Gray's Anatomy for Students; with STUDENT CONSULT Access

by Drake, Vogl & Mitchell

• ISBN13: 9780443066122
• ISBN10: 0443066124
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-10-19
• Publisher: Churchill Livingstone

Summary

This completely new addition to the Gray's Anatomy family is specifically tailored to meet the needs of today's anatomy students. A team of authors with a wealth of diverse teaching and clinical experience have carefully crafted the book to efficiently cover the information taught in contemporary anatomy courses. A user-friendly format, a regional organization, and outstanding artwork make mastering anatomy remarkably easy. Unique coverage of surface anatomy, correlative diagnostic images, and clinical case studies demonstrate practical applications of anatomical concepts. STUDENT CONSULT offers convenient and versatile online access to the book's content plus interactive exercises and more. And, an international advisory board, comprised of more than 100 anatomy instructors, ensures that the material is accurate, up to date, and easy to use. The smart way to study! Elsevier titles STUDENT CONSULT will help you master difficult concepts and study more efficiently in print and online! Perform rapid searches. Integrate bonus content from other disciplines. Download text to your handheld device. And a lot more. Each STUDENT CONSULT title comes with full text online, a unique image library, case studies, USMLE style questions, and online note-taking to enhance your learning experience. More than 1,000 innovative original illustrations capture anatomical features with unrivalled clarity. Consistent use of color makes body structures easy to locate and remember from one illustration to another. Over 300 photographs and radiological images depict surface anatomy and common clinical applications of anatomic knowledge. A regional organization features separate units on the back, thorax, abdomen, pelvis and perineum, lower limb, upper limb, and head and neck. Conceptual overviews summarize each body region's component parts, their functions, and their relationship to other bodily organs. Clinical cases underscore the real-life relevance of the material. An online version of the book allows users to conduct advanced searches · download all of the illustrations · access interactive illustrations and exercises · and much more. Online courseware provides instructors with ready-to-use teaching modules as well as a complete test bank. Your purchase of this book entitles you to access www.studentconsult.com at no extra charge. This innovative web site offers you... Access to the complete text and illustrations of this book. Integration links to bonus content in other STUDENT CONSULT titles. Content clipping for your handheld. An interactive community center with a wealth of additional resources. The more STUDENT CONSULT titles you buy, the more resources you can access online! Look for the STUDENT CONSULT logo on your favorite Elsevier textbooks!

Table of Contents

Editorial advisory board	xviii
Acknowledgments	xxii
Dedications	xxii
About the book	xxiii
Anatomy and imaging
What is anatomy?	2	(3)
How can gross anatomy be studied?	2	(1)
Important anatomical terms	2	(1)
The anatomical position	2	(2)
Anatomical planes	4	(1)
Terms to describe location	4	(1)
Imaging	5	(4)
Diagnostic imaging techniques	5	(1)
Plain radiography	5	(1)
Ultrasound	6	(1)
Doppler ultrasound	6	(1)
Computed tomography	7	(1)
Magnetic resonance imaging	8	(1)
Nuclear medicine imaging	8	(1)
Positron emission tomography	9	(1)
Image interpretation	9	(2)
Plain radiography	9	(1)
Chest radiograph	9	(1)
Abdominal radiograph	9	(1)
Gastrointestinal contrast examinations	10	(1)
Urological contrast studies	10	(1)
Computed tomography	10	(1)
Magnetic resonance imaging	10	(1)
Nuclear medicine imaging	10	(1)
Safety in imaging	11	(3)
Back
Conceptual overview	14	(12)
General description	14	(1)
Functions	14	(1)
Support	15	(1)
Movement	15	(1)
Protection of the central and peripheral nervous systems	16	(1)
Component parts	17	(1)
