)
Changing Face of American Politics: Diversity on the Federal Bench	373	(4)
The Supreme Court and How It Operates	377	(5)
Judicial Power in a Constitutional Democracy	382	(4)
Summary	384	(1)
Key Terms	385	(1)
Further Reading	385	(1)
PART IV Rights and Liberties
First Amendment Freedoms	386	(22)
Rights in the Original Constitution	388	(1)
The Bill of Rights and the States	389	(1)
Freedom of Religion	390	(5)
Global Perceptions Free Practice of Religion	391	(3)
Changing Face of American Politics: Growing Religious Intensity and Polarization	394	(1)
Free Speech and Free People	395	(2)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Ernesto Pichardo	395	(2)
Nonprotected and Protected Speech	397	(4)
In Comparative Perspective: Hate Speech in Canada	400	(1)
Freedom of the Press	401	(1)
Other Media and Communications	402	(2)
Freedom of Assembly	404	(4)
Make it Real Civil Liberties: The Great Balancing Act	406	(1)
Summary	406	(1)
Key Terms	407	(1)
Further Reading	407	(1)
Rights to Life, Liberty, and Property	408	(22)
Citizenship Rights	410	(4)
Property Rights	414	(1)
Due Process Rights	415	(1)
Privacy Rights	416	(2)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Estelle Griswold	417	(1)
Rights of Persons Accused of Crimes	418	(6)
Global Perceptions Crime	420	(4)
How Just Is Our System of Justice?	424	(3)
In Comparative Perspective: The Death Penalty Around the World	425	(1)
Changing Face of American Politics: A Renewed Debate over the Death Penalty	426	(1)
The Supreme Court and Civil Liberties	427	(3)
Summary	428	(1)
Key Terms	428	(1)
Further Reading	428	(2)
Equal Rights Under the Law	430	(28)
Equality and Equal Right	432	(1)
The Quest for Equal Justice	433	(8)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Martin Luther King, Jr.	435	(5)
Changing Face of American Politics: Racial and Ethnic Identification	440	(1)
Equal Protection of the Laws: What Does It Mean?	441	(4)
Global Perceptions Acceptance of Homosexuality	442	(1)
In Comparative Perspective: Canadian Courts Forbid Discrimination Against Homosexuals	443	(2)
Voting Rights	445	(2)
Education Rights	447	(2)
Rights of Association, Accommodations, Jobs, and Homes	449	(2)
The Affirmative Action Controversy	451	(4)
Equal Rights Today	455	(3)
Make it Real Travel the Civil Rights Timeline	455	(1)
Summary	456	(1)
Key Terms	456	(1)
Further Reading	457	(1)
PART V The Politics of National Policy
Making Economic and Regulatory Policy	458	(28)
Making Public Policy	460	(3)
Economic Policy	463	(1)
Fiscal Policy	464	(6)
In Comparative Perspective: Taxing Policy in the United States and Denmark	468	(2)
Monetary Policy	470	(2)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Alan Greenspan, Inflation Buster	471	(1)
Promoting Economic Growth	472	(3)
Global Perceptions Economic Prosperity	472	(3)
Regulating the Economy	475	(7)
Changing Face of American Politics: Women and Minorities in the Boardroom	478	(4)
The Deregulation Movement	482	(4)
Make it Real Balancing the Nation's Budget: What Can You Get for $4 Trillion?	484	(1)
Summary	484	(1)
Key Terms	485	(1)
Further Reading	485	(1)
Making Social Policy	486	(24)
The Role of Government in Social Policy	488	(1)
The Early History of Social Policy in the United States	489	(2)
Global Perceptions How Success in Life is Determined	490	(1)
Types of Social Policy	491	(2)
The Expansion of Social Policy in the Twentieth Century	493	(7)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Lucille Roybal-Allard	496	(4)
Social Policy Challenges for the Future: Health, Education, and Safety	500	(8)
In Comparative Perspective: Health Care in the U. S. and Canada	502	(6)
Changing Face of American Politics Access to College	506	(3)
The Politics of Social Policy	508	(2)
Summary	509	(1)
Key Terms	509	(1)
Further Reading	509	(1)
Making Foreign and Defense Policy	510	(28)
Vital Interests in the Twenty-First Century	513	(6)
The Foreign and Defense Policy Bureaucracy	519	(5)
Global Perceptions Civilian Control of the Military	522	(1)
Changing Face of American Politics: Diversity in the Military	523	(1)
Participants in Foreign and Defense Policy	524	(4)
Foreign and Defense Policy Options	528	(4)
In Comparative Perspective: Foreign Aid in the Netherlands	531	(1)
Special Problems in Defense Policy	532	(4)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Gen. Antonio Taguba	534	(2)
Prospects for the Future	536	(2)
Make it Real The Impact of Foreign Aid	536	(1)
Summary	536	(1)
Key Terms	536	(1)
Further Reading	537	(1)
PART VI State and Local Government
State and Local Politics: Who Governs?	538	(14)
