Green Technology and Design for the Environment

by Billatos; Samir

• ISBN13: 9781560324607
• ISBN10: 1560324600
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-01-01
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Recent developments have successfully changed our approach to practical applications of engineering by improving the methods of design and manufacturing, for example, shorter development cycles. The text focuses on directing such new methods towards a specific ecological purpose.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Part I Theory	3	(128)
1 GREEN ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTALLY CONSCIOUS MANUFACTURING	3	(10)
1.1 Introduction: What Is Green Engineering?	3	(1)
1.2 Goals of Green Engineering	4	(3)
1.2.1 Waste Reduction	4	(1)
1.2.2 Materials Management	4	(1)
1.2.3 Pollution Prevention	5	(1)
1.2.4 Product Enhancement	6	(1)
1.3 Who Needs Green Engineering?	7	(1)
1.4 What Is Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing?	7	(2)
1.5 Who Needs Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing?	9	(2)
1.6 Summary	11	(1)
1.7 Bibliography	11	(1)
1.8 Problems / Case Studies	11	(2)
2 INFRASTRUCTURE, REGULATIONS, AND THE WASTE STREAM	13	(16)
2.1 Introduction	13	(2)
2.2 The Waste Stream	15	(6)
2.2.1 Air Pollution	15	(3)
2.2.2 Water Pollution	18	(1)
2.2.3 Land Pollution	18	(3)
2.3 Existing Methods for Waste Handling	21	(2)
2.3.1 Industrial Disposal	21	(1)
2.3.2 Recycling	21	(1)
2.3.3 Waste Exchange	22	(1)
2.3.4 Remanufacturing	22	(1)
2.4 Current Limitations to Environmentally Conscious Engineering	23	(1)
2.5 Summary	23	(1)
2.6 Bibliography	24	(1)
2.7 Problems / Case Studies	25	(3)
Appendix 2A: Case Studies and Examples of Hazardous Materials Reclamation	28	(1)
3 NEW THEORIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION	29	(10)
3.1 Introduction	29	(2)
3.2 Legislation	31	(1)
3.3 Environmental Policies	32	(1)
3.3.1 Paradigm 1: Frontier Ecology	32	(1)
3.3.2 Paradigm 2: Environmental Protection	32	(1)
3.3.3 Paradigm 3: Resource Management	32	(1)
3.3.4 Paradigm 4: Eco-Development	33	(1)
3.3.5 Paradigm 5: Deep Ecology	33	(1)
3.4 Summary	33	(1)
3.5 Bibliography	34	(1)
3.6 Problems / Case Studies	35	(4)
4 DESIGN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT	39	(18)
4.1 Introduction	39	(2)
4.2 DFE Explored	41	(3)
4.3 DFE Pressures	44	(1)
4.4 DFE Guidelines	45	(1)
4.5 DFE Applied	46	(7)
4.5.1 The U-Kettle	46	(1)
4.5.2 Opel's DFE Program	47	(1)
4.5.3 DFE in the Auto Industry	48	(1)
4.5.4 Germany's Green TV and DFE	49	(1)
4.5.5 Grunding AG's "Environment Initiative"	49	(1)
4.5.6 DFE in the Consumer Appliance Industry	50	(1)
4.5.7 DFE in Packaging Design	51	(2)
4.6 Summary	53	(1)
4.7 Bibliography	53	(1)
4.8 Problems / Case Studies	54	(3)
5 RECYCLING ISSUES	57	(34)
5.1 Introduction	57	(1)
5.2 Computing Change	58	(2)
5.3 Hazardous Material Control and Recovery	60	(2)
5.3.1 Waste Reduction	60	(1)
5.3.2 Hierarchy of Waste Reduction	60	(1)
5.3.3 Recycling	61	(1)
5.3.4 Waste Treatment	62	(1)
5.4 Material Labeling and Identification	62	(2)
5.4.1 Coding of Recyclable Materials	63	(1)
5.5 Metals and Design for Recyclability	64	(2)
5.5.1 Applications in Metal Recycling	64	(1)
5.5.2 Steel Can Recycling in the United States	65	(1)
5.5.3 Aluminum Can Recycling	66	(1)
5.6 Paper Recycling	66	(1)
5.6.1 Paper Recycling in the U.S. Postal Service	67	(1)