Bones	17	(1)
A typical vertebra	17	(1)
Muscles	18	(2)
Vertebral canal	20	(1)
Spinal nerves	21	(1)
Dermatomes and myotomes	21	(1)
Relationship to other regions	22	(1)
Head	22	(1)
Thorax, abdomen, and pelvis	22	(1)
Limbs	22	(2)
Key features	24	(1)
Long vertebral column and short spinal cord	24	(1)
Intervertebral foramina and spinal nerves	24	(1)
Innervation of the back	24	(2)
Regional anatomy	26	(63)
Skeletal framework	26	(1)
Vertebrae	26	(1)
Typical vertebra	27	(4)
Cervical vertebrae	31	(2)
Thoracic vertebrae	33	(1)
Lumbar vertebrae	33	(1)
Sacrum	33	(1)
Coccyx	34	(1)
Intervertebral foramina	34	(1)
Posterior spaces between vertebral arches	34	(4)
Joints	38	(1)
Synovial joints	38	(1)
Descriptions of synovial joints based on shape and movement	39	(1)
Solid joints	39	(2)
Joints between vertebrae in the back	41	(1)
Symphyses between vertebral bodies (intervertebral discs)	41	(2)
Joints between vertebral arches (zygapophysial joints)
Ligaments	43	(1)
Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments	44	(1)
Ligamenta flava	44	(1)
Supraspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae	45	(1)
Interspinous ligaments	45	(2)
Back musculature	47	(1)
Superficial group of back muscles	47	(3)
Trapezius	50	(1)
Latissimus dorsi	51	(1)
Levator scapulae	51	(1)
Rhomboid minor and rhomboid major	52	(1)
Intermediate group of back muscles	53	(1)
Deep group of back muscles	54	(1)
Thoracolumbar fascia	55	(1)
Spinotransversales muscles	55	(1)
Erector spinae muscles	56	(2)
Transversospinales muscles	58	(2)
Segmental muscles	60	(1)
Suboccipital muscles	60	(2)
Introduction to the nervous system	62	(1)
Central nervous system	62	(1)
Brain	62	(1)
Spinal cord	62	(6)
Arrangement of structures in the vertebral canal	68	(1)
Peripheral nervous system	69	(1)
Spinal nerves	69	(1)
Nomenclature of spinal nerves	70	(2)
Functional subdivisions of the CNS	72	(1)
Somatic part of the nervous system	72	(3)
Dermatomes	75	(1)
Myotomes	76	(1)
Visceral part of the nervous system	76	(2)
Sympathetic system	78	(6)
Parasympathetic system	84	(1)
Visceral sensory innervation (visceral afferents)	85	(1)
The enteric system	85	(2)
Nerve plexuses	87	(1)
Somatic plexuses	87	(1)
Visceral plexuses	88	(1)
Referred pain	88	(1)
Surface anatomy	89	(13)
Back surface anatomy	89	(1)
Absence of lateral curvatures	89	(1)
Primary and secondary curvatures in the sagittal plane	89	(1)
Useful nonvertebral skeletal landmarks	89	(2)
How to identify specific vertebral spinous processes	91	(1)
Visualizing the inferior ends of the spinal cord and subarachnoid space	92	(1)
Identifying major muscles	93	(2)
Clinical cases	95	(3)
10 Short questions	98	(4)
Thorax
Conceptual overview	102	(13)
General description	102	(1)
Functions	103	(1)
Breathing	103	(1)
Protection of vital organs	103	(1)
Conduit	103	(1)
Component parts	103	(1)
Thoracic wall	103	(1)
Superior thoracic aperture	104	(1)
Inferior thoracic aperture	104	(1)
Diaphragm	105	(1)
Mediastinum	106	(1)
Pleural cavities	106	(1)
Relationship to other regions	107	(1)
Neck	107	(1)
Upper limb	108	(1)
Abdomen	108	(1)
Breast	108	(1)
Key features	108	(1)
Vertebral level TIV/V	108	(2)
Venous shunts from left to right	110	(1)
Segmental neurovascular supply of thoracic wall	110	(2)
Sympathetic system	112	(1)
Flexible wall and inferior thoracic aperture	112	(1)
Innervation of the diaphragm	112	(3)
Regional anatomy	115	(85)
Pectoral region	115	(1)
Breast	115	(1)
Arterial supply	115	(1)
Venous drainage	115	(1)
Innervation	115	(1)
Lymphatic drainage	116	(1)
Breast in men	116	(1)
Muscles of the pectoral region	117	(1)
Pectoralis major	117	(1)
Subclavius and pectoralis minor	117	(1)
Thoracic wall	118	(1)
Skeletal framework	119	(1)
Thoracic vertebrae	119	(1)
Ribs	120	(2)
Sternum	122	(1)
Joints	123	(2)
Intercostal spaces	125	(2)
Muscles	127	(2)
Arterial supply	129	(2)
Venous drainage	131	(1)
Lymphatic drainage	132	(1)
Innervation	132	(2)
Diaphragm	134	(1)
Arterial supply	135	(1)
Venous drainage	135	(1)
Innervation	135	(1)
Movements of the thoracic wall and diaphragm during breathing	135	(1)
Pleural cavities	136	(1)
Pleura	136	(1)