Who Has the Power?	540	(2)
The Stakes in the Political Struggle	542	(4)
Changing Face of American Politics: The Growing Diversity of State Populations	545	(1)
Participation Patterns in Small and Medium-Sized Cities	546	(3)
People and Politics: Making a Difference T. Willard Fair	548	(1)
Challenges for State and Local Governments	549	(3)
Summary	550	(1)
Key Terms	551	(1)
Further Reading	551	(1)
State Constitutions: Charters or Straitjackets?	552	(14)
The Roots of State Constitutions	554	(4)
Changing Face of American Politics: Same-Sex Marriages and State Constitutions	558	(1)
Amending State Constitutions	558	(3)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Ward Connerly	560	(1)
The Politics of Constitutional Revision	561	(5)
Summary	564	(1)
Key Terms	565	(1)
Further Reading	565	(1)
Parties and Elections in the States	566	(20)
Electoral Politics in the States and Localities	568	(1)
The Role of Political Parties	569	(9)
Changing Face of American Politics: A Demographic Profile of Local Government Officials	570	(8)
Party Balance and Imbalance	578	(1)
Elections at the State and Local Levels	579	(5)
The Future of Grassroots Democracy	584	(2)
Summary	585	(1)
Key Terms	585	(1)
Further Reading	585	(1)
State Legislatures	586	(24)
The Legislative Branch	588	(11)
Changing Face of American Politics: Women in the Statehouse	592	(2)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Garnet F. Coleman	594	(5)
Modernization and Reform	599	(2)
The Politics of Drawing Legislative District Lines	601	(2)
Direct Legislation: Policy Making by the People?	603	(3)
The Debate over Direct Democracy	606	(4)
Summary	608	(1)
Key Terms	608	(1)
Further Reading	609	(1)
State Governors	610	(20)
Rising Expectations for Governors	612	(1)
Becoming and Remaining Governor	612	(4)
Changing Face of American Politics: Women Governors	613	(3)
A Governor's Formal Powers	616	(7)
Managing the State	623	(2)
Other Statewide Elected Officials	625	(3)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Cathy Cox	627	(1)
The Rewards of Being a Governor	628	(2)
Make it Real Governor of Texas and the Veto	628	(1)
Summary	629	(1)
Key Terms	629	(1)
Further Reading	629	(1)
Judges and Justice in the States	630	(18)
The Structure of State Courts	632	(3)
People and Politics: Making a Difference New York Chief Judge Judith S. Kaye	634	(1)
How Judges Are Chosen	635	(5)
Changing Face of American Politics: Women and Minorities on State Supreme Courts	638	(2)
The Judicial Reform Movement	640	(1)
The Justice System	641	(5)
Courts in Crisis	646	(2)
Summary	646	(1)
Key Terms	647	(1)
Further Reading	647	(1)
Local Governments and Metropolitics	648	(22)
The Nature of State and Local Relations	650	(1)
Counties in the United States	651	(1)
Towns, Cities, Suburbs	652	(3)
City Government Today	655	(3)
Changing Face of American Politics: City Councils Are Becoming More Diverse	658	(1)
The Role of the Mayor	658	(2)
People and Politics: Making a Difference San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom	659	(1)
Who Influences Local Policy Making?	660	(2)
The Central City and Its Politics	662	(1)
Meeting the Challenges of Growth and Economic Development	663	(4)
The Politics of Metropolitan Reorganization	667	(3)
Summary	668	(1)
Key Terms	668	(1)
Further Reading	669	(1)
Making State and Local Policy	670	(24)
Public Education	672	(5)
Higher Education	677	(1)
Social Services	678	(3)
Law Enforcement	681	(2)
Planning the Urban Community	683	(5)
Regulation	688	(3)
The Importance of State and Local Policy	691	(3)
Summary	692	(1)
Key Terms	692	(1)
Further Reading	692	(2)
Staffing and Financing State and Local Governments	694
The Role of Public Employees	696	(3)
Changing Face of American Politics: The State and Local Workforce	697	(2)
Paying for State and Local Government	699	(11)
People and Politics: Making a Difference Diane L. Hardt	706	(4)
Intergovernmental Competition	710	(1)
Assessing State and Local Performance	711
Summary	712	(1)
Key Terms	712	(1)
Further Reading	712
EPILOGUE SUSTAINING CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY	1	(1)
The Case for Government by the People	3	(1)
Global Perceptions View of the United States	4	(1)
Participation and Representation	4	(4)
Reconciling Democracy and Leadership	8	(1)
The Democratic Faith	9	(3)
Further Reading	12
Appendix
The Declaration of Independence	1	(1)
The Federalist, No. 10	2	(2)
The Federalist, No. 51	4	(2)
The Federalist, No. 78	6	(3)
Presidential Election Results, 1789--2000	9	(2)
Presidents and Vice Presidents	11
Glossary	1	(1)
Notes	1	(1)
Photo Credits	1	(1)
Index	1