5.7 Plastics and Design for Recyclability	67	(1)
5.7.1 Design Reference for Plastics Recycling	67	(1)
5.8 Economics of Recycling	68	(1)
5.9 Practical Applications	69	(6)
5.9.1 Pollution Prevention: The 3M Company	69	(1)
5.9.2 A Leadership Role: Du Pont's Environmental Policy	70	(2)
5.9.3 Johnson & Johnson: Worldwide Environment	72	(1)
5.9.4 Choices for Consumers: The Proctor & Gamble Approach	73	(1)
5.9.5 A Venture in Environmentalism: The National Polystyrene Recycling Company	74	(1)
5.9.6 DFR at Dell Computer Corporation	74	(1)
5.9.7 How Digital Corporation Uses Its Recycled Plastic	74	(1)
5.10 Free Market Recycling Infrastructure Design	75	(4)
5.10.1 Environmental and Economic Issues	75	(1)
5.10.2 Design Features to Minimize the Cost of Compliance	76	(1)
5.10.3 Existing Government/Business Infrastructures	76	(2)
5.10.4 Industry Working Together	78	(1)
5.11 Business and Consumer Feelings on Recycling	79	(1)
5.12 Summary	80	(1)
5.13 Bibliography	80	(2)
5.14 Problems / Case Studies	82	(3)
Appendix 5A. Design Reference for Plastics and Recycled Plastics Products	85	(2)
Appendix 5B. Design Reference for Plastics and Recycled Plastics Products (Sales and Recycling Statistics are in Millions of Pounds Per Year)	87	(4)
6 PLASTICS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY CONSCIOUS ENGINEERING	91	(40)
6.1 Introduction	91	(1)
6.2 The Families of Plastics-Resins	92	(3)
6.2.1 Natural Resins	93	(1)
6.2.2 Synthetic Resins	94	(1)
6.3 Polyethylene (PE)	95	(1)
6.4 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)	96	(1)
6.5 Polycarbonate (PC)	97	(2)
6.6 Polypropylene (PP)	99	(1)
6.7 ABS, Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene	100	(1)
6.8 Reinforcing Materials and Fillers	101	(2)
6.9 Compatibility of Various Plastics	103	(1)
6.10 General Listing of Plastics Uses	104	(1)
6.11 Plastics, Environmentally Conscious Engineering	105	(2)
6.12 Environmental Profile	107	(3)
6.12.1 How "Green" Is Plastic Processing?	107	(2)
6.12.2 Impact in Industry	109	(1)
6.13 Plastics Recycling	110	(6)
6.13.1 Resin Recyclability	110	(3)
6.13.2 Incineration of Plastics	113	(2)
6.13.3 Health Concerns	115	(1)
6.14 Summary	116	(1)
6.15 Bibliography	116	(3)
6.16 Problems / Case Studies	119	(4)
Appendix 6A. Polymer Properties	123	(8)
Part II Design Examples	131	(150)
7 DESIGN FOR ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY	131	(42)
7.1 Introduction	131	(1)
7.2 Design for Assembly	132	(1)
7.3 Design for Disassembly	133	(2)
7.4 The Design Problem	135	(1)
7.5 Technical Approach	136	(4)
7.5.1 Axiomatic Design	136	(3)
7.5.2 Functional Requirements	139	(1)
7.6 The Electric Motor	140	(10)
7.7 Examples	150	(13)
7.7.1 Electric Hair Dryer	150	(7)
7.7.2 Electric Hair Clipper	157	(6)
7.8 Summary	163	(1)
7.9 Bibliography	163	(2)
7.10 Problems / Case Studies	165	(8)
8 DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY VEHICLES	173	(28)
8.1 Introduction	173	(1)
8.2 Alternative Fuels	174	(2)
8.2.1 Renewable Sources of Power	175	(1)
8.2.2 Nonrenewable Sources of Power	175	(1)
8.2.3 Electric Power	175	(1)
8.3 The History of Electric Vehicles	176	(1)
8.4 Electric Vehicles Today	176	(1)
8.5 Electric Vehicle Technology	177	(5)
8.6 Environmental Problems Facing Electric Vehicles	182	(2)
8.7 Possible Solutions	184	(2)
8.8 The Future of Electric Vehicles	186	(1)
8.9 Improvement in the Design and Manufacturing of Tires	187	(7)