Parietal pleura	137	(1)
Visceral pleura	138	(1)
Pleural recesses	139	(1)
Lungs	140	(1)
Root and hilum	140	(1)
Right lung	140	(3)
Left lung	143	(2)
Bronchial tree	145	(1)
Bronchopulmonary segments	146	(1)
Pulmonary arteries	146	(1)
Pulmonary veins	146	(1)
Bronchial arteries and veins	146	(3)
Innervation	149	(1)
Lymphatic drainage	149	(4)
Mediastinum	153	(1)
Middle mediastinum	154	(1)
Pericardium	154	(3)
Heart	157	(23)
Pulmonary trunk	180	(1)
Ascending aorta	181	(1)
Other vasculature	181	(1)
Superior mediastinum	181	(2)
Thymus	183	(1)
Right and left brachiocephalic veins	183	(1)
Left superior intercostal vein	184	(1)
Superior vena cava	184	(2)
Arch of aorta and its branches	186	(1)
Ligamentum arteriosum	187	(1)
Trachea and esophagus	188	(1)
Nerves of the superior mediastinum	188	(2)
Thoracic duct in the superior mediastinum	190	(2)
Posterior mediastinum	192	(1)
Esophagus	192	(2)
Thoracic aorta	194	(1)
Azygos system of veins	194	(2)
Thoracic duct in the posterior mediastinum	196	(1)
Sympathetic trunks	197	(2)
Anterior mediastinum	199	(1)
Surface anatomy	200	(20)
Thorax surface anatomy	200	(1)
How to count ribs	200	(1)
Surface anatomy of the breast in women	201	(1)
Visualizing structures at the TIV/V vertebral level	202	(1)
Visualizing structures in the superior mediastinum	203	(1)
Visualizing the margins of the heart	203	(1)
Where to listen for heart sounds	204	(1)
Visualizing the pleural cavities and lungs, pleural recesses, and lung lobes and fissures	204	(1)
Where to listen for lung sounds	205	(4)
Clinical cases	209	(7)
10 Short questions	216	(4)
Abdomen
Conceptual overview	220	(124)
General description	220	(1)
Functions	221	(1)
Houses and protects major viscera	221	(2)
Breathing	223	(1)
Changes in intra-abdominal pressure	223	(1)
Component parts	224	(1)
Wall	224	(1)
Abdominal cavity	225	(2)
Inferior thoracic aperture	227	(1)
Diaphragm	228	(1)
Pelvic inlet	228	(116)
Surface anatomy	344	(20)
Abdomen surface anatomy	344	(1)
Defining the surface projection of the abdomen	345	(1)
How to find the superficial inguinal ring	346	(1)
How to determine lumbar vertebral levels	347	(1)
Visualizing structures at the LI vertebral level	348	(1)
Visualizing the position of major blood vessels	349	(1)
Using abdominal quadrants to locate major viscera	350	(1)
Defining surface regions to which pain from the gut is referred	351	(1)
Where to find the kidneys	352	(1)
Where to find the spleen	352	(1)
Clinical cases	353	(8)
10 Short questions	361	(3)
Pelvis and perineum
Conceptual overview	364	(15)
General description	364	(1)
Functions	364	(1)
Contain and support bladder, rectum, anal canal, and reproductive tracts	364	(1)
Anchors the roots of the external genitalia	364	(2)
Component parts	366	(1)
Pelvic inlet	366	(1)
Pelvic walls	367	(1)
Pelvic outlet	367	(2)
Pelvic floor	369	(1)
Pelvic cavity	369	(3)
Perineum	372	(1)
Relationship to other regions	372	(1)
Abdomen	372	(1)
Lower limb	372	(1)
Key features	373	(1)
The pelvic cavity projects posteriorly	373	(1)
Important structures cross the ureters in the pelvic cavity	373	(1)
The prostate is anterior to rectum	373	(2)
The perineum is innervated by sacral spinal cord segments	375	(1)
Nerves are related to bone	375	(1)
Parasympathetic nerve from spinal cord levels S2 to S4 control erection	376	(1)
Muscles and fascia of the pelvic floor and perineum intersect at the perineal body	377	(1)
Gender determines the course of the urethra	378	(1)
Regional anatomy	379	(74)
Bones	379	(1)
Pelvic bone	379	(4)
Sacrum	383	(1)
Coccyx	384	(1)
Joints	384	(1)
Lumbosacral joints	384	(1)
Sacro-iliac joints	384	(1)
Pubic symphysis joint	385	(1)
Orientation	386	(1)
Gender differences	386	(1)
True pelvis	387	(1)
Pelvic inlet	387	(1)
Pelvic wall	387	(3)
Pelvic outlet	390	(1)
Pelvic floor	391	(5)
Perineal body	396	(1)
Viscera	397	(1)
Gastrointestinal system	397	(1)
Urinary system	397	(9)
Reproductive system	406	(10)
Fascia	416	(1)
In women	416	(1)
In men	416	(1)
Peritoneum	416	(1)
In women	417	(2)
In men	419	(1)
Nerves	420	(1)
Somatic plexuses	420	(5)
Visceral plexuses	425	(3)
Blood vessels	428	(1)
