Featured orations include Pericles' "Funeral Speech," as preserved in Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War; Socrates' "The Apology," in which the philosopher defended himself against charges of corrupting Athenian youth; Julius Caesar's speech to the Roman senate, "On the Punishment of the Catiline Conspirators"; and Publius Cornelius Scipio's "To His Soldiers," delivered before a decisive battle against Hannibal and the Carthaginians. Additional orations by other generals and statesmen examine the concepts of justice, political rectitude, and social order.