8.9.1 Tire Design Background	187	(1)
8.9.2 Tire Manufacturing	188	(1)
8.9.3 Tire Recycling	189	(2)
8.9.4 Present Initiatives	191	(1)
8.9.5 Proposed Initiatives	192	(2)
8.10 Summary	194	(1)
8.11 Bibliography	195	(2)
8.12 Problems / Case Studies	197	(4)
9 DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURING PROCESS IMPROVEMENT	201	(24)
9.1 Introduction	201	(2)
9.1.1 Solvents Industry	201	(1)
9.1.2 Alternative Cleaning Costs	202	(1)
9.2 Environmentally Safe Precision Cleaning Systems	203	(9)
9.2.1 Why Precision Cleaning?	204	(1)
9.2.2 Examples of Precision Cleaning Equipment	204	(3)
9.2.3 Alternatives to Chlorinated Solvent Degreasing	207	(1)
9.2.4 Aqueous Cleaning	208	(2)
9.2.5 Semiaqueous	210	(1)
9.2.6 Problems Associated with Aqueous Cleaning Systems	211	(1)
9.2.7 Problems Associated with Semiaqueous Cleaning Systems	212	(1)
9.3 Environmental Cleaning System Methodology	212	(1)
9.3.1 Process Control in ACS	212	(1)
9.3.2 Wastewater Treatment	213	(1)
9.4 Environmentally Safe Disposal of Aerosol Cans	213	(4)
9.4.1 Why Do We Need Aerosol Spray Products?	214	(1)
9.4.2 Perceptions of the "Environmentally Correct" Consumer May Be Wrong	215	(1)
9.4.3 What Has Been Done to Reduce VOC Content in Aerosol Cans?	215	(1)
9.4.4 Beating the Regulations	215	(2)
9.4.5 Can Recycling	217	(1)
9.5 Application of Painting Techniques That Reduce VOC Emissions	217	(3)
9.5.1 Conventional Solvent-Based Processes and Emission Points	218	(1)
9.5.2 Applicable Systems of Emission Reduction	218	(1)
9.5.3 VOC Regulations in Spray Painting	219	(1)
9.5.4 Rules on Surface Coating of Miscellaneous Metal Parts	219	(1)
9.5.5 VOC Test Methods for Surface Coatings	220	(1)
9.5.6 Why Paint Anyway?	220	(1)
9.6 Summary	220	(1)
9.7 Bibliography	221	(1)
9.8 Problems / Case Studies	222	(3)
10 DESIGN FOR QUALITY APPLICATION IN MACHINING	225	(26)
10.1 Introduction	225	(1)
10.2 The Machining Process	226	(3)
10.2.1 Functions of Cutting Fluids	227	(2)
10.2.2 Goals	229	(1)
10.3 Technical Approach	229	(4)
10.3.1 Thermal Analysis of the New Device	231	(2)
10.4 Finite-Element Analysis	233	(4)
10.4.1 Governing Equation and Boundary Conditions	234	(2)
10.4.2 Solution and Results	236	(1)
10.5 Quality Function Deployment	237	(6)
10.5.1 Elements of QFD	238	(1)
10.5.2 Application of QFD	238	(5)
10.6 Summary	243	(1)
10.7 Bibliography	243	(2)
10.8 Problems / Case Studies	245	(2)
Appendix 10A--Estimation of the Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient: From Copper Seat to Internal Coolant	247	(1)
Appendix 10B--Estimation of the Energy Losses in the Cooling Device	248	(3)
11 LIFE-CYCLE ANALYSIS AND MAINTAINABILITY	251	(16)
11.1 Introduction	251	(1)
11.2 Life-Cycle Design	252	(1)
11.3 The Criteria Function	253	(1)
11.4 Design for Serviceability	254	(2)
11.5 Design for Maintainability	256	(1)
11.6 DFMAIN Guidelines	257	(2)
11.7 Rating Design for Maintainability	259	(3)
11.8 Summary	262	(1)
11.9 Bibliography	262	(1)
11.10 Problems / Case Studies	263	(4)
12 MULTIATTRIBUTE UTILITY ANALYSIS OF MUNICIPAL RECYCLING	267	(14)
12.1 Introduction	267	(1)
12.2 Related Research and Motivation	268	(1)
12.3 Methodology	269	(1)
12.4 Application	270	(1)
12.5 Results	271	(4)
12.6 Optimal Recycling Program Checklist	275	(3)
12.7 Summary	278	(1)
12.8 Bibliography	278	(1)
12.9 Problems / Case Studies	279	(2)
APPENDIX A: ACRONYMS	281	(6)
INDEX	287