Arteries	428	(3)
Veins	431	(1)
Lymphatics	432	(2)
Perineum	434	(1)
Borders and ceiling	434	(2)
Perineal membrane and deep perineal pouch	436	(1)
Ischio-anal fossae and their anterior recesses	436	(1)
Anal triangle	436	(3)
Urogenital triangle	439	(1)
Structures in the superficial perineal pouch	440	(3)
Superficial features of the external genitalia	443	(2)
Superficial fascia of the urogenital triangle	445	(1)
Somatic nerves	446	(1)
Pudendal nerve	446	(1)
Other somatic nerves	446	(2)
Visceral nerves	448	(1)
Blood vessels	448	(1)
Arteries	448	(2)
Veins	450	(2)
Lymphatics	452	(1)
Surface anatomy	453	(15)
Surface anatomy of the pelvis and perineum	453	(1)
Orientation of the pelvis and perineum in the anatomic position	453	(1)
How to define the margins of the perineum	453	(2)
Identification of structures in the anal triangle	455	(1)
Identification of structures in the urogenital triangle of women	456	(1)
Identification of structures in the urogenital triangle of men	457	(3)
Clinical cases	460	(5)
10 Short questions	465	(3)
Lower limb
Conceptual overview	468	(14)
General introduction	468	(1)
Function	469	(1)
Support the body weight	469	(2)
Locomotion	471	(2)
Component parts	473	(1)
Bones and joints	473	(1)
Muscles	474	(2)
Relationship to other regions	476	(1)
Abdomen	476	(1)
Pelvis	477	(1)
Perineum	477	(1)
Key points	477	(1)
Innervation is by lumbar and sacral spinal nerves	477	(4)
Nerves related to bone	481	(1)
Superficial veins	481	(1)
Regional Anatomy	482	(103)
Transition from abdomen and pelvis to lower limb	482	(1)
Bony pelvis	483	(1)
Ilium	483	(1)
Ischial tuberosity	484	(1)
Ischiopubic ramus and pubic bone	485	(1)
Acetabulum	485	(1)
Proximal femur	486	(1)
Greater and lesser trochanters	486	(3)
Hip joint	489	(2)
Ligaments	491	(1)
Gateways to the lower limb	492	(1)
Obturator canal	493	(1)
Greater sciatic foramen	493	(1)
Lesser sciatic foramen	494	(1)
Gap between the inguinal ligament and pelvic bone	494	(1)
Nerves	494	(1)
Femoral nerve	494	(1)
Obturator nerve	494	(1)
Sciatic nerve	494	(1)
Gluteal nerves	495	(1)
Ilio-inguinal and genitofemoral nerves	496	(1)
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh	496	(1)
Nerve to quadratus femoris and nerve to obturator internus	497	(1)
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh	497	(1)
Perforating cutaneous nerve	497	(1)
Arteries	497	(1)
Femoral artery	497	(1)
Superior and inferior gluteal arteries and the obturator artery	497	(1)
Veins	498	(2)
Lymphatics	500	(1)
Superficial inguinal nodes	500	(1)
Deep inguinal nodes	500	(1)
Popliteal nodes	500	(1)
Deep fascia and the saphenous opening	501	(1)
Fascia lata	501	(1)
Iliotibial tract	501	(1)
Saphenous opening	502	(1)
Femoral triangle	502	(2)
Femoral sheath	504	(1)
Gluteal region	504	(1)
Muscles	505	(1)
Deep group	506	(1)
Superficial group	507	(1)
Nerves	508	(1)
Superior gluteal nerve	508	(1)
Sciatic nerve	509	(1)
Nerve to quadratus femoris	510	(1)
Nerve to obturator internus	510	(1)
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh	510	(1)
Pudendal nerve	511	(1)
Inferior gluteal nerve	511	(1)
Perforating cutaneous nerve	511	(1)
Arteries	511	(1)
Inferior gluteal artery	511	(1)
Superior gluteal artery	511	(1)
Veins	512	(1)
Lymphatics	512	(1)
Thigh	512	(1)
Bones	513	(1)
Shaft and distal end of femur	513	(2)
Patella	515	(1)
Proximal end of tibia	515	(2)
Proximal end of the fibula	517	(1)
Muscles	518	(1)
Anterior compartment	518	(3)
Medial compartment	521	(4)
Posterior compartment	525	(1)
Arteries	526	(1)
Femoral artery	526	(3)
Obturator artery	529	(1)
Veins	530	(1)
Great saphenous vein	530	(1)
Nerves	530	(1)
Femoral nerve	530	(1)
Obturator nerve	531	(1)
Sciatic nerve	531	(1)
Knee joint	532	(1)
Articular surfaces	532	(1)
Menisci	533	(1)
Synovial membrane	534	(1)
Fibrous membrane	535	(1)
Ligaments	535	(3)
Locking mechanism	538	(1)
Vascular supply and innervation	538	(3)
Tibiofibular joint	541	(1)
Popliteal fossa	541	(1)
Contents	542	(1)
Roof of popliteal fossa	542	(1)
Leg	542	(1)
Bones	543	(1)
Shaft and distal end of tibia	543	(1)
Shaft and distal end of the fibula	544	(1)
Joints	545	(1)
