Grid Database Design

by Wells; April J.

• ISBN13: 9780849328008
• ISBN10: 0849328004
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-05-26
• Publisher: Auerbach Public

Summary

Grid Database Design investigates the origin, background, and components of this new computing model. It presents new concepts and analyzes pre-existing ideas in the context of Grid, educating organizations as to how Grid can increase computing power and strengthen operations. Divided into three sections, the volume begins by laying the groundwork, defining the concepts that led to the model's emergence. The second section explains what is entailed in building a Grid, focusing on security, hardware, and the forces driving growth. The final section explores details of databases in a Grid environment, illustrating how the Grid environment will shape database evolution.

Table of Contents

SECTION I: IN THE BEGINNING
History	3	(32)
Computing	3	(1)
Early Mechanical Devices	3	(8)
Computing Machines	11	(6)
The 1960s	17	(5)
The 1970s	22	(4)
The 1980s	26	(4)
The 1990s	30	(3)
The 21st Century	33	(2)
Definition and Components	35	(24)
P2P	37	(3)
Napster	38	(1)
Gnutella	38	(2)
Types	40	(16)
Computational Grid	40	(1)
Distributed Servers and Computation Sites	41	(1)
Remote Instrumentation	41	(1)
Data Archives	42	(1)
Networks	43	(1)
Portal (User Interface)	43	(1)
Security	44	(1)
Broker	45	(1)
User Profile	45	(1)
Searching for Resources	46	(1)
Batch Job Submittal	46	(2)
Credential Repository	48	(1)
Scheduler	48	(1)
Data Management	49	(1)
Data Grid	50	(1)
Storage Mechanism Neutrality	51	(1)
Policy Neutrality	51	(1)
Compatibility with Other Grid Infrastructure	51	(1)
Storage Systems	51	(1)
Access or Collaboration Grid	52	(1)
Large-Format Displays	52	(1)
Presentation Environments	53	(1)
Interfaces to Grid Middleware	53	(1)
Others	54	(1)
Scavenging Grid	54	(2)
Grid Scope	56	(3)
Project Grid, Departmental Grid, or Cluster Grid	56	(2)
Enterprise Grid or Campus Grid	58	(1)
Global Grid	58	(1)
Early Adopters	59	(24)
Computational and Experimental Scientists	59	(1)
Bioinformatics	60	(1)
Corporations	60	(1)
Academia	60	(2)
University of Houston	61	(1)
University of Ulm Germany	61	(1)
The White Rose University Consortium	62	(1)
Science	62	(1)
Particle Physics	62	(1)
Industries	63	(12)
Gaming	63	(2)
Financial	65	(1)
Wachovia	66	(1)
RBC Insurance	66	(1)
Charles Schwab	66	(1)
Life Science	67	(1)
The American Diabetes Association	67	(2)
North Carolina Genomics and Bioinformatics Consortium	69	(1)
Spain's Institute of Cancer Research	69	(1)
Petroleum	69	(1)
Royal Dutch Shell	69	(1)
Utilities	70	(1)
Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc.	70	(1)
Manufacturing	70	(1)
Ford Motor Company	70	(1)
Saab Automobile	71	(1)
Motorola	71	(1)
Government	71	(1)
NASA	72	(1)
U.S. Department of Defense	72	(1)
European Union	73	(1)
Flemish Government	74	(1)
Benefits	75	(8)
Virtualization	75	(8)
SECTION II: THE PARTS AND PIECES
Security	83	(50)
Security	83	(38)
Authentication	84	(1)
Reciprocity of Identification	85	(1)
Computational Efficiency	85	(1)
Communication Efficiency	86	(1)
