Part I: Ancient and Medieval. 1. Roots of the West. 2. The Greek Discover of Reason in Nature. 3. Plato. 4. Aristotle. 5. Polybius. 6. Cicero. 7. Stoicism and Epicureanism: Two Hellenistic Philosophies. 8. The Jewish Belief in One God, and Christian Love. 9. St. Augustine. 10. John of Salisbury. 11. St. Thomas Aquinas. 12. Dante. 13. Marsilio of Padua. Part II: Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries. 14. Machiavelli. 15. The Protestant Reformation. 16. Bodin. 17. Hobbes. 18. Locke. 19. Montesquieu. 20. Hume. 21. Rousseau. 22. Kant. 23. Smith. 24. Burke. Part III: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. 25. Bentham. 26. Tocqueville. 27. Mill. 28. Hegel. 29. Revolutionary Communism. 30. Nietzsche. 31. Fascism. 32. Freud. 33. Gandhi. 34. From Classical Liberalism to Democratic Socialism. 35. The Welfare State. 36. Libertarianism. 37. Berlin. 38. Rawls.

Preface

vii

PART I Ancient and Medieval

1

(280)

Roots of the West

3

(4)

The Greek Discovery of Reason in Nature

7

(12)

Plato (ca. 427--347 B.C.)

19

(56)

The Republic

30

(45)

Aristotle (384--322 B.C.)

75

(41)

Politics

85

(31)

Polybius (ca. 204--122 B.C.)

116

(11)

The Histories

119

(8)

Cicero (106--43 B.C.)

127

(14)

The Republic and The Laws

131

(10)

Stoicism and Epicureanism: Two Hellenistic Philosophies

141

(32)

Epictetus (ca. A.D. 50--120), The Discourses and The Manual

151

(6)

Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 121--180), Meditations

157

(11)

Epicurus (ca. 341--270 B.C.), Letter to Menoeceus and Principal Doctrines

168

(5)

The Jewish Belief in One God, and Christian Love

173

(8)

St. Augustine (354--430)

181

(18)

The City of God

186

(13)

John of Salisbury (ca. 1120--1180)

199

(19)

The Statesman's Book

206

(12)

St. Thomas Aquinas (ca. 1225--1274)

218

(27)

On Kingship

230

(7)

Summa Theologica

237

(8)

Dante (1265--1321)

245

(17)

De Monarchia

252

(10)

Marsilio of Padua (1270--1342)

262

(19)

The Defender of Peace

272

(9)

PART II Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries

281

(252)

Machiavelli (1467--1527)

283

(19)

The Prince

291

(11)

The Protestant Reformation

302

(42)

Luther (1483--1546), Secular Authority: To What Extent It Should Be Obeyed

308

(11)

Calvin (1509--1564), Institutes of the Christian Religion

319

(9)

Stephen Junius Brutus (pseud.), A Defense of Liberty against Tyrants

328

(16)

Bodin (1530--1596)

344

(11)

Six Books on the State

348

(7)

Hobbes (1588--1679)

355

(25)

Leviathan

364

(16)

Locke (1632--1704)

380

(28)

Two Treatises of Government

389

(19)

Montesquieu (1689--1755)

408

(14)

The Spirit of the Laws

413

(9)

Hume (1711--1776)

422

(20)

Essays Moral, Political, and Literary and An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals

428

(14)

Rousseau (1712--1778)

442

(31)

The Social Contract

452

(21)

Kant (1724--1804)

473

(19)

Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals

477

(2)

Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose

479

(4)

Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch

483

(9)

Smith (1723--1790)

492

(12)

The Wealth of Nations

498

(6)

Burke (1729--1797)

504

(29)

Reflections on the Revolution in France

513

(20)

PART III Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

533

(344)

Bentham (1748--1832)

535

(22)

Principles of Morals and Legislation

543

(14)

Tocqueville (1805--1859)

557

(21)

Democracy in America

564

(14)

Mill (1806--1873)

578

(46)

On Liberty

586

(29)

Utilitarianism

615

(3)

The Subjection of Women

618

(6)

Hegel (1770--1831)

624

(15)

Philosophy of Law

629

(8)

Philosophy of History

637

(2)

Revolutionary Communism

639

(49)

Marax (1818--1883), Economics and Philosophical Manuscripts

656

(7)

Marx and Engels (1820--1895), The Communist Manifesto

663

(17)

Lenin (1870--1924), Selected Works

680

(8)

Nietzsche (1844--1900)

688

(20)

Thus Spake Zarathustra

694

(5)

The Antichrist

699

(6)

Geneology of Morals

705

(3)

Fascism

708

(13)

Mussolini (1883--1945), The Doctrine of Fascism

712

(9)

Freud (1856--1939)

721

(15)

Civilization and Its Discontents

725

(11)

Gandhi (1869--1948)

736

(18)

Selected Writings

742

(12)

From Classical Liberalism to Democratic Socialism

754

(31)

Spencer (1820--1903), Social Statics and The Man Versus the State

768

(12)

Green (1836--1882), Prolegomena to Ethics

780

(3)

Laski (1893--1950), A Grammar of Politics

783

(2)

The Welfare State

785

(29)

Keynes (1883--1946), The End of Laissez-Faire

794

(12)

Beveridge (1879--1963), Report on Social Insurance and Allied Services

806

(1)

Myrdal (1898--1987), Beyond the Welfare State

807

(7)

Libertarianism

814

(34)

Hayek (1899--1992), The Road to Serfdom

825

(6)

The Constitution of Liberty

831

(4)

Law, Legislation and Liberty

835

(3)

The Fatal Conceit

838

(2)

Friedman (1912-- ), Capitalism and Freedom

840

(8)

Berlin (1909--1997)

848

(11)

Two Concepts of Liberty

851

(8)

Rawls (1921-- )

859

(18)

A Theory of Justice

863

(14)

Bibliographical Notes

877

(114)

Name Index

991

(6)

Subject Index

997

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