Interosseous membrane of leg	545	(1)
Posterior compartment of leg	545	(1)
Muscles	545	(5)
Arteries	550	(1)
Veins	551	(1)
Nerves	551	(1)
Lateral compartment of leg	552	(1)
Muscles	552	(1)
Arteries	553	(1)
Veins	553	(1)
Nerves	553	(1)
Anterior compartment of leg	553	(1)
Muscles	553	(2)
Arteries	555	(1)
Veins	556	(1)
Nerves	556	(1)
Foot	557	(1)
Bones	557	(1)
Tarsal bones	557	(4)
Metatarsals	561	(1)
Phalanges	561	(1)
Joints	562	(1)
Ankle joint	562	(2)
Intertarsal joints	564	(4)
Tarsometatarsal joints	568	(1)
Metatarsophalangeal joints	568	(1)
Interphalangeal joints	569	(1)
Tarsal tunnel, retinacula and arrangement of major structures at the ankle	569	(1)
Flexor retinaculum	569	(1)
Extensor retinacula	570	(1)
Fibular retinacula	570	(1)
Arches of the foot	571	(1)
Longitudinal arch	571	(1)
Transverse arch	571	(1)
Ligament and muscle support	571	(1)
Plantar aponeurosis	572	(1)
Fibrous sheaths of toes	572	(1)
Extensor hoods	573	(1)
Intrinsic muscles	573	(1)
On the dorsal aspect	574	(1)
In the sole	574	(5)
Arteries	579	(1)
Posterior tibial artery and plantar arch	579	(1)
Dorsalis pedis artery	580	(1)
Veins	581	(1)
Nerves	581	(1)
Tibial nerve	582	(1)
Deep fibular nerve	582	(2)
Superficial fibular nerve	584	(1)
Sural nerve	584	(1)
Saphenous nerve	584	(1)
Surface anatomy	585	(23)
Lower limb surface anatomy	585	(1)
Avoiding the sciatic nerve	586	(1)
Finding the femoral artery in the femoral triangle	587	(1)
Identifying structures around the knee	587	(2)
Visualizing the contents of the popliteal fossa	589	(1)
Finding the tarsal tunnel -- the gateway to the foot	589	(1)
Identifying tendons around the ankle and in the foot	590	(2)
Finding the dorsalis pedis artery	592	(1)
Approximating the position of the plantar arterial arch	592	(1)
Major superficial veins	593	(1)
Pulse points	594	(1)
Clinical cases	595	(9)
10 Short questions	604	(4)
Upper limb
Conceptual overview	608	(15)
General description	608	(1)
Functions	609	(1)
Positioning the hand	609	(3)
The hand as a mechanical tool	612	(1)
The hand as a sensory tool	612	(1)
Component parts	612	(1)
Bones and joints	612	(1)
Muscles	613	(2)
Relationship to other regions	615	(1)
Neck	615	(1)
Back and thoracic wall	616	(1)
Key points	617	(1)
Innervation by cervical and upper thoracic nerves	617	(4)
Nerves related to bone	621	(1)
Superficial veins	621	(1)
Orientation of the thumb	622	(1)
Regional anatomy	623	(107)
Shoulder	623	(1)
Bones	623	(1)
Clavicle	623	(1)
Scapula	623	(2)
Proximal humerus	625	(1)
Joints	626	(1)
Sternoclavicular joint	626	(1)
Acromioclavicular joint	627	(1)
Glenohumeral joint	628	(5)
Muscles	633	(1)
Trapezius	634	(1)
Deltoid	634	(1)
Levator scapulae	635	(1)
Rhomboid minor and major	635	(1)
Posterior scapular region	636	(1)
Muscles	637	(1)
Supraspinatus and infraspinatus	637	(1)
Teres minor and teres major	637	(1)
Long head of triceps brachii	637	(1)
Gateways to the posterior scapular region	638	(1)
Suprascapular foramen	638	(1)
Quadrangular space (from posterior)	639	(1)
Triangular space	639	(1)
Triangular interval	639	(1)
Nerves	639	(1)
Suprascapular nerve	639	(1)
Axillary nerve	639	(1)
Arteries and veins	639	(1)
Suprascapular artery	639	(1)
Posterior circumflex humeral artery	640	(1)
Circumflex scapular artery	641	(1)
Veins	641	(1)
Axilla	641	(1)
Axillary inlet	642	(1)
Anterior wall	643	(1)
Pectoralis major	643	(1)
Subclavius	644	(1)
Pectoralis minor	645	(1)
Clavipectoral fascia	645	(1)
Medial wall	645	(1)
Serratus anterior	645	(2)
Lateral wall	647	(1)
Posterior wall	648	(1)
Subscapularis	648	(1)
Teres major and latissimus dorsi	649	(1)
Long head of the triceps brachii	649	(1)
Gateways in the posterior wall	649	(1)
Quadrangular space	649	(1)
Triangular space	649	(1)
Triangular interval	650	(1)
Floor	650	(1)
Contents	650	(1)
Biceps brachii	651	(1)
Coracobrachialis	651	(1)
Axillary artery	652	(2)
Axillary vein	654	(1)
Brachial plexus	654	(11)
Lymphatics	665	(1)
Axillary process of the mammary gland	665	(1)
Arm	666	(2)
Bones	668	(1)
Shaft and distal end of the humerus	668	(1)
Proximal end of the radius	669	(1)
Proximal end of the ulna	669	(2)
Muscles	671	(1)