Third-Party Real-Time Involvement	86	(1)
Nature of Security	86	(1)
Secret Storage	87	(1)
Passwords	87	(1)
Private Key	88	(1)
Block Ciphers	89	(1)
Stream Ciphers	89	(2)
Public Key	91	(5)
Digital Signature	96	(5)
Authorization	101	(1)
Delegation of Identity	102	(1)
Delegation of Authority	103	(1)
Accounting	103	(1)
Audit	103	(1)
Access Control	104	(1)
DAC	104	(1)
MAC	105	(1)
Allow and Deny	106	(1)
Satisfy	107	(1)
Role-Based Access	107	(1)
Usage Control	108	(1)
Cryptography	108	(1)
Block Cipher	109	(1)
Stream Ciphers	110	(1)
Linear Feedback Shift Register	110	(1)
One-Time Pad	111	(1)
Shift Register Cascades	111	(1)
Shrinking Generators	112	(1)
Accountability	112	(3)
Data Integrity	115	(1)
Attenuation	116	(1)
Impulse Noise	116	(1)
Cross Talk	116	(1)
Jitter	117	(1)
Delay Distortion	117	(1)
Capability Resource Management	118	(3)
Database Security	121	(12)
Inference	121	(3)
Server Security	124	(1)
Database Connections	125	(1)
Table Access Control	125	(5)
Restricting Database Access	130	(1)
DBMS Specific	131	(2)
The Hardware	133	(14)
Computers	133	(7)
Blade Servers	138	(2)
Storage	140	(3)
I/O Subsystems	143	(1)
Underlying Network	143	(1)
Operating Systems	144	(1)
Visualization Environments	144	(1)
People	145	(2)
Metadata	147	(24)
Grid Metadata	152	(1)
Data Metadata	153	(1)
Physical Metadata	154	(1)
Domain-Independent Metadata	154	(1)
Content-Dependent Metadata	154	(1)
Content-Independent Metadata	155	(1)
Domain-Specific Metadata	155	(1)
Ontology	155	(1)
User Metadata	155	(1)
Application Metadata	156	(1)
External Metadata	156	(1)
Logical Metadata	157	(1)
User	157	(1)
Data	158	(1)
Resources	158	(1)
Metadata Services	158	(1)
Context	158	(1)
Structure	158	(1)
Define the Data Granularity	159	(1)
Database	159	(1)
Access	159	(1)
Metadata Formatting	160	(9)
XML	161	(1)
What Is XML?	161	(7)
Application	168	(1)
MCAT	169	(1)
Conclusion	170	(1)
Drivers	171	(24)
Business	174	(9)
Accelerated Time to Results	174	(1)
Operational Flexibility	174	(1)
Leverage Existing Capital Investments	175	(1)
Better Resource Utilization	176	(1)
Enhanced Productivity	176	(2)
Better Collaboration	178	(1)
Scalability	178	(1)
ROI	179	(1)
Reallocation of Resources	180	(1)
TCO	181	(2)
Technology	183	(12)
Infrastructure Optimization	183	(1)
Increase Access to Data and Collaboration	183	(1)
Resilient, Highly Available Infrastructure	183	(1)
Make Most Efficient Use of Resources	184	(1)
Services Oriented	185	(1)
Batch Oriented	186	(1)
Object Oriented	186	(1)
Supply and Demand	186	(1)
Open Standards	187	(1)
Corporate IT Spending Budgets	187	(1)
Cost, Complexity, and Opportunity	188	(2)
Better, Stronger, Faster	190	(1)
Efficiency Initiatives	191	(4)
SECTION III: DATABASES IN THE GRID
Introducing Databases	195	(18)
Databases	195	(1)
Relational Database	196	(6)
Tuples	197	(1)
Attributes	198	(1)
Entities	198	(1)
Relationship	198	(1)
Relational Algebra	198	(1)
Union	198	(1)
Intersection	198	(1)
Difference	199	(1)
Cartesian Product	199	(1)
Select	199	(1)
Project	200	(1)
Join	200	(1)
Relational Calculus	200	(2)
Object Database	202	(1)
Architecture Differences between Relational and Object Databases	203	(1)
