Green Solvents, Volume 4 Supercritical Solvents

by Anastas, Paul T.; Leitner, Walter; Jessop, Philip G.

• ISBN13: 9783527325900
• ISBN10: 3527325905
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2013-09-30
• Publisher: Wiley-VCH

Summary

The shift towards being as environmentally-friendly as possible has resulted in the need for this important volume on the topic of supercritical solvents. Edited by the leading experts in the field, Professors Walter Leitner and Phil Jessop, this is an essential resource for anyone wishing to gain an understanding of the world of green chemistry, as well as for chemists, environmental agencies and chemical engineers.

Author Biography

Series Editor:
Paul T. Anastas joined Yale University as Professor and iserves as the Director of the Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale. From 2004-2006, Paul Anastas has been the Director of the Green Chemistry Institute in Washington, D.C. Until June of 2004 he served as Assistant Director for Environment at e White House Office of Science and Technology Policy where his responsibilities included a wide range of environmental science issues including furthering international public-private cooperation in areas of Science for Sustainability such as Green Chemistry. In 1991, he established the industry-government-university partnership Green Chemistry Program, which was expanded to include basic research, and the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards. He has published and edited several books in the field of Green Chemistry and developed the 12 principles of Green Chemistry.

Volume Editors:
Philip Jessop is the Canada Research Chair of Green Chemistry at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. After his Ph.D. (Inorganic Chemistry, UBC, 1991) and a postdoctoral appointment at the University of Toronto, he took a contract research position in the Research Development Corp. of Japan under the supervision of Ryoji Noyori, investigating reactions in supercritical CO2. As a professor at the University of California-Davis (1996-2003) and then at Queen's University, he has studied green solvents, the conversion of CO2 to useful products, and aspects of H2 chemistry. He has presented popular chemistry shows to thousands of members of the public. Distinctions include the Canadien Catalysis Lectureship Award (2004), a Canada Research Chair (2003 to present), and the NSERC Polanyi Award (2008). He has chaired the 2007 CHEMRAWN and ICCDU Conference on Green Chemistry, and serves as Technical Director of GreenCentre Canada.

Walter Leitner was born in 1963. He obtained his Ph.D. with Prof. Henri Brunner at Regensburg University in 1989 and was a Postdoctoral Fellow with Prof. John M. Brown at the University of Oxford. After research within the Max-Planck-Society under the mentorship of Profs. Eckhard Dinjus (Jena) and Manfred T. Reetz (Mülheim), he was appointed Chair of Technical Chemistry and Petrochemistry at RWTH Aachen University in 2002 as successor to Prof. Willi Keim. Walter Leitner is External Scientific Member of the Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung and Scientific Director of CAT, the joint Catalysis Research Center of RWTH Aachen and the Bayer Company.
His research interests are the molecular and reaction engineering principles of catalysis as a fundamental science and key technology for Green Chemistry. In particular, this includes the development and synthetic application of organometallic catalysts and the use of alternative reaction media, especially supercritical carbon dioxide, in multiphase catalysis. Walter Leitner has published more than 170 publications in this field and co-edited among others the first edition of "Synthesis using Supercritical Fluids" and the handbook on "Multiphase Homogeneous Catalysis". Since 2004, he serves as the Scientific Editor of the Journal "Green Chemistry" published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. The research of his team has been recognized with several awards including the Gerhard-Hess-Award of the German Science Foundation (1997), the Otto-Roelen-Medal of Dechema (2001), and the Wöhler-Award of the German Chemical Society (2009).

Table of Contents

Foreword V

Preface XV

About the editors XIX

List of Contributors XXI

1 Introduction 1
Philip Jessop and Walter Leitner

1.1 What is a Supercritical Fluid (SCF)? 1

1.2 Practical Aspects of Reactions in Supercritical Fluids 4

1.3 The Motivation for Use of SCFs in Modern Chemical Synthesis 6

1.4 The History and Applications of SCFs 9

2 High-pressure Methods and Equipment 31
Nils Theyssen, Katherine Scovell, and Martyn Poliakoff

2.1 Introduction 31

2.2 Infrastructure for High-pressure Experiments 32

2.3 High-pressure Reactors 34

2.4 Auxiliary Equipment and Handling 45

2.5 Dosage Under a High-pressure Regime 58

2.6 Further Regulations and Control in Flow Systems 64

2.7 Evaporation and Condensation 66

2.8 Complete Reactor Systems for Synthesis with SCFs 67

2.9 Conclusion 73

References 73

3 Basic Physical Properties, Phase Behavior and Solubility 77
Neil R. Foster, Frank P. Lucien, and Raffaella Mammucari

3.1 Introduction 77

3.2 Basic Physical Properties of Supercritical Fluids 77

3.3 Phase Behavior in High-Pressure Systems 86

3.4 Factors Affecting Solubility in Supercritical Fluids 92

4 Expanded Liquid Phases in Catalysis: Gas-expanded Liquids and Liquid–Supercritical Fluid Biphasic Systems 101
Ulrich Hintermair, Walter Leitner, and Philip Jessop