Coracobrachialis	671	(1)
Biceps brachii	671	(1)
Brachialis	672	(1)
Posterior compartment	672	(1)
Arteries and veins	673	(1)
Brachial artery	673	(1)
Profunda brachii artery	674	(2)
Veins	676	(1)
Nerves	676	(1)
Musculocutaneous nerve	676	(1)
Median nerve	676	(1)
Ulnar nerve	676	(1)
Radial nerve	677	(3)
Elbow joint	680	(5)
Cubital fossa	685	(2)
Forearm	687	(1)
Bones	688	(1)
Shaft and distal end of radius	688	(1)
Shaft and distal end of ulna	689	(1)
Joints	690	(1)
Distal radio-ulnar joint	690	(2)
Anterior compartment	692	(1)
Muscles	692	(6)
Arteries and veins	698	(1)
Nerves	699	(2)
Posterior compartment	701	(1)
Muscles	701	(5)
Arteries and veins	706	(1)
Nerves	707	(1)
Hand	707	(1)
Bones	708	(1)
Carpal bones	708	(1)
Metacarpals	708	(2)
Phalanges	710	(1)
Joints	710	(1)
Wrist joint	710	(1)
Carpal joints	711	(1)
Carpometacarpal joints	711	(1)
Metacarpophalangeal joints	711	(1)
Interphalangeal joints of hand	711	(1)
Carpal tunnel and structures at the wrist	712	(2)
Palmar aponeurosis	714	(1)
Palmaris brevis	715	(1)
Anatomical snuffbox	715	(1)
Fibrous digital sheaths	715	(1)
Extensor hoods	716	(2)
Muscles	718	(1)
Dorsal interossei	718	(1)
Palmar interossei	719	(1)
Adductor pollicis	720	(1)
Thenar muscles	721	(1)
Hypothenar muscles	722	(1)
Lumbrical muscles	722	(1)
Arteries and veins	723	(1)
Ulnar artery and superficial palmar arch	723	(2)
Radial artery and deep palmar arch	725	(1)
Veins	726	(1)
Nerves	726	(1)
Ulnar nerve	726	(1)
Median nerve	727	(1)
Superficial branch of the radial nerve	728	(2)
Surface anatomy	730	(18)
Upper limb surface anatomy	730	(1)
Bony landmarks and muscles of the posterior scapular region	730	(2)
Visualizing the axilla and locating contents and related structures	732	(2)
Locating the brachial artery in the arm	734	(1)
The triceps brachii tendon and position of the radial nerve	734	(1)
Cubital fossa (anterior view)	734	(2)
Identifying tendons and locating major vessels and nerves in the distal forearm	736	(1)
Normal appearance of the hand	737	(1)
Position of the flexor retinaculum and the recurrent branch of the median nerve	738	(1)
Motor function of the median and ulnar nerves in the hand	738	(1)
Visualizing the positions of the superficial and deep palmar arches	739	(1)
Pulse points	739	(2)
Clinical cases	741	(4)
10 Short questions	745	(3)
Head and neck
Conceptual overview	748	(15)
General description	748	(1)
Head	748	(1)
Major compartments	748	(1)
Other anatomically defined regions	749	(1)
Neck	750	(1)
Compartments	750	(1)
Larynx and pharynx	751	(1)
Functions	751	(1)
Protection	751	(1)
Contains upper parts of respiratory and digestive tracts	751	(1)
Communication	752	(1)
Positioning the head	752	(1)
Connects the upper and lower respiratory and digestive tracts	752	(1)
Component parts	752	(1)
Skull	752	(2)
Cervical vertebrae	754	(1)
Hyoid bone	755	(1)
Soft palate	756	(1)
Muscles	756	(1)
In the head	756	(1)
In the neck	756	(1)
Relationship to other regions	757	(1)
Thorax	757	(1)
Upper limbs	757	(1)
Key features	758	(1)
Vertebral levels CIII/IV and CV/VI	758	(1)
Airway in the neck	758	(1)
Cranial nerves	759	(1)
Cervical nerves	760	(1)
Functional separation of the digestive and respiratory passages	760	(2)
Triangles of the neck	762	(1)
Regional anatomy	763	(250)
Skull	763	(1)
Anterior view	763	(1)
Frontal bone	763	(1)
Zygomatic and nasal bones	764	(1)
Maxillae	765	(1)
Mandible	765	(1)
Lateral view	765	(1)
Lateral portion of the calvaria	765	(2)
Visible part of the facial skeleton	767	(1)
Mandible	767	(1)
Posterior view	767	(1)
Occipital bone	767	(1)
Temporal bones	768	(1)
Superior view	769	(1)
Inferior view	770	(1)
Anterior part	771	(1)
Middle part	771	(1)
Posterior part	772	(1)
Cranial cavity	773	(1)
Roof	773	(1)
Floor	774	(1)
Anterior cranial fossa	774	(1)
Middle cranial fossa	775	(1)
Posterior cranial fossa	775	(7)
Meninges	782	(1)
Cranial dura mater	782	(1)
Dural partitions	783	(1)
Arterial supply	784	(1)
Innervation	785	(1)
Arachnoid mater	785	(1)
Pia mater	785	(1)
Arrangement of meninges and spaces	786	(1)
Epidural space	786	(1)
Subarachnoid space	786	(1)
Brain and its blood supply	787	(1)
Brain	787	(2)
Blood supply	789	(1)
Vertebral arteries	789	(1)
Internal carotid arteries	789	(1)
Arterial circle	789	(7)
Venous drainage	796	(1)
Dural venous sinuses	796	(4)
Cranial nerves	800	(1)
Olfactory nerve [I]	801	(1)
Optic nerve [II]	802	(1)
Oculomotor nerve [III]	802	(1)
Trochlear nerve	802	(1)
Trigeminal nerve	803	(1)
Ophthalmic nerve [V1]	804	(1)
Maxillary nerve [V2]	804	(1)
Mandibular nerve [V3]	804	(1)
Abducent nerve [VI]	804	(1)
Facial nerve [VII]	804	(1)
Vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII]	805	(1)
Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]	805	(1)
Tympanic nerve	805	(1)
Vagus nerve [X]	805	(1)
Accessory nerve [XI]	806	(1)
Cranial root of the accessory nerve	806	(1)
Hypoglossal nerve [XII]	806	(1)
Face	806	(1)
Muscles	806	(1)
Orbital group	806	(5)
Nasal group	811	(1)
Oral group	812	(2)
Other muscles or muscle groups	814	(1)
Parotid gland	815	(1)
Important relationships	816	(1)
Arterial supply	816	(1)
Innervation	816	(1)
Innervation	817	(4)
Vessels	821	(1)
Arteries	821	(2)
Veins	823	(1)
Lymphatic drainage	824	(1)
Scalp	825	(1)
Layers	825	(1)
Innervation	826	(1)
Anterior to the ears and the vertex	826	(1)
Posterior to the ears and the vertex	827	(1)
Vessels	828	(1)
Arteries	828	(1)
Veins	829	(1)
Lymphatic drainage	829	(1)
Orbit	830	(1)
Bony orbit	830	(1)
Roof	830	(1)
Medial wall	830	(1)
Floor	831	(1)
Lateral wall	831	(1)
Eyelids	831	(1)
Skin and subcutaneous tissue	831	(1)
Orbicularis oculi	831	(1)
Orbital septum	832	(1)
Tarsus and levator palpebrae superioris	832	(1)
Conjunctiva	833	(1)
Glands	833	(1)
Vessels	833	(1)
Innervation	833	(1)
Lacrimal apparatus	834	(1)
Innervation	835	(1)
Vessels	836	(1)
Fissures and foramina	836	(1)
Fascial specializations	837	(1)
Periorbita	837	(1)
Fascial sheath of the eyeball	838	(1)
Check ligaments	839	(1)
Muscles	839	(1)
Extrinsic muscles	839	(5)
Vessels	844	(1)
Arteries	844	(1)
Veins	845	(1)
Innervation	845	(1)
Optic nerve	846	(1)
Oculomotor nerve	846	(1)
Trochlear nerve	846	(1)
Abducent nerve	847	(1)
Postganglionic sympathetic fibers	847	(1)
Ophthalmic nerve [V1]	847	(2)
Ciliary ganglion	849	(1)
Eyeball	850	(1)
Anterior and posterior chambers	850	(1)
Lens and vitreous humor	851	(1)
Walls of the eyeball	851	(1)
Vessels	851	(1)
Fibrous layer of the eyeball	852	(1)
Vascular layer of the eyeball	852	(1)
Inner layer of the eyeball	853	(1)
Ear	854	(1)
External ear	855	(1)
Auricle	855	(1)
External acoustic meatus	856	(1)
Tympanic membrane	856	(2)
Middle ear	858	(1)
Boundaries	859	(1)
Mastoid area	859	(2)
Pharyngotympanic tube	861	(1)
Auditory ossicles	862	(1)
Vessels	863	(1)
Innervation	864	(1)
Internal ear	865	(1)
Bony labyrinth	866	(1)
Membranous labyrinth	867	(2)
Vessels	869	(1)
Innervation	869	(2)
Transmission of sound	871	(1)
Temporal and infratemporal fossae	872	(1)
Bony framework	872	(1)
Temporal bone	872	(1)
Sphenoid bone	872	(1)
Maxilla	873	(1)
Zygomatic bone	873	(1)
Ramus of the mandible	873	(1)
Temporomandibular joints	874	(1)
Joint capsule	875	(1)
Extracapsular ligaments	875	(1)
Movements of the mandible	875	(1)
Masseter muscle	876	(1)
Temporal fossa	877	(1)
Contents	877	(3)
Infratemporal fossa	880	(1)
Contents	880	(11)
Pterygopalatine fossa	891	(1)
Skeletal framework	891	(1)
Sphenoid bone	891	(1)
Gateways	892	(1)
Contents	893	(5)
Neck	898	(1)
Fascia	899	(1)
Investing layer	899	(1)
Prevertebral layer	899	(2)
Pretracheal layer	901	(1)
Carotid sheath	901	(1)
Fascial compartments	901	(1)
Fascial spaces	901	(1)
Superficial venous drainage	901	(2)
External jugular veins	903	(1)
Anterior jugular veins	903	(2)
Anterior triangle of the neck	905	(1)
Muscles	905	(4)
Vessels	909	(3)
Nerves	912	(3)
Thyroid and parathyroid glands	915	(4)
Location of structures in different regions of anterior triangle	919	(1)
Posterior triangle of the neck	919	(1)
Muscles	920	(3)
Vessels	923	(2)
Nerves	925	(3)
Root of the neck	928	(1)
Vessels	928	(2)
Nerves	930	(3)
Lymphatics	933	(2)
Lymphatics of the neck	935	(2)
Pharynx	937	(1)
Skeletal framework	938	(1)
Anterior vertical line of attachment for the lateral pharyngeal walls	939	(1)