Object Relational Database	203	(2)
SQL	205	(4)
Select	206	(1)
Where	206	(1)
And/Or	206	(1)
In	207	(1)
Between	207	(1)
Like	207	(1)
Insert	207	(1)
Update	208	(1)
Delete	208	(1)
Database	209	(1)
Data Model	209	(1)
Schema	209	(1)
Relational Model	209	(1)
Anomalies	209	(4)
Insert Anomaly	210	(1)
Deletion Anomaly	210	(1)
Update Anomaly	210	(3)
Parallel Database	213	(28)
Data Independence	213	(1)
Parallel Databases	214	(4)
Start-Up	216	(1)
Interference	216	(1)
Skew	217	(1)
Attribute Data Skew	217	(1)
Tuple Placement Skew	217	(1)
Selectivity Skew	217	(1)
Redistribution Skew	217	(1)
Join Product Skew	218	(1)
Multiprocessor Architecture Alternatives	218	(4)
Shared Everything	218	(1)
Shared Disk	219	(1)
Shared Nothing (Message Passing)	220	(1)
Hybrid Architecture	221	(1)
Hierarchical Cluster	221	(1)
NUMA	222	(1)
Disadvantages of Parallelism	222	(2)
Database Parallelization Techniques	224	(4)
Data Placement	224	(1)
Parallel Data Processing	224	(1)
Parallel Query Optimization	224	(1)
Transaction Management	224	(1)
Parallelism Versus Fragmentation	224	(1)
Round-Robin	225	(1)
Hash Partitioning	225	(1)
Range Partitioning	225	(1)
Horizontal Data Partitioning	226	(1)
Replicated Data Partitioning	226	(1)
Chained Partitioning	227	(1)
Placement Directory	227	(1)
Index Partitioning	228	(1)
Partitioning Data	228	(1)
Data-Based Parallelism	228	(3)
Interoperation	228	(1)
Intraoperation	229	(1)
Pipeline Parallelism	229	(1)
Partitioned Parallelism	230	(1)
Parallel Data Flow Approach	231	(2)
Retrieval	232	(1)
Point Query	232	(1)
Range Query	232	(1)
Inverse Range Query	232	(1)
Parallelizing Relational Operators	233	(4)
Operator Replication	233	(1)
Merge Operators	233	(1)
Parallel Sorting	233	(1)
Parallel Aggregation	234	(1)
Parallel Joins	234	(3)
Data Skew	237	(4)
Load Balancing Algorithm	237	(1)
Dynamic Load Balancing	238	(3)
Distributing Databases	241	(20)
Advantages	245	(1)
Disadvantages	245	(1)
Rules for Distributed Databases	246	(2)
Fragmentation	248	(7)
Completeness	249	(1)
Reconstruction	249	(1)
Disjointedness	249	(1)
Transparency	249	(1)
Distribution Transparency	250	(1)
Fragmentation Transparency	250	(1)
Location Transparency	250	(1)
Replication Transparency	250	(1)
Local Mapping Transparency	251	(1)
Naming Transparency	251	(1)
Transaction Transparency	251	(1)
Performance Transparency	252	(1)
Vertical Fragmentation	252	(2)
Horizontal Fragmentation	254	(1)
Hybrid	255	(1)
Replication	255	(1)
Metadata	256	(1)
Distributed Database Failures	257	(1)
Failure of a Site	257	(1)
Loss of Messages	257	(1)
Failure of a Communication Link	257	(1)
Network Partition	257	(1)
Data Access	258	(3)
Data Synchronization	261	(14)
Concurrency Control	262	(5)
Distributed Deadlock	262	(2)
Database Deadlocks	264	(1)
Multiple-Copy Consistency	265	(1)
Pessimistic Concurrency Control	266	(1)
Two-Phase Commit Protocol	267	(1)
Time Stamp Ordering	267	(5)
Optimistic Concurrency Control	268	(2)
Heterogeneous Concurrency Control	270	(1)
Distributed Serializability	271	(1)
Query Processing	271	(1)
Query Transformations	271	(1)
Transaction Processing	271	(1)
Heterogeneity	272	(3)
Conclusion	275	(2)
Index	277