4.1 A Practical Classification of Biphasic Systems Consisting of Liquids and Compressed Gases for Multiphase Catalysis 101

4.2 Physical Properties of Expanded Liquid Phases 106

4.3 Chemisorption of Gases in Liquids and their Use for Synthesis and Catalysis 120

4.4 Using Gas-expanded Liquids for Catalysis 129

4.5 Why Perform Liquid–SCF Biphasic Reactions? 150

4.6 Biphasic Liquid–SCF Systems 159

4.7 Biphasic Reactions in Emulsions 172

References 175

5 Synthetic Organic Chemistry in Supercritical Fluids 189
Christopher M. Rayner, Paul M. Rose, and Douglas C. Barnes

5.1 Introduction 189

5.2 Hydrogenation in Supercritical Fluids 190

5.3 Hydroformylation and Related Reactions in Supercritical Fluids 202

5.4 Oxidation Reactions in Supercritical Fluids 205

5.5 Palladium-mediated Coupling Reactions in Supercritical Fluids 208

5.6 Miscellaneous Catalytic Reactions in Supercritical Fluids 214

5.7 Cycloaddition Reactions in Supercritical Fluids 221

5.8 Photochemical Reactions in Supercritical Fluids 224

5.9 Radical Reactions in Supercritical Fluids 228

5.10 Biotransformations in Supercritical Fluids 229

5.11 Conclusion 234

References 235

6 Heterogeneous Catalysis 243
Roger Gläser

6.1 Introduction and Scope 243

6.2 General Aspects of Heterogeneous Catalysis in SCFs and GXLs 244

6.3 Selected Examples of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Conversions in SCFs and GXLs 252

6.4 Outlook 273

References 274

7 Enzymatic Catalysis 281
Pedro Lozano, Teresa De Diego, and José L. Iborra

7.1 Enzymes in Non-aqueous Environments 281

7.2 Supercritical Fluids for Enzyme Catalysis 283

7.3 Enzymatic Reactions in Supercritical Fluids 285

7.4 Reaction Parameters in Supercritical Biocatalysis 289

7.5 Stabilized Enzymes for Supercritical Biocatalysis 292

7.6 Enzymatic Catalysis in IL–scCO2 Biphasic Systems 294

7.7 Future Trends 298

References 298

8 Polymerization in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide 303
Uwe Beginn

8.1 General Aspects 303

8.2 Polymerization in scCO2 315

8.3 Conclusion 352

References 353

9 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 369
Zhimin Liu and Buxing Han

9.1 Introduction 369

9.2 Metal and Semiconductor Nanocrystals 369

9.3 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 377

9.4 Carbon Nanomaterials 383

9.5 Nanocomposites 385

9.6 Conclusion 393

References 394

10 Photochemical and Photo-induced Reactions in Supercritical Fluid Solvents 399
James M. Tanko

10.1 Introduction 399

10.2 Photochemical Reactions in Supercritical Fluid Solvents 403

10.3 Photo-initiated Radical Chain Reactions in Supercritical

Fluid Solvents 410

10.4 Conclusion 414

References 415

11 Electrochemical Reactions 419
Patricia Ann Mabrouk

11.1 Introduction 419

11.2 Electrochemical Methods 419

11.3 Analytes 420

11.4 Electrolytes 421

11.5 Electrochemical Cell and Supercritical Fluid Delivery System 421

11.6 Electrodes 422

11.7 Solvents 423

11.8 Applications 429

11.9 Conclusion and Outlook 431

References 431

12 Coupling Reactions and Separation in Tunable Fluids: Phase Transfer-Catalysis and Acid-catalyzed Reactions 435
Pamela Pollet, Jason P. Hallett, Charles A. Eckert, and Charles L. Liotta

12.1 Introduction 435

12.2 Phase Transfer Catalysis 435

12.3 Near-critical Water 438

12.4 Alkylcarbonic Acids 448

12.5 Conclusion 453

References 454

13 Chemistry in Near- and Supercritical Water 457
Andrea Kruse and G. Herbert Vogel

13.1 Introduction 457

13.2 Properties 457

13.3 Synthesis Reactions 459

13.4 Biomass Conversion 465

13.5 Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO) 470

13.6 Inorganic Compounds in NSCW 471

13.7 Conclusion 472

13.8 Future Trends 473

References 473

Index 477