Pharyngeal wall	939	(1)
Muscles	939	(3)
Fascia	942	(1)
Gaps between muscles in the pharyngeal wall	942	(1)
Structures passing through the gaps	943	(1)
Nasopharynx	943	(2)
Oropharynx	945	(1)
Laryngopharynx	945	(1)
Tonsils	945	(1)
Vessels	946	(1)
Arteries	946	(1)
Veins	947	(1)
Lymphatics	947	(1)
Nerves	948	(1)
Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]	948	(1)
Larynx	949	(1)
Laryngeal cartilages	950	(1)
Cricoid cartilage	950	(1)
Thyroid cartilage	950	(1)
Epiglottis	951	(1)
Arytenoid cartilages	951	(1)
Corniculate	952	(1)
Cuneiform	952	(1)
Extrinsic ligaments	952	(1)
Thyrohyoid membrane	952	(1)
Hyo-epiglottic ligament	953	(1)
Cricotracheal ligament	953	(1)
Intrinsic ligaments	953	(1)
Fibro-elastic membrane of larynx	953	(1)
Laryngeal joints	954	(1)
Cricothyroid joints	954	(1)
Crico-arytenoid joints	955	(1)
Cavity of the larynx	955	(1)
Division into three major regions	955	(2)
Laryngeal ventricles and saccules	957	(1)
Rima vestibuli and rima glottidis	957	(1)
Intrinsic muscles	957	(1)
Cricothyroid muscles	957	(1)
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscles	958	(1)
Lateral crico-arytenoid muscles	959	(1)
Transverse arytenoid muscle	959	(1)
Oblique arytenoid muscles	959	(1)
Vocalis	959	(1)
Thyro-arytenoid muscles	959	(1)
Function of the larynx	960	(1)
Respiration	960	(1)
Phonation	961	(1)
Effort closure	961	(1)
Swallowing	961	(1)
Vessels	962	(1)
Arteries	962	(1)
Veins	963	(1)
Lymphatics	963	(1)
Nerves	964	(1)
Superior laryngeal nerves	964	(1)
Recurrent laryngeal nerves	965	(1)
Nasal cavities	965	(1)
Lateral wall	966	(1)
Regions	967	(1)
Innervation and blood supply	968	(1)
Skeletal framework	968	(1)
Ethmoid bone	968	(2)
External nose	970	(1)
Paranasal sinuses	970	(1)
Frontal sinuses	971	(1)
Ethmoid sinuses	971	(1)
Maxillary sinuses	972	(1)
Sphenoid sinuses	972	(1)
Walls, floor, and roof	972	(1)
Medial wall	973	(1)
Floor	973	(1)
Roof	973	(1)
Lateral wall	973	(3)
Nares	976	(1)
Choanae	977	(1)
Gateways	977	(1)
Cribriform plate	977	(1)
Sphenopalatine foramen	977	(1)
Incisive canal	977	(1)
Small foramina in the lateral wall	977	(1)
Vessels	977	(1)
Arteries	978	(1)
Veins	979	(1)
Innervation	980	(1)
Olfactory nerve [I]	980	(1)
Branches from the ophthalmic nerve [V1]	980	(1)
Branches from the maxillary nerve [V2]	981	(1)
Parasympathetic innervation	981	(1)
Sympathetic innervation	981	(1)
Lymphatics	981	(1)
Oral cavity	982	(1)
Multiple nerves innervate the oral cavity	983	(1)
Skeletal framework	983	(1)
Maxillae	983	(1)
Palatine bones	983	(1)
Sphenoid	983	(1)
Temporal bone	984	(1)
Cartilaginous part of the pharyngotympanic tube	985	(1)
Mandible	985	(1)
Hyoid bone	986	(1)
Walls: the cheeks	986	(1)
Buccinator	986	(1)
Floor	987	(1)
Mylohyoid muscles	987	(1)
Geniohyoid muscles	988	(1)
Gateway into the floor of the oral cavity	988	(1)
Tongue	989	(1)
Papillae	990	(1)
Inferior surface of tongue	990	(1)
Pharyngeal surface	990	(1)
Muscles	990	(3)
Vessels	993	(1)
Innervation	994	(2)
Lymphatics	996	(1)
Salivary glands	996	(1)
Parotid gland	996	(1)
Submandibular glands	997	(1)
Sublingual glands	998	(1)
Vessels	998	(1)
Innervation	998	(1)
Roof -- palate	999	(1)
Hard palate	999	(1)
Soft palate	1000	(4)
Vessels	1004	(2)
Innervation	1006	(1)
Oral fissure and lips	1007	(1)
Oropharyngeal isthmus	1007	(1)
Teeth and gingivae	1008	(1)
Vessels	1009	(2)
Innervation	1011	(1)
Inferior alveolar nerve	1011	(1)
Anterior, middle, and posterior superior alveolar nerves	1011	(1)
Innervation of gingivae	1012	(1)
Surface anatomy	1013	(21)
Head and neck surface anatomy	1013	(1)
Anatomical position of the head and major landmarks	1014	(1)
Visualizing structures at the CIII/CIV and CVI vertebral levels	1015	(1)
How to outline the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck	1015	(1)
How to locate the cricothyroid ligament	1016	(1)
How to find the thyroid gland	1017	(1)
Estimating the position of the middle meningeal artery	1018	(1)
Major features of the face	1019	(1)
The eye and lacrimal apparatus	1020	(1)
External ear	1021	(1)
Pulse points	1021	(2)
Clinical cases	1023	(9)
10 Short questions	1032	(2)
